[Pain---neurophysiological basis and neurophysiologically founded methods of treatment].
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Acupuncture Therapy↗
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Contemporary Clinical Neurophysiology. Being the invited contributions to the 9th International Congress of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, September 4-9, 1977.
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Animals↗
[Soviet neurophysiology and various problems in developmental neurophysiology].
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Central Nervous System Diseases↗
Prevalence of spina bifida occulta in patients with functional disorders of the lower urinary tract and its relation to urodynamic and neurophysiological measurements.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between neurophysiological abnormalities and the radiological detection of spina bifida occulta in patients with dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. DESIGN: Blind assessment and subsequent decoding of mixed batch of abdominal radiographs from patients with and without urological symptoms for evidence of spina bifida occulta and comparison of results with those of previous control series. SETTING: Review study among tertiary referrals to an incontinence clinic of a city hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred and thirty eight adults with proved urodynamic abnormalities in whom neurophysiological measurements were available. INTERVENTIONS: None. END POINT: Correlation of neurophysiological abnormalities in lower urinary tract dysfunction with presence and type of spina bifida occulta and level of opening of posterior sacral arcs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: On decoding radiographs those from patients without urological symptoms showed a similar prevalence of spina bifida occulta to that in the control series (631/2707 controls; 23%). By contrast, patients with urological symptoms had a significantly increased prevalence of spina bifida occulta at S1 and S2 and a higher level of opening of posterior sacral arcs. The increased prevalence of the bony defect was particularly striking in men with urgency and instability and in women with stress incontinence. No significant correlation was found between any particular neurophysiological abnormality and the presence of spina bifida. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with dysfunction of the lower urinary tract neurophysiological abnormalities may be associated with congenital dysraphic lesions in the lower lumbar spine and sacrum. There appears to be no direct causal relation between the radiological and neurophysiological abnormalities but the findings suggest a common aetiological factor.
Adult↗
History of neurophysiology in Japan.
The progress of the neurophysiological research in Japan during the past 45 years is related. Modern Japanese neurophysiology started immediately after the end of World War 2. The introduction of microelectrode techniques contributed greatly to most fields of Japanese neurophysiology. These techniques were used to study most neurophysiological phenomena: sensory physiology including vision, audition, chemical sensitivity, and other modalities; learning and memory. These techniques plus lesions, transplants, and behavioral physiology were used to study circadian rhythm, posture and motor control, and sex. These and other techniques were used to study neural plasticity, immunity, membrane excitability, pain and other psychophysiological functions. The disciplines advanced quickly into multidiscipline approaches into not only electrophysiological, but biophysical, biochemical and immunological research fields. From the past research results our neurophysiologists can be expected to advance rapidly toward further development in the future of Japanese neurophysiology.
Animals↗
Clinical examination versus neurophysiological examination in the diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy.
Several methods have been used to diagnose diabetic polyneuropathy and to quantitate the degree of affection of peripheral nerves. Using a newly developed scoring system we compared bedside clinical examination with neurophysiological examination in a group of 78 diabetic patients. Individual scores for clinical examination were significantly correlated with scores for neurophysiological examination (r = 0.7, p < 0.0005). All 78 patients had at least one clinical symptom or sign of polyneuropathy. Clinical examination indicated polyneuropathy in three patients with neuropathic complaints, while neurophysiological examination in these patients showed no abnormalities. In 12 out of 14 patients with normal neurophysiological sensory nerve function, clinical examination showed at least one abnormal sensory modality. Comparing the four different sensory modalities, light touch sense and pinprick sense indicated polyneuropathy better than vibration or position senses. An abnormal Hoffmann reflex of the soleus muscle was always associated with a decreased or absent ankle jerk. The scoring system for the clinical examination proved useful for diagnosing and quantitating the severity of diabetic polyneuropathy. Clinical sensory deficits could not be inferred from the results of neurophysiological testing of sensory nerve function. Pinprick sense, light touch sense, and ankle jerks were the most important parameters in the clinical diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy.
Diabetic Neuropathies↗
Early neurophysiological assessment after insult to the central nervous system.
Cerebral insult is a generic term which includes many causes of altered cerebral function. Neurophysiological investigations, closely integrated with clinical and metabolic studies, should begin at an early stage after any such insult (namely in the first few hours) to provide information on the type, severity and evolution of latered brain function. The present contribution is based on prospective studies on 200 children with closed head injuries and 500 children who had been resuscitated following cardiocirculatory or respiratory arrest. In addition to electroencephalography, other neurophysiological investigations may be carried out whenever necessary including electroretinography, evoked potential studies and polyelectromyography at the patient's bedside, whether or not in the intensive care situation. The rapid evolution of metabolic events and of both clinical and neurophysiological features characterizes the acute initial phase, in marked contrast to the more static features of long term sequelae to a cerebral insult. Experience over the past 25 yr has shown that no rule is applicable to every case because of the diversity of individual circumstances. However, a well planned early neurophysiological assessment after insult to the central nervous system has given reliable prognostic criteria for the subsequent management of each patient and for the evaluation of any complications during the first few weeks of treatment.
Brain↗
Neural mechanisms of swallowing: neurophysiological and neurochemical studies on brain stem neurons in the solitary tract region.
Neurophysiological studies of the nuclei of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and adjacent regions have provided a partial understanding of the integrative brainstem network underlying swallowing and related functions such as respiration. The NTS is also richly endowed with an abundance of neuropeptides and other neuroactive substances, but only limited information is available on their influences on neurons involved specifically in swallowing. Since dysfunction of these neurophysiological and neurochemical regulatory mechanisms in the NTS region may be important in pathophysiological conditions such as dysphagia, increased awareness of and focus on these mechanisms are warranted. This paper outlines recent neurophysiological and neurochemical data that provide information on the afferent inputs and neurophysiological properties of neurons in NTS and adjacent caudal brainstem regions implicated in swallowing, respiration, and respiratory-related reflexes.
Angiotensin II↗
[The neurophysiological indices of neurotic patients with different types of individual character and their dynamics during group psychotherapy].
Based on the clinical and neurophysiological studies analysis is made of the prognostic importance of character accentuations as the most important factor of the personality premorbid condition of neurotic patients. 107 patients with different patterns of neuroses, who underwent group psychotherapy (a personality-oriented (reconstructive) variety). Analysis of the dynamics of the neurophysiological characteristics, made during group psychotherapy, supported the clinical data on varying curability of neurotic patients with different types of character accentuations. Patients with the hysteroid type character accentuation appeared more resistant to psychotherapy. In patients with the sthenic variety of hysteroid accentuation, the positive dynamics was recorded in but 30% of cases, in the asthenic variety of hysteroid accentuation, in 48.6% of cases. Patients with inhibited character traits turned out more pliable to group therapy. In the sensitive type accentuation, the positive dynamics of the neurophysiological characteristics was established in 65% whereas in psychasthenic accentuation, in 72% of cases. The neurophysiological correlations of the main types of character accentuations and their dynamics during group psychotherapy were also revealed.
Electrocardiography↗
Neurophysiological observations after chronic styrene exposure.
Thirty-three styrene exposed workers from three different industrial sites were examined with electroencephalography and motor and sensory neurography. The three groups had respective styrene exposures of clearly above the threshold limit value (50 ppm), at about this level, and clearly below it. The neurophysiological results were compared with those of a group of normal controls and a group of 17 patients judged to suffer from sequelae after long-term heavy exposure to organic solvents (mainly painters). Ten subjects in the styrene group presented signs of a mild sensory neuropathy with polyphasic sensory responses of a low amplitude. The same pattern was commonly found among the reference group heavily exposed to solvents. The ten subjects in the styrene group with mild polyneuropathy had a significantly higher age and significantly heavier styrene exposure than the rest of the group. Age difference could not explain the difference in the neurophysiological parameters, and therefore the contributing role of styrene exposure has to be considered. The electroencephalographic analysis showed no changes of the dominant alpha frequency. An increased amount of diffuse slow activity was seen in many of the heavily exposed mixed-solvent cases and was seen in some of the styrene-exposed cases without a clear relation to degree of exposure. An increased occurrence of fast activity in central and precentral areas of the brain was found in the styrene group, as well as in the mixed-solvent group. This pilot study indicates that the same type of neurophysiological changes from the strictly normal are seen among workers exposed to styrene as those found among a group of patients judged to suffer from sequelae after chronic exposure to various organic solvents. The neurophysiological "profile" is (a) sensory nerve responses with low amplitude and long duration, (b) somewhat low sensory conduction velocities, (c) close to normal motor neurographic findings, and (d) an increased amount of fast activity in central and precentral regions in the electroencephalogram in combination with normal occipital alpha activity.
Action Potentials↗
Longitudinal neurophysiologic studies in a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy following bone marrow transplantation.
We describe a girl with late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy. The patient has been followed up with serial neurologic and neurophysiologic examinations for 8 years following bone marrow transplantation, which she underwent when she was 4 3/4 years old. Her older sister died from metachromatic leukodystrophy at the age of 8 years, whereas our patient has retained significant cognitive and motor skills. Serial neurophysiologic studies initially demonstrated continued deterioration after the bone marrow transplantation, but since then, most results have remained stable or improved. Although, to our knowledge, there have been no previous serial studies of metachromatic leukodystrophy, individual case studies suggest that these findings in our patient are very unusual. With the advent of possible treatment for this condition, there is a need for further serial neurophysiologic studies to characterize the natural progression and the possible detection of progression or reversal with treatment.
Action Potentials↗
Thalidomide-induced peripheral neuropathy. A prospective clinical, neurophysiological and pharmacogenetic evaluation.
Prospective clinical and electrophysiological follow-up was performed on nine patients under thalidomide treatment in order to detect the very beginning of possible drug-induced peripheral neuropathy. For neurophysiological assessment, nerve conduction measurements of the median, peroneal and sural nerves (7 conduction parameters) and needle EMG examination of the anterior tibial muscle were performed. The results of a first control after about 3 months of treatment were compared with the starting point examination, and the patients were then classified as "affected" or "not affected" according to clinical and neurophysiological criteria. At this point, three patients showed clinical and electrophysiological, and another two only electrophysiological alterations suggesting early neuropathy. This classification did not change after further clinical and electrophysiological controls. Without starting-point values, the early detection of neuropathy would not have been possible in all patients. No single reliable neurophysiological parameter for detection of thalidomide-induced neuropathy could be found. Pharmacogenetic classification with regard to hydroxylation and acetylation phenotypes was then performed in some patients and interpreted with relation to thalidomide neurotoxicity. A possible relationship between slow acetylators and development of thalidomide-induced neuropathy was found.
Acetylation↗
Cisplatin neuropathy: clinical course and neurophysiological findings.
Sixteen patients treated with cisplatin (CDDP) 40 mg/m2 on days 1-5 every 4 weeks for three courses (cumulative dose 600 mg/m2) were clinically and neurophysiologically tested before, during and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after CDDP administration. The first symptoms of polyneuropathy occurred in 4 of 9 patients after the second course (cumulative dose 400 mg/m2). One month after treatment 1 of 9 patients was asymptomatic, 5 complained of symptoms and 3 showed clinical and neurophysiological signs of polyneuropathy. Three months after CDDP all patients were affected. Clinical and neurophysiological signs of severity progression were noted up to 6 months after treatment with CDDP.
Action Potentials↗
Acrylamide autonomic neuropathy in the cat. Part 1. Neurophysiological and histological studies.
Neurophysiological and histological studies have been performed on the sympathetic nervous system of cats poisoned with acrylamide. The neurophysiological studies indicate that the large and small diameter myelinated fibres are damaged in the sympathetic nervous system in association with damage to the fibres of the peripheral nervous system. Quantative histological studies confirmed and extended the neurophysiological findings; there was a loss of myelinated fibres of all diameters from the sympathetic, parasympathetic and peripheral nervous system.
Acrylamides↗
Integration of behavioral and neurophysiological approaches in neurotoxicology.
The validity of behavioral and neurophysiological models can only be assessed with respect to the type of the modelled effect: for acute changes in activation level as well as for chronic motor or sensory deficits both approaches are equally prone to misinterpretation. Validation of behavioral criteria supported by neurophysiological correlates and vice versa is the best protection. In the cognitive and emotional sphere, a shift to testing of the readiness ("fluidity") dimension seems to be promising both in human and animal studies, permitting also more reliable extrapolations and efficient cooperation of behavioral and neurophysiological approaches.
Animals↗
Some neurophysiological effects of cerebellar stimulation in man.
This paper presents the results of neurophysiological studies of the effects of cerebellar stimulation on H reflexes, late reflexes, blink reflexes, evoked potentials and EEG patterns in 18 human subjects (Male 13, Female 5, Age 25.8+/-10.0, Epileptic 9, Cerebral Palsy 9). In addition to the effects of cerebellar stimulation on the H reflex studies on soleus we assessed V1 and V2, "late" responses (Upton et al., 1971), cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) after median nerve stimulation, and visual evoked responses (VER) after flash stimulation. Experiments were extended to assess recovery curves of all the potentials and we examined the effects of changes on the rate or voltage of cerebellar stimulation. Cerebellar stimulation was inhibitory to all the responses except the visual evoked potentials. Serial studies in five patients produced consistent results. Preoperative and postoperative results were compared in two patients with no significant difference in the results in the absence of cerebellar stimulation. Ipsilateral cerebellar stimulation (CS) had the greatest inhibitory effects on H, V1 and V2 responses in the arm and leg whereas contralateral CS produced the greatest effects on cortical SSEPs. There was a greater bilateral effect on SSEPs and reflex responses after right CS than left CS and this may be the first indication of "dominance" in the cerebellar hemispheres. Cerebellar stimulation in patients on diphenylhydantoin produced minimal effects on SSEP's and this observation has led to further studies in patients taking diphenylhydantoin. Recovery of amplitude of the reflex and cortical responses took eight to 30 minutes after one minute of cerebellar stimulation. Serial CS of one minute on and one minute off produced increasing inhibition of SSEP's and reflexes for up to five stimulations. Recovery after cessation of cerebellar stimultion was associated with rebound excitation in six patients, the rebound being noted in the amplitude of H reflexes and SSEP's as well as in the frequency of paroxysmal spike and wave discharges in the EEG. The correlation of the results of such quantitative neurophysiological tests with clinical improvement may allow prediction of clinical improvement may allow prediction of clinical results after cerebellar stimulation. These techniques have already been used to measure the threshold of stimulation and may allow optimal stimulation characteristics to be assessed. The prolonged neurophysiological effects of stimulation may allow the use of maximum effective intervals between optimal epochs of stimulation so that any cerebellar damage can be minimized.
Adolescent↗
Neurophysiological signatures of Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy in treatment resistant depression.
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects approximately 30% of patients with major depressive disorder. Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT), a high-dose intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, produces rapid antidepressant effects, but its neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we used longitudinal TMS-EEG to characterize the progressive neurophysiological changes induced by SNT, assess their site-specificity, and explore whether baseline neural markers are associated with clinical response. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial at Stanford University (2017-2018; analysis August 2024-October 2025) in 24 TMS-naïve participants with TRD (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ≥20; ≥1 failed antidepressant trial). Participants were randomized to active (n = 12) or sham (n = 12) SNT, consisting of 10 sessions per day over 5 consecutive days targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (90,000 pulses). TMS-EEG was acquired at two baseline sessions, before and after each treatment session, and at 1-month follow-up (14 TMS-EEG sessions in total). Active SNT progressively reduced cortical excitability at the treatment site, with significant decreases by day 3 in the early window component (-27.9%; P < 0.01), while no changes were observed at the vertex control site. Site-specific comparisons confirmed early window reductions only at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (t₂₂ = -3.82; P < 0.001). SNT also selectively decreased estimated medial prefrontal source activity consistent with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) across sessions (F₁₃,₂₂₂ = 4.93; P < 0.001), with effects persisting at 1-month follow-up. In an exploratory analysis in the active group (n = 12), higher baseline estimated sgACC source activity was associated with greater clinical improvement (r = -0.67; P = 0.023); although promising, the latter preliminary finding requires replication in larger, adequately powered samples before predictive utility can be established. These findings indicate that SNT induces progressive, site-specific cortical modulation and selective downstream effects on estimated sgACC source activity. Early cortical excitability changes represent candidate neurophysiological markers of SNT response, while the observed association between baseline sgACC activity and clinical outcome, while preliminary, motivates prospective investigation of subcortical source activity as a potential predictor of treatment response in larger trials. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03068715.
Journal Article↗
Neurophysiological and behavioral evidence for selective reinnervation in skin-grafted Rana pipiens.
Rana pipiens with skin dorosoventrally reversed can respond to stimulation of the back with forelimb wipes to the belly and to stimulation of the belly with hindlimb wipes to the back. These "misdirected wiping responses" have been explained in terms of two alternative hypotheses of nerve regeneration: nerve respecification or selective reinnervation. Experimental behavioral and neurophysiological experiments reported here support the selective reinnervation hypothesis. Severing ventral nerves, which normally innervate the belly, greatly reduced the percentage of misdirected responses on stimulation of belly skin grafted to the back, while severing dorsal nerves, which normally innervate the back, increased the percentage of misdirected responses elicited under the same circumstances. Moreover, neurophysiological recordings of grafted animals showed three effects of skin grafting on nerve distributions: (i) termination of dorsal and ventral nerve receptive field at graft edges; (ii) overlap of nonadjacent ventral nerve receptive fields; and (iii) dorsal coursing of ventral nerves to reinnervate target belly skin displaced to the back. These neurophysiological observations, and particularly the third effect, also support selective reinnervation as the mechanism of nerve regeneration in skin-grafted Rana pipiens.
Action Potentials↗