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Neuropsychological test performance of Huntington's disease (HD) and a mixed brain-damaged group were compared. Wechsler patterns in the present samples were compared to those of HD patients in the study of Boll et. al (1), and some correspondence specific to HD is suggested. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPIs) were found not to differ between the HD and mixed brain-damaged groups.
Young adult (X- = 29) and middle aged (X- =50) hypertensive and normotensive subjects were compared with respect to seven neuropsychological test scores derived from tests on the Halstead-Reitan battery. Age main effects, with inferior performance for the middle aged subjects, were observed for the localization and time portions of the Tactile Performance Test (TPT) and for the Trail Making A test. The multivariate age effect was significant for the composite of seven scores. A multivariate blood pressure main effect was obtained and main effect blood pressure was significant for the category test; hypertensives made more errors than normotensives. A blood pressure by age interaction was observed for finger tapping scores and the TPT-Memory scores with larger differences between hypertensives and normotensives for the younger than for the middle aged group. Results were discussed in terms of previous studies of age and hypertension with the WAIS, the Primary Mental Abilities Test and serial reaction time measures. The poor prediction of hypertensive status from individual neuropsychological test scores was emphasized and readers were cautioned not to conclude that essential hypertensives, as a group, can be characterized as brain damaged.
Surgical treatment of epilepsy is undertaken on the basis of prognostically favorable clinical and laboratory data. Analysis of neuropsychological test data obtained preoperatively and postoperatively from 14 surgically treated patients indicates that specific measures of neuropsychological test performance may provide prognostic information aside from the utility of this testing for lateralization and localization. An impairment Index which is derived from the extensive test battery was related to change of seizure frequency. The groups of patients which have an improved or seizure-free status postoperatively also have the least preoperative neuropsychological impairment. The group of patients which did not show improvement of seizure frequency had a younger mean age at onset of seizures (x = 6.7 years), while the group which was rendered seizure free had a later age at onset (x = 17.2 years). There was no relationship for the duration of seizures prior to surgery and the outcome following surgery.
The performance of 75 brain-damaged, learning-disabled, and normal children aged 9 to 14 years was compared on 13 neuropsychological test measures. Analysis of variance, supplemented by t-tests, indicated a significant difference beyond the .01 level on 11 measures and beyond the .05 level on one measure. A discriminant analysis based on weightings of the 13 measures yielded 80 per cent correct classification of subjects, a finding in agreement with the outcome of the multivariate analysis of variance. The results indicated that these psychological measures were individually sensitive to differences among the three categories of subjects and, as a group, were capable of classifying children at a level far exceeding chance. It would appear that neuropsychological variables (brain-sensitive tests) may account for much of the uniqueness in many children with learning disabilities.
Thirty-six patients with definite diagnoses of multiple sclerosis received an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The MS patients were grouped in triads, and the members of each triad were matched on the basis of their sex, age at time of experiencing their first MS-related symptom, and education. One member of each triad was assigned to each of three experimental groups on the basis of the number of years they had complained of MS-related symptoms (i.e., one to five, six to ten, or greater than ten years). Data analyses yielded a limited number of significant findings. Differences on measures of verbal intelligence and reading skills were suggested as more probably reflecting a tendency for the "older" MS patients to have had more formal education, than being a true consequence of the disease process. Only a measure of simple tactile perception skills significantly delineated the experimental groups in a manner consistent with clinical observation of MS deterioration.
Predicted that simple tests that require attention and motor speed would be able to differentiate paranoid schizophrenics from brain-damaged patients better than more complex, problem-solving neuropsychological tests. The strategy was to improve discrimination between schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients by selecting a schizophrenic subgroup with a recognized cognitive strong point. Fourteen organic, 14 paranoid schizophrenic, and 14 nonpsychotic psychiatric patients matched for sex, education, and IQ were tested. As predicted, the attention and speed measures differentiated the brain-damaged and paranoid groups, while the four more complex measures from the Halstead-Reitan Battery did not separate the groups. There were no significant differences between the two psychiatric groups.
Four of 17 chronic schizophrenic (or chronic schizoaffective) patients between the ages of 20 and 35, in partial remission, and living in the community were found to have mildly or moderately prominent sulci, as disclosed by computerized tomography (CT scan). These four patients were matched for sex and age with four chronic schizophrenic (or schizoaffective) patients without sulcal prominence. The Halstead-Reitan battery (HRB) of neuropsychological tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), was administered to these eight patients with the examiner blind to results of the CT scan. Each of the four patients with sulcal prominence considerably exceeded an established cutoff score for brain impairment on the HRB, whereas only one of the control schizophrenics performed in the impaired range, and that just beyond the cutoff. The WAIS Verbal IQ, mneasured concurrently, was in the normal range for all subjects and similar for the two groups. These findings suggest that mild or moderate sulcal prominence on CT scans among young chronic schizophrenics is associated with impaired neuropsychological functioning.
The relationship between the type and amount of psychotropic drug ingestion was evaluated for 184 psychiatric patients using a complex battery of cognitive-sensory-motor tests (Halstead-Reitan). The total patients' group included 68 psychotic patients who were being treated with either phenothiazines or "another drug," and 80 neurotically depressed patients who were taking either no drugs, phenothiazines, minor tranquilizers, tricyclic antidepressants, or sedatives. Little, if any, effect was noted in terms of psychological test performance when individual drug types were combined and considered in terms of dosage. However, upon a more specific analysis of the data, several suggestive trends occurred, demonstrating that individual drugs have variable effects and that some age groupings are more sensitive to drug effects than other groupings. As these trends were a result of a secondary analysis, further investigation was recommended in order to delineate the variables involved. For the present, this investigation has demonstrated the important influence of age and drug type variables upon patient neuropsychological test performance.
Compared factor analysis (linear) and hierarchical cluster analysis (nonlinear) of a neuropsychological battery of tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Graham-Kendall Memory for Designs Test, and the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Designs Test. The results were discussed within the framework of descriptive and predictive analysis of the major cognitive functions of verbal intelligence, perceptual performance, and memory.
Compared non-specific variability across subtests and overall level of performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB) for normal, schizophrenic, acute and chronic brain-damaged Ss. Both variability and level of performance measures for each of the two test batteries significantly distinguished normal from abnormal Ss, but the HRB measures were more sensitive. Intra-S variability across subtests had a significant negative correlation with level of performance on the HRB, but not on the WAIS. This correlation could not be accounted for fully by a ceiling effect and was thought to represent in part a characteristic feature of ts performance on the HRB. While WAIS variability appeared to be independent of level of performance, it was not much help in differentiating between the four S groups. It was concluded that non-specific variability across subtests is not a helpful independent measure of neuropsychological function on the two batteries studied.
A.R. Luria, a Russian neuropsychologist, developed many qualitative bedside tests that have been effective in the diagnosis and localization of neurological disorders. Recently, a standardized and objectively-scored version of Luria's tests has been developed. Knowledge of the effects of patient age and education on neuro-psychological test performance has been found crucial in the neurodiagnostic decision-making process. The present study examined the effects of patient age(younger subjects between 20 and 40 years and older subjects between 50 and 70 years of age), education (grade school, high school, and post-high school), and diagnosis (normal, schizophrenic, brain damaged) on 14 standardized Luria measures. A weighted means analysis of variance found 11 significant age effects, 14 significant educational effects, and 14 significant effects diagnosis. One significant interaction was found between education and diagnosis, the results support the contention that with appropriate age and educational corrections, the standardized Luria battery would satisfy the need for a short, objectively scored, and diagnostically effective neuropsychological battery.
Describes a brief and relatively data-rich abbreviated form of the Reitan. By employing the Trail Making Test, the Aphasia Screening Test, and Block Design and Digit Symbol from the WAIS, one can predict the presence and severity of organic impairment and comment on lateralization and localization. Findings are cross-validated.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.