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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Methylphenidate: increased abuse or appropriate use?

OBJECTIVE: To address the question of the significant increase in methylphenidate (MPD) prescriptions being written and to make recommendations for health care providers involved in providing care for patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their families. DATA SOURCES: Medline search 1966-1998 for professional articles using the following search terms--methylphenidate, children, adolescents, abuse; Internet search using MPD, Ritalin, and ADHD; and Paper Chase search using methylphenidate. DATA EXTRACTION: The available literature regarding potential abuse or diversion of MPD consists of case reports, review articles, newspaper articles, and a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) publication. All available literature sources were used. DATA SYNTHESIS: Although the media and DEA report significant abuse and diversion of prescribed MPD, a review of the available literature did not reveal data to substantiate these claims. Nonetheless, there are reasons to suspect that abuse and diversion occur. A potential contributing factor to abuse is the reported similarities in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between MPD and cocaine. Recommendations are made to decrease the possibility of abuse and diversion of prescribed MPD. CONCLUSION: A balanced middle ground must be found regarding the benefits of MPD and its abuse potential. Education of clinicians, patients, and family members is key in ensuring that MPD is used appropriately.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Use of Washington State newspapers for submersion injury surveillance.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the usefulness of newspapers as a surveillance tool for submersion injury, the proportion of submersion events and important details reported in Washington State newspapers was determined. It was also determined whether a letter sent to newspaper editors to encourage reporting changed the proportion and content of reported submersion events. METHODS: Newspaper articles regarding submersion were collected from 225 Washington newspapers from June 1993 through September 1998. Newspaper articles were linked to computerized state death and hospital records. Reporting during periods before and after a letter was sent encouraging more newspaper articles on submersion injury and preventative factors was compared. RESULTS: A total of 1,874 submersion victims were identified in the three data sources. Of the 983 victims who had a death certificate, 52% were reported in at least one news article. Of the 471 persons in hospital discharge data, 25% were reported in a newspaper. Reporting of pediatric victims who died increased from 63% to 79% (p=0.008); reporting of hospitalized persons increased from 23% to 27% (p=0.3). There were increases in reporting of swimming ability (7% to 15%, p<0.001), supervision (82% to 91%, p<0.001), and alcohol use (7% to 24%, p<0.001). Reporting of life vest use decreased (35% to 23%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Newspapers failed to report about one half of fatal submersions and three quarters of submersions that resulted in a hospitalization. An effort to improve reporting was associated with an increase in the proportion of pediatric drownings that were reported, but a consistent improvement in content was found. The usefulness of newspaper articles as a surveillance tool may be limited.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The 1990 Florida Dental Investigation: is the case really closed?

In 1994, a magazine article, a newspaper article, and a segment of the television newsmagazine 60 Minutes presented information that cast doubt on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's conclusion that a dentist in Florida had infected six of his patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These reports were based on previously unavailable documentary evidence, which suggested that the infected patients had unreported or undetected risk factors for HIV infection and that the molecular analyses used to determine that the dentist and his patients had the same strains of HIV had potentially serious flaws. A recent article in this journal sought to dismiss the relevance of this information in the eyes of the scientific community. That report, however, failed to respond directly to many key pieces of evidence, and it offered no rebuttal beyond personal invective and a reassertion of previously published material. Although scientists and clinicians should not rely solely on media reports when drawing conclusions about this complex and controversial case, they deserve a chance to consider and reflect on this material in a meaningful way.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Policy perspectives on newspaper reports of nurse strikes.

Content analysis was used to study 1980 U.S. newspaper articles about nurse strikes. Multivariate analysis revealed that the 893 nurse strike articles presented a more negative image of the nurse than newspaper articles on other nursing subjects. There were more negative headlines, criticism of nurses, and negative relationships. Desire for higher salaries was the major strike issue reported by newspapers, conveying that nurses are interested in personal economic gain as opposed to quality patient care. Nurse strike articles were more likely to appear in larger circulation newspapers and be about strikes in hospitals rather than other health care settings. The most extensive and favorable press coverage occurred in states were organized labor is concentrated. Policy implications of these findings include the difficulty of using the nurse strike as a labor tactic in states with a strong antiunion press.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[The sleeping girl from Oknö].

The peninsula of Oknö is located on the Baltic in Southern Sweden. It was here a 14 year-old girl "fell asleep" around Christmas time in the year 1875 - she woke up on April 3rd, 1908. She was then 46 years of age and had slept for 32 years. Except for numerous newspaper articles this unusual case has been described by the Swedish psychiatrist Harald Fröderström in 1912. The present article is based on his review and the investigation of the medical records at the hospital of the city of Oskarshamn where the woman in question was hospitalized for one month in 1892. At the city hospital she was given the diagnosis dementia paralytica - a diagnosis which was obviously wrong. When the woman woke up in 1908 she assumed a normal life and remained healthy until she died in 1950 through a brain hemorrhage. Fröderström, who except for an article written in French, wrote several extensive articles for Swedish newspapers about the sleeping girl. These articles are here reviewed from a modern psychiatric point of view.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

['Dementia' and 'memory' in daily and weekly publications: an analysis of newspaper clippings in the period 1987-1990].

Government, scientists and health care workers show an increasing interest in dementia and memory defects. It is unclear, however, whether the general public has acquired more access to the increased knowledge in this field. This is important to know because many people seem to worry about memory dysfunctions or about a possible dementia. An analysis of newspaper articles over a period of 3 years (March 1987 until March 1990) shows that the number of newspaper articles on memory has decreased. On the other hand, the average number of articles on dementia has increased from 11 per month in the first year to 25 and 28 in the second and third year. In these articles, most attention is given to research on dementia and to health care services for dementia patients. The number of articles on general aspects of dementia remained practically unchanged, although these articles in particular have an important informative function. In national newspapers, the attention for the six different themes is unequally divided. The themes 'general aspects of dementia', 'health care services' and 'research on dementia' have a relatively high impact. Finally, it appears that the same headline of an article can evoke different emotional reactions in a group of judges. Taking the results of this research into account, the authors argue that more health education activities should be directed at memory defects and dementia. Furthermore they conclude that a more systematic evaluation of these activities is necessary.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The 1990 Florida dental investigation. The press and the science.

Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from a dentist to six of his patients was first reported in 1990 by the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, controversy and speculation have surrounded the investigation of that case. This controversy has been fueled by the inability to determine exactly how the transmissions occurred. Many theories have appeared in the media and have led to confusion and uncertainty about the facts of this investigation. Recently, a magazine article and a newspaper article, as well as a segment on the television newsmagazine "60 Minutes," presented information that was largely based on findings by investigators hired as part of private litigation and that cast doubt on the conclusion that the patients had been infected by the dentist. However, these reports omitted pertinent epidemiologic and laboratory evidence that shows that no other sources of HIV infection could be documented for the six dental patients. The scientific evidence indicates that the Florida dentist transmitted HIV to six of his patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Media reports on disability: a binational comparison of types and causes of disability as reported in major newspapers.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to examine the way in which newspapers in two countries relate to problems of disability and people with disabilities. In particular, we looked at the way the extent, type and focus of newspaper articles in both countries varied with the type and cause of the disability under discussion. METHOD: A content analysis of over 400 newspaper articles collected over a 3 month period in Canada and Israel was carried out. RESULTS: The findings show that physical disabilities received the most media attention and positive treatment in both countries, followed by psychiatric disabilities and then developmental disabilities. Likewise, disabilities stemming from congenital problems were treated more positively. The Canadian press was somewhat more progressive than the Israeli press at naming individuals with disability, using appropriate labelling and focusing on somewhat more progressive issues. On the other hand, people with developmental disabilities received more favourable treatment in the Israeli press. CONCLUSIONS: The press has an important role in reflecting and shaping public attitudes. In many ways media coverage reinforces negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, particularly those with psychiatric and developmental disabilities. While there were some differences between the two countries, overall the results suggest that these tendencies, which have been observed in other countries as well, are not limited by national boundaries.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1991

Communicating with environmental and health risk takers: an individual differences perspective.

This research explores the effects of different messages strategies in interaction with individual differences in risk taking. The data are from two field experiments (2 x 2 x 3 factorial design) with 506 adults. The message variables are risk targets, media formats, and information sources. Results indicate individual differences in concern and information seeking for Adventurous, Impulsive, and Rebellious risk takers. Rebellious risk taking is negatively associated with information seeking and impulsive risk taking is negatively associated with both concern, and information seeking. For the rebellious risk taker, a newspaper article with a state agency source caused higher levels of concern and information seeking about the risk than a newspaper article with the Surgeon General as the source. In contrast, for the impulsive risk taker, concern about the risk is greatest when the message is from a state agency source and in a brochure. What is a successful source and media strategy with one type of risk taker may have no effects or even negative effects with another type of risk taker.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The new nutrition facts label in the print media: a content analysis.

A content analysis was conducted to evaluate the coverage of the new food labels in the print media from December 1, 1992, to August 30, 1993. We used newspaper, magazine, and health newsletter indexes to identify 59 newspaper articles, 16 magazine articles, and 7 health newsletter articles for examination. Articles were evaluated by four trained coders using a pretested coding form addressing 35 aspects of the nutrition label coverage. Twenty percent of articles were double-coded with at least 80% coder reliability. Analysis of the data indicated that health newsletters covered the topic in the most detail, followed by magazines and then newspapers. Ten of 59 (17%) newspaper articles named and defined the term percent daily value, whereas 6 of 7 (86%) health newsletter articles and 9 of 16 (56%) magazine articles provided this information. Analysis of quotes in the articles indicated that more than half of the quotes were from government and industry officials. In contrast, quotes from college and university faculty represented only 5% of total quotes and quotes from dietitians represented less than 8% of total quotes. Coders identified several errors resulting from oversimplification of complex concepts. These findings suggest that dietitians need to increase their exposure with the media and help the media translate complex nutrition labeling information to the public.

Food Labeling↗
PubMed2001

Presenting features of meningococcal disease, public health messages and media publicity: are they consistent?

AIMS: To investigate whether the presenting features of meningococcal disease as promoted in public health awareness material and in the print media accurately reflect the clinical features in patients admitted to Auckland hospitals with meningococcal disease January 1998 to June 1999. METHODS: Hospital record, public health message and newspaper article review, with analysis by presenting feature, age group and disease complex. RESULTS: The most common presenting features were fever (95%), rash (65%), vomiting and nausea (64%), lethargy (62%), headache (44%), refusing food and drink (35%), irritability (33%), muscle ache and joint pains (27%) and stiff neck (26%). Public health messages gave appropriate emphasis to the key features, whereas newspaper articles under-emphasised these. The term 'meningitis' was used more frequently in newspapers (65%) than in public health messages (30%), despite meningitis alone presenting less frequently (38% of cases) than meningococcal septicaemia, and having a less serious prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Presenting features currently noted in the Ministry of Health's health education resource material are appropriate. Public health specialists dealing with the media should ensure that appropriate messages are incorporated into media reports. A greater use of the term 'meningococcal disease' by both public health agencies and media would convey to the public the message that this disease has a spectrum of presenting features, with those of septicaemia more common, but also indicating an even greater need for urgency of action than with 'classical' meningitic features.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forecasting for nursing policy: a news-based image approach.

A prototype of a news-based forecasting model was developed as an aid to policymaking in nursing and to assist in setting priorities for promoting an effective image of nursing. Newspaper articles about nursing were analyzed each month from 1978 to 1981. A model, constructed to show the effects of key nursing tissues on the image of nursing, was estimated using Ridge Regression to determine the direction and magnitude of the effect that each of the key issues had on the image of nursing. It was determined that newspaper articles that show nurses in clinical settings and articles that show nurses as playing a major role are the most important factors in projecting a positive image of nursing. The model was used to construct forecasts for the image of nursing from 1982 to 1984. The image of nursing was forecasted to improve over this period, primarily because of a projected increase in the number of articles that show nurses in this positive image.

Data Collection↗