Towards a legislation for mental health in Nigeria. (Preparing a mental health act for the Federation of Nigeria).
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Nigeria”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
The problem of uveitis in Bendel State of Nigeria: experience in Benin City.
A review of 1987 patients with uveitis seen over an 11-year period in Bendel State of Nigeria has been undertaken; 56% of cases had a posterior/mid-peripheral uveitis, 15.1% a panuveitis, 21.5% an anterior uveitis. Acute anterior uveitis with classical symptoms was rarely seen. Its comparative rarity is presumably due to the absence of HL-A27 in Africans and altered immunological states from malaria and parasitic infections. Identified aetiological factors in anterior uveitis were leprosy (1 patient), tuberculosis (1 patient), herpes zoster (16 patients), and onchocerciasis (3 patients). The great majority of cases of posterior uveitis were of presumed toxoplasmic origin. Further studies are needed to demonstrate its mode of transmission in a population in which toxoplasmosis is endemic. Forest onchocerciasis is not a major cause of uveitis in southern Nigeria in the same way as savanna onchocerciasis is in northern Nigeria. Syphilis seems to play no part in the causation of uveitis in southern Nigeria. Better diagnostic facilities are required to determine the role of sarcoidosis and other possible causative factors. Uveitis is a major cause of blindness in Nigeria.
Adolescent↗
Dengue virus infections in Nigeria: a survey for antibodies in monkeys and humans.
A retrospective serological survey for dengue immunity was conducted in Nigeria to determine the prevalence of infection in man and non-human primates. Preliminary haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests revealed that 63% of persons tested had HI antibodies against one or more of the following flaviviruses: dengue type 1, yellow fever, West Nile and Wesselsbron. Parallel HI and neutralization (N) tests on 179 human sera showed that six of 20 sera (30%) negative for flavivirus HI antibody contained dengue N antibody. This finding emphasized the advantage of the N test over HI in screening for dengue virus immunity. Neutralization tests performed on 1,816 human sera from different geographical locations in Nigeria showed that 45% of Nigerians were immune to dengue type 2 virus. The percentage of immunity in adults aged 20 years and older (51%) was significantly higher than in children (37%) (P less than 0-01). In all four ecological zones sampled, the highest percentage of dengue N antibody was observed in the derived Savannah zone (63%) followed by the rain forest zone (42%). The Southern Guinea savannah and plateau zones had lower percentages of dengue-immune persons. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies in urban (48%) than in rural communities (37%). Tests on dengue-immune sera showed that 35% of such sera contained N antibodies to dengue only or to dengue and one other virus. Therefore, dengue immunity cannot be explained by heterologous cross reactions within the flavivirus group. In addition, evidence of dengue infection was found in monkeys and galagos. 48% of monkeys and 25% of galagos contained dengue N antibody. The presence of specific dengue N antibodies in a few sera suggests that the occurrence of a forest cycle of dengue is possible in Nigeria.
Animals↗
Genomic epidemiology of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in southwestern Nigeria.
BACKGROUND: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are etiological agents of diarrhea. We studied the genetic diversity and virulence factors of EPEC in southwestern Nigeria, where this pathotype is rarely characterized. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: EPEC isolates (n = 96) recovered from recent southwestern Nigeria diarrhea case-control studies were whole genome-sequenced using Illumina technology. Genomes were assembled using SPAdes and quality was evaluated using QUAST. Virulencefinder, Ectyper, and ResFinder were used to identify virulence genes, serotypes, and resistance genes. Multilocus sequence typing was done by STtyping. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called out of whole genome alignment using SNP-sites and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using IQtree. Thirty-nine of the 96(40.6%) EPEC isolates were from diarrhea cases diarrhea. Nine isolates from diarrhea patients and four from healthy controls were typical EPEC, harboring bundle-forming pilus (bfp) genes whilst the rest were atypical EPEC. There were 15 EPEC-EAEC hybrids. Atypical serotypes O71:H19 (16, 16.6%), O108:H21 (6, 6.3%), O157:H39 (5, 5.2%), and O165:H9 (4, 4.2%) were the most prevalent; only 8 (8.3%) isolates belonged to classical EPEC serovars. The largest, ST517 clade harbored multiple siderophore and serine protease autotransporter genes and included an O71:H19 subclade <10 SNPs apart, representing a likely outbreak involving 15 children, four with diarrhea. Likely outbreaks, of typical O119:H6(ST28) and atypical O127:H29(ST7798) were additionally identified. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: EPEC circulating in southwestern Nigeria are diverse and differ substantially from well-characterized lineages seen previously elsewhere. EPEC carriage and outbreaks could be commonplace but are largely undetected, hence, unreported, and require genomic surveillance for identification.
Nigeria↗
Armillifer armillatus in Bendel State (Midwest) Nigeria (a village study in Ayogwiri Village, near Auchi, 120 kilometres from Benin City) phase I.
Armillifer armillatus (Porocephalosis or tongue worm Disease) in Ayogwiri Village (near Auchi) 120 kilometres from Benin City in Bendel State (Midwest) Nigeria, first detected by us in 1975, was studied. It was first detected incidentally by X-ray which is usual. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by the radiologist at Benin City Hospital. The focus of this infection was studied by "contact tracing" of the household of the subject. Initially the diagnosis was Miliary Tuberculosis and subsequently multiple calcified nymphs of Armillifer armillatus. Phase one of this study consisted of X-ray of the chest, abdomen and thighs, as well as a history and examination of all ten members of the household. Forty per cent had evidence of calcified nymphs, a finding hitherto regarded as incidental by radiologists. Unlike Paragonomiasis in Eastern Nigeria, the above disease is endemic, largely symptomless, and occurs in snake eating rather than in crab eating communities. There was no increase in snake consumption. Porocephalosis in this part of Nigeria is being reported for the first time. No case of Paragonomiasis has yet been found by us in this area despite a constant search for it since 1972 by sputum examination of all cases of haemoptysis as well as Radiologically in a hospital with a large Pulmonary TB Department where both diseases may occur.
Adult↗
Affections of conjunctiva and cornea in Bendel State of Nigeria.
A review of conjunctival, episcleral and corneal diseases seen in Bendel State in the South of Nigeria shows significant differences in the pattern of conjunctional and corneal diseases. Onchocerciasis and trachoma which cause much ocular morbidity and blindness in the savannah north have little place in the rain forest areas of southern Nigeria. The relative rarity of herpetic dendritic ulcers and corneal dystrophies are highlighted while the major indication for keratoplasty in southern Nigeria is leucoma associated with measles or trauma. The place of measles immunisation, improved nutrition and treatment for xerophthalmia is emphasized.
Adult↗
The post-harvest fruit rots of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in Nigeria.
A survey of the post-harvest fruit rot diseases of tomato was conducted in five states of Nigeria. During severe infections, the diseases could cause 25% loss at harvest and 34% loss of the remaining product in transit, storage and market stalls; thus giving an overall loss of about 50% of the product. Two types of rots, soft and dry were recognised. The soft rot was found to account for about 85% and the dry rot about 15% of the overall loss. Erwinia carotovora, Rhizopus oryzae, R. stolonifer, Fusarium equiseti, F. nivale and F. oxysporum were established as the soft rot pathogens; while Aspergillus aculeatus, A. flavus, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Corynespora cassiicola, Curvularia lunata, Penicillium expansum P. multicolor and Rhizoctonia solani were established as the dry rot pathogens of tomato fruits in Nigeria.
Fungi↗
Epidemiologic study of dermatophyte infections in Nigeria (clinical survey and laboratory investigations).
The commonest dermatophyte infection among the referred dermatology cases in Nigeria is tinea pedis, whereas among the surveyed population of school children, the commonest fungal infection was tinea capitis. It was found that the most ubiquitous causative organism for tinea pedis was E. fluccosum, that for tinea capitis was M. audouinii, while that for tinea corporis was T. soudanese. The source of infection of tinea capitis among the school children was found to be most likely the local barber who serviced the schools in all the villages, and this might explain the high incidence rate of T. soudanese in tinea capitis. Tinea pedis infection is believed to be highly favoured by the wearing of shoes among the senior students. Animals were not a major source of transmission of dermatophytes in Nigeria. No new species of dermatophytes has been identified among the cultured organisms.
Adolescent↗
A survey of abattoir data in northern Nigeria.
A survey of the abattoirs in 10 selected towne in Nigeria showed that about 41.9 per cent of whole carcasses condemned between 1975 and 1977 were due to tuberculosis and 22.2 per cent to beef cysticercosis. Seventy per cent of organ condemnations, mainly of livers, were due to fascioliasis. Other major causes of organ condemnations were hydatid cysts, tuberculosis and pneumonia of various causes. An estimated 500 tonnes of meat valued at about 1.25 million Naira (US $1.8 million) are condemned each year throughout Nigeria. The use of abattoirs as monitoring stations in national animal disease eradication programmes is highlighted.
Abattoirs↗
Cell counts in bulked milk supplies from dairy farms of northern Nigeria.
Somatic cells in 596 milk samples collected from bulked supplies of 3 northern Nigeria dairy farms were counted by an electronic method following a standard method for the preparation of the milk samples. Mean somatic cell counts per ml indicating low level of infection were 158,597, 166,742 and 155,032 for the 3 farms, without any significant differences. Mean somatic cell counts per ml indicating herd mastitis averaged 354,768 +/- 66,348 and the pathogenic organisms isolated were Escherichia coli and Staphylocucus aureus. Counts useful for future regular monitoring of somatic cells in bulked milk supplies in northern Nigeria are presented.
Animals↗
Dermatophytosis survey in Lagos State of Nigeria.
A dermaphytosis survey covering 3,860 schoolchildren was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, between January 1973 and January 1974. Seven species of dermatophytes, namely, Trichophyton mentagrophytes (four isolates), T. rubrum (three isolates), T. soundanense (11 isolates), Microsporum canis (five isolates), M. gypseum (two isolates), M audouinii (four isolates), and Epidermophyton floccosum (three isolates) were recovered from specimens collected from the hair, skin and scalp scrapings of 81 schoolchildren. The incidence of dermatophytosis (2.10%) is low in schoolchildren covered in this survey. This is the first time M. canis and M. Gypseum have been isolated from superficial skin lesions in human beings in Nigeria.
Adolescent↗
Initial resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Northern Nigeria.
Of 61 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis form patients in northernn Nigeria denying any previous treatment for tuberculosis 7 (11.5 per cent) yielded resistant cultures. Four (6.6 per cent) were resistant to isoniazid, 2 (3.3 per cent) to PAS (1 also to thiacetazone), and 1 (1.6 per cent) to streptomycin. No mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis were isolated from these patients. These results suggest that the level of initial drug resistance in northernn Nigeria may be lower than that found in other African countries.
Aminosalicylic Acids↗
Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. IV. Malaria, immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies in haemoglobin AC individuals.
Haemoglobin (Hb) AC electrophoretic pattern was found in 0.7% of the population at Garki, Kano State, northern Nigeria, an area where malaria is hyperendemic. Twenty-one Hb.AC subjects at all ages did not differ from the rest of the population in their frequency or density of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malaria or P. ovale infections, nor in their IgM concentrations and titres of specific antimalarial antibodies. However, IgG levels in Hb.AC subjects were frequently above the average of the reference population (P less than 0.05), especially during a period of protection against malaria (P less than 0.01). These observations suggest that the Hb.C gene may be maintained in certain environments by an enhanced ability to produce IgG antibodies against an antigen or antigens other than malaria, and that its geographical relationship to malaria may be a coincidence. This hypothesis needs to be tested where Hb.C is seen at high frequency, in northern Ghana and Upper Volta or Gwoza (Nigeria).
Adolescent↗
Optometric education in Nigeria.
A 3-year optometry program was established at the University of Benin, Nigeria in 1973. The program is considered from the standpoint of curriculum, faculty, clinical instruction, and grading. Some background is given about Nigeria itself. Present eye care facilities are reviewed as well as the increasing requirements of a developing nation. The need of strong support from established optometry schools is indicated.
Adult↗
Whole-Genome Sequencing Uncovers Chromosomal and Plasmid-Borne Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Genes in Poultry-Associated Escherichia coli from Nigeria.
BACKGROUND: Broad and unregulated antibiotic use in livestock production, particularly poultry farming, has increased the development and persistence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains in animals. These resistant pathogens and their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can spread to humans through environmental exposure and the food chain, posing serious public health risks. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), alongside phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), enables a comprehensive understanding of resistance mechanisms and informs antimicrobial stewardship strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings. AIM: This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, plasmid content, and virulence factors of an MDR E. coli strain (S3) isolated from a poultry farm in Enugu State, Nigeria, to elucidate potential risks to public health and the role of poultry as a reservoir for resistance determinants. METHODS: E. coli strain S3 was isolated from chicken droppings using standard microbiological methods and confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. AST was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ten antibiotics across multiple classes. WGS was performed with a hybrid approach combining Illumina and Nanopore platforms, followed by genome assembly and annotation. ARGs, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors were identified in silico using AMRFinderPlus, starAMR, RGI/CARD, PlasmidFinder, MOB-suite, and the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). RESULTS: Phenotypic testing revealed extensive resistance, with complete resistance to six of seven tested antibiotics (cefotaxime, ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline). MICs exceeded clinical breakpoints for multiple classes, confirming an MDR phenotype. Genome analysis indicated a 5.33 Mb genome distributed across five contigs, including one chromosome and four plasmid-associated contigs. The strain harboured numerous ARGs, including bla CTX-M-15, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, aph(3")-Ib, sul1/sul2, tet(A), dfrA17, and mph(A), co-localized on plasmids indicative of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) potential. Plasmid types included Col156, IncF, and two rep clusters. Virulence profiling revealed genes associated with adhesion (pap cluster, ECP), iron acquisition (enterobactin, yersiniabactin, aerobactin, heme uptake), and toxins (sat, senB), highlighting the isolate's potential for urinary tract and intestinal infections. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the significant role of poultry-associated bacteria as reservoirs of AMR genes, particularly those harboured on mobile plasmids with potential for HGT. E. coli strain S3 exhibits extensive multidrug resistance and carries a complex plasmid repertoire facilitating horizontal transfer of ARGs. Coupled with a rich virulence gene profile, this strain underscores the public health risk posed by poultry-associated E. coli in Nigeria. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for stringent antimicrobial stewardship, regulatory oversight, and genomic surveillance in poultry production milieus to mitigate the dissemination of MDR pathogens.
Escherichia coli↗
Prevalence and associated risk factors of bacterial vaginosis among women of reproductive age living with, and without HIV in Lagos, Nigeria.
BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal dysbiosis of public health significance in reproductive-aged women. BV is associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, cervicitis, HIV infection and other obstetric complications like premature rupture of membranes, preterm labour and post-partum endometritis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of BV among women of childbearing age living with, and without HIV in Nigeria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among non-pregnant women of childbearing age (18-49 years), living with and without HIV in Lagos, Nigeria. Participants were counselled and informed consent was obtained before vaginal swabs were collected. BV was defined using Amsel’s criteria, which uses 3 out of 4 diagnostic criteria to diagnose BV and Nugent scoring. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-two (252) women of childbearing age including 198 (78.6%) living with HIV (WLHIV), and 54 (21.4%) without HIV were included in the study. The mean age was 41 ± 6 years with a range from 21 to 49 years. The overall prevalence rate of BV was 36.1%. Prevalence of BV was higher in WLHIV (37.9%) compared to those without HIV (29.6%) although this was not statistically significant (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.67 – 2.79). Prevalence of BV among HIV-positive women with CD4 > 200 cells/mm3 was 36.9%, as against 54.5% for those whose CD4 was ≤ 200 cells/mm3 (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 0.33–5.96). Having more than one sexual partner predisposed the women to BV (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.01–3.53) while women who douche had a 1.7-fold increased risk of having BV than those who do not (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 0.95- 2.88). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that women of reproductive age are equally susceptible to BV irrespective of their HIV status, with multiple sexual partners identified as a significant risk factor. These results underscore the need for targeted public health interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of BV within this population, thereby reducing the risk of transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted disease among this group.
Humans↗
Genomic determinants of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli in Nigeria: dominance of QRDR mutations and limited contribution of PMQR in a cross-sectional study.
BACKGROUND: Fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli is a major global clinical threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. However, the full genomic landscape, including the relative contributions of chromosomal mutations, plasmid-mediated resistance, and the role of high-risk clones, remains poorly characterized in this setting. This study aimed to define the genomic mechanisms, clonal distribution, and genotype-phenotype relationships of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical E. coli isolates from Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 107 clinical E. coli isolates was conducted. Phenotypic susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was determined using VITEK 2 and broth microdilution. Whole-genome sequencing was performed, and analysis included detection of quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) mutations (gyrA, parC, parE) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylogenetic analysis. Statistical associations were evaluated using chi-squared tests or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility was high at 86.0%. Resistance was primarily driven by a conserved chromosomal mutation profile; the combination of gyrA S83L, gyrA D87N, and parC S80I was present in 85 isolates and was associated with ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility in all affected isolates in this cohort. Isolates with only gyrA mutations were resistant to nalidixic acid but susceptible to ciprofloxacin, consistent with a stepwise resistance pathway. In this cohort, the triple QRDR signature (gyrA S83L + gyrA D87N/Y + parC S80I) was a perfect positive predictor of ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (85/85; 100%). The ST131 lineage dominated, accounting for 21.5% of isolates and universally carrying the complete triple QRDR profile; notably, no ST131 isolate carried a PMQR determinant. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected in 15.0% of isolates but were not independently associated with ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility in this cohort in the absence of concomitant QRDR mutations. Efflux pump genes were ubiquitous and non-predictive. Notably, six isolates, all from urine, were non-susceptible (R/I) despite lacking all known QRDR and PMQR determinants, pointing to uncharacterized mechanisms. In a multivariable logistic regression model that included ST131 status, PMQR carriage, and parE mutation status, ST131 was associated with ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (adjusted OR 5.96, 95% CI 1.21-29.4, p = 0.028), whereas PMQR carriage was not (adjusted OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.18-4.85, p = 0.94). The triple QRDR signature was not included in this model because it perfectly predicted ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility in this cohort. Resistance patterns varied by clinical source, with the highest burden in bloodstream and wound infections. This stepwise hierarchy from first-step gyrA mutations to the classic triple QRDR profile is summarised in the graphical abstract, Fig. 1. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroquinolone resistance in Nigerian clinical E. coli is predominantly driven by chromosomal QRDR mutations within successful clones like ST131. PMQR genes and efflux pumps appeared to play a supplementary role rather than being independent drivers of ciprofloxacin resistance in this cohort. These data support prioritising key QRDR mutations in genomic reporting and local stewardship decisions, while the QRDR-negative resistant urine isolates require further investigation.
Escherichia coli↗
Pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan, Nigeria. A 15-month prospective study.
Between January 1976 and March 1977, cerebrospinal fluid samples from 2130 patients at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were examined, 130 patients were shown to have pyogenic meningitis. The commonest causative bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (53.8%), Haemophilus influenzae (23%), Neisseria meningitidis (7.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (3%). Most of the infections occurred in very young children: 47% of all patients were under 1 year of age, and 69% were under 5 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 30% (Strep. penumoniae infection 28.6%, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis infection both 20%). All 4 patients with klebsiella infection died. There was a noticeable increase in the incidence of Strep. pneumoniae strains showing resistance to tetracycline, between 1974 and 1976, and this was attributed to the widespread use and abuse of the antibiotic among the general population. Two strains of H. influenzae were found to be resistant to ampicillin; such strains have not previously been reported from Nigeria. The results of the study support the use of a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin in the initial treatment of pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan.
Adolescent↗