[Nomogram for the standardization of urinary specific gravity scale by refractive index--JSCP nomogram (Japanese Society of Clinical Pathology)].
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Humans↗
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A Dynamic Nomogram to Predict Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.
BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) involves multiple metabolic disorders. This study aimed to identify high-risk populations for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in patients with MetS and to establish a dynamic predictive nomogram. METHODS: A total of 627 patients with MetS from six regions in Zhejiang Province were enrolled and categorized into MAFLD and non-MAFLD groups, then randomly assigned to training and validation sets at a ratio of 7:3. Independent predictors of MAFLD were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and multivariable logistic regression analyses. These predictors were then used to construct a dynamic nomogram. RESULTS: A total of 627 patients with MetS were included in the final analysis, of whom 77.0% (483/627) were diagnosed with MAFLD. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), MetS-defined dysglycemia, and education level as independent risk factors for MAFLD. MetS-defined dysglycemia showed the highest odds ratio (OR) for MAFLD development [OR = 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-3.29]. Although the number of MetS components and the metabolic syndrome score were significantly associated with MAFLD in univariate analysis, they were not independently associated with MAFLD in the multivariate model. A dynamic nomogram for predicting MAFLD risk in patients with MetS was developed and internally validated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.834 (95% CI: 0.787-0.880) in the training set and 0.839 (95% CI: 0.771-0.899) in the validation set, indicating strong predictive performance. Bootstrap internal validation demonstrated good agreement between predicted and observed outcomes in calibration curves. Decision curve analysis further indicated favorable clinical applicability of the nomogram. CONCLUSION: BMI, WC, TC, ALT, MetS-defined dysglycemia, and education level are independent risk factors for MAFLD. A dynamic nomogram for predicting MAFLD risk in patients with MetS was successfully developed and validated.
Humans↗
Acid-base curve nomogram for dog blood.
Pooled canine blood of different hemoglobin concentration was equilibrated with two carbon dioxide tensions and the resulting pH's of the samples were measured at 38 degrees C. Readings obtained provided data for the construction of a cartesian nomogram for the dog, based on the pH/log pCO2 coordinate system. The nomogram can be used to evaluate both respiratory and non-respiratory acid-base parameters. For contrast, a control nomogram on human blood was also constructed. Both nomograms show broad similarity. This is to be expected as the normal criteria used to define base excess relating to dog blood are the same as those used for human blood. Nonetheless, base excess and buffer base calculations using the nomogram for the dog and that for man show a deviation of 2.5-10%, and we consider this deviation to be more due to a species difference than to any summated experimental error.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
An individualized nomogram for predicting progression-free survival in systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a multicenter, retrospective, and internally validated study.
OBJECTIVES: To develop an individualized nomogram for predicting disease progression risk in systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL). METHODS: Independent predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) were identified using Cox regression in a multicenter retrospective cohort of 109 sALCL patients (2010-2022). These were incorporated into a three-factor nomogram, evaluated via bootstrapped internal validation (1000 resamples), ROC analysis, C-index, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC). RESULTS: A total of 29 PFS events occurred during a median follow-up of 31 months. Multivariable modelling selected serum β2-microglobulin elevation, extranodal disease, and front-line chemotherapy choice (CHOP versus CHOPE or BV+CHP) as autonomous progression drivers. Upon internal bootstrap validation, the nomogram yielded strong prognostic accuracy, achieving AUCs of 0.81, 0.85 and 0.87 for 1-, 3- and 5-year progression-free survival, alongside a corrected C-index of 0.779 (95% CI: 0.699 - 0.861). Calibration plots showed close agreement between predicted and observed outcomes, while DCA confirmed superior net clinical benefit versus conventional IPI or Ann Arbor stratification across multiple decision thresholds. CONCLUSION: This first sALCL-specific nomogram integrates clinical and treatment variables to provide personalized PFS risk estimation. While internally validated, this exploratory, observation-based tool requires external validation and recalibration in prospective cohorts before clinical implementation.
Humans↗
A nomogram to obtain pulmonary shuntflow (Qs/Qt).
A nomogram to simplify the determination of pulmonary shunt is presented. It is based on Leigh's et al. shunt-equation (1969). The nomogram aggregates the factors which contribute most to the pulmonary shunt in acute respiratory failure. Arterial and venous oxygen saturation, Hb content, arterial oxygen tension and barometric pressure do influence strongly the result of calculated shuntflow. For the factors with little importance in the calculation (vapor pressure, mixed venous oxygen tension, alveolar-CO2 tension), international mean values are used. The shunt determined with the nomogram deviates less than 1% from the calculated values, if the range of PCO2 is between 32 and 52 mm Hg and the error does not exceed 1,5% with a PCO2 up to 82 mm Hg unless it is combined with a very low Hb and a high mixed venous saturation. By the nomogram the effect of the different parameters on the shunt can be very well illustrated. Especially mistakes in determination of the mixed venous saturation and of arterial O2 tension result in errors. Too high saturation values in mixed venous blood occur in distally located catheters due to pulmonary capillary admixtures. This contamination can be easily detected if the relationship between PVO2 and PACO2 is examined. The other source of error lies in the technical problems of PO2 determination in high ranges and is caused by escape of O2 into the PO2-electrode and O2-consumption of the blood. The end effect which the factors of O2 escape have on the accuracy of PO2 determination in high ranges is demonstrated with blood samples which have been equilibrated with different gas mixtures at different temperatures and had their PO2 measured at regular intervals. The error in PaO2 measurement can be reduced if blood-gas analyses are performed immediately or on cooled samples.
Carbon Dioxide↗
Acid-base curve nomogram for chimpanzee blood and comparison with human blood characteristics.
An acid-base nomogram for chimpanzee blood was constructed. Blood was drawn from eight lightly anesthetized chimpanzees. Each sample of blood was oxygenated and nine aliquots were prepared with three different concentrations of hemoglobin and three different amounts of added acid or base. Each aliquot was equilibrated at two PCO2 levels and the pH was measured and plotted on pH-logPCO2 coordinates. Using the intersection point of these pH-logPCO2 lines as a point of equal hemoglobin-independent "base excess" for each condition, values for true base excess were plotted. Connecting these values provided a Cartesian PCO2-pH base excess nomogram for the chimpanzee comparable to that devised by Siggaard-Andersen for humans. Examination of blood from normal human subjects by the same methods showed no appreciable differences from the original Siggaard-Andersen nomogram. However, the PCO2-pH-base excess nomogram for chimpanzee blood deviated slightly from that for human blood. It is possible that the deviation is related to an arterial bicarbonate concentration in the chimpanzee slightly higher than that in human.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
[PO-2-PCO-2-pH-nomograms for rat blood at 37 degrees C (author's transl)].
In order to determine the interdependence of the parameters of the respiratory gas transport in rat blood (Sprague-Dawley) CO-2-equilibration curves in fully oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are measured. The results are presented in the form of pH-log P-CO-2-diagrams. O-2-dissociation curves of rat blood are registered at different CO-2 partial pressures. The P-02 at S-02 equals 50% ranged between 27.7 mm Hg for P-C0-2 equals 20 mm Hg. 35.1 mm Hg for P-C0-2 equals 40 mm Hg and 42.2 for P-C0-2 equals 60 mm Hg. Cartesian and alignment nomograms are constructed using CO-2 equilibration curves and O-2 dissociation curves. These nomograms give the interrelations between P-O-2, P-CO-2, pH and S-0-2 of rat blood. Separate nomograms are presented for Hb-concentrations of 10-13 g-% and 13.1-16 g-% because of great variations of Hb concentration in rat blood. If two of these values are known the nomograms permit the reading of the remaining paramters.
Animals↗
Confirmation of a computer-derived nomogram to predict gentamicin serum concentrations in postsurgical patients.
The applicability of a previously reported nomogram to predict serum gentamicin levels in postsurgical patients was investigated. Seventeen patients accounting for 20 courses of gentamicin were studied. A total of 72 peak serum gentamicin levels were measured by a microbiological assay and compared with predicted serum levels determined by the dosing nomogram. Eighty-five percent of the measured peak gentamicin serum levels agreed with nomogram-predicted levels. This figure was reduced to 65% when certain unforeseen factors (i.e., patient interference with intravenous lines, dosage miscalculation and extra routes of gentamicin elimination) were identified. The nomogram is a particularly useful tool for the clinician to whom serum gentamicin levels are unavailable and who needs a method to predict serum gentamicin concentration based upon a given dosage.
Adult↗
Nomograms relating aldosterone excretion to urinary sodium and potassium in the pediatric population: their application to the study of childhood hypertension.
The lability and diurnal variation of blood pressure in normal and hypertensive children were examined and found to be less than that described in adults. Nomograms were prepared relating urinary sodium and potassium to urinary aldosterone in children ranging in age from infancy to 22 years. These nomograms reveal that the relation of aldosterone excretion to sodium excretion is described by a hyperbolic function. Most values for normal children, children with mild essential hypertension and children with severe essential hypertension fell between two hyperbolic curves representing the 5th and 95th percentile, respectively. Hypertensive children with low and high plasma renin activity were found to have an inappropriately high level of urinary aldosterone excretion in relation to urinary sodium excretion. No relation was found between potassium and aldosterone excretion. By means of these nomograms the normal standards for aldosterone excretion in children were refined, permitting classification of hypertensive children into distinct groups. This classification may have prognostic significance.
Adolescent↗
A nomogram to predict lean body mass in men.
A simple three scale nomogram is presented to predict lean body mass in men from two anthropometric measurements: height and the circumference of the flexed biceps. The prediction equation used in constructing the nomogram was established from data collected on 198 USAF aircrewmen. Lean body mass was determined on these men by a standard tritium dilution technique. The equation was validated on a total of 65 additional flyers, comparing measurements obtained by tritium dilution (r = 0.91), 40K wholebody counter techniques (r = 0.90), and water-displacement techniques (r = 0.86). A second nomogram demonstrates the flexibility in using this anthropometric-type prediction of body composition to arrive at personalized weight standards.
Adult↗
A nomogram for planning respiratory therapy.
A nomogram is presented which aids in monitoring and selecting therapy in the treatment of the patient with hypoxemia. It facilitates accurate bedside determination of total shunt fraction and estimation of the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) attainable at inspired oxygen concentrations of 21 percent to 100 percent. The nomogram permits rapid consideration of changes in hemoglobin concentration, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, and shunt fraction on the PaO2. The uses of the nomogram in several therapeutic contexts are discussed.
Carbon Dioxide↗
Biomarker-Based Nomogram to Predict Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify response prediction and prognostic biomarkers in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Methods: A retrospective multicentre study including 191 patients with MIBC who received NAC previous to radical cystectomy (RC) between 1996 and 2013. Gene expression patterns were analysed in 34 samples from transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) using Illumina microarrays. The expression levels of 45 selected differentially expressed genes between responders and non-responders to NAC were validated by quantitative PCR in an independent cohort of 157 patients. Regression analysis was used to identify predictors of downstaging and relapse. A nomogram for predicting downstaging and relapse-including clinicopathological and gene expression variables-was developed. Results: The expression levels of 1352 transcripts differed between responders and non-responders to NAC. A nomogram based on the most predictive clinical variables (age, Tis (in situ), gender, history of NMIBC, and lymphadenopathy) and genes selected following the Akaike information criterion (AIC) (CBTB16, CHMP6, DDX54, CASP8, LOR, and PLEC) was then created. In addition, a three-gene expression prognostic model to predict tumour relapse was generated. This model was able to discriminate between two groups of patients with a significantly different probability of tumour relapse (HR: 2.11; CI: 1.16-3.83, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our nomogram based on gene expression and clinical data is a useful tool to predict downstaging and tumour relapse after NAC in MIBC patients. Further validation is warranted.
bladder cancer↗
Screening of molecular biomarkers ASPN and LBH and construction of a prediction nomogram for the progression of esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma.
BACKGROUND: Esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (EGJA) is an aggressive malignancy of the digestive system with poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and accurate prediction of tumor progression remain major clinical challenges. This study aimed to identify and validate molecular biomarkers and construct a precise diagnostic model, providing a scientific basis for individualized treatment. METHODS: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with EGJA were identified using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was then performed for further screening. The protein expression levels of ASPN and LBH were validated by immunohistochemistry in both tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues. A nomogram was constructed by integrating clinical and pathological features, and its performance and clinical utility were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the protein expression of ASPN was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues, with expression levels increasing with tumor stage. Conversely, LBH was downregulated in tumor tissues and decreased with advancing stages. The predictive model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.977, indicating excellent diagnostic and prognostic performance. DCA confirmed the clinical net benefit of the model. CONCLUSIONS: ASPN and LBH are critical molecular biomarkers for EGJA. The nomogram combining these two markers enables accurate distinction between early and advanced-stage tumors, offering significant support for early diagnosis of EGJA.
ASPN↗
An individual nomogram for determination of glomerular filtration rate from plasma creatinine.
From simultaneously determined values of the glomerular filtration rate and the concentration of creatinine in plasma an individual nomogram can be constructed from two scales. From this nomogram the actual glomerular filtration rate of the patient can later be read out solely from a new concentration of plasma creatine.
Creatinine↗
The construction and use of nomograms for cerebral blood flow calculation using a 133Xe inhalation technique.
Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) using a 133Xe inhalation technique requires monitoring the clearance rate of the radioisotope from the head using externally situated detectors and also from arterial blood using a detector to monitor the expired air activity. The end-tidal concentration function is assumed to be proportional to the arterial concentration function and this has to be deconvoluted from the clearance functions obtained from the head to enable CBF to be calculated. A digital computer is generally considered to be essential for this. In this paper a procedure using three-dimensional nomograms is derived and tested. It is shown that results obtained using the nomograms do not differ significantly from results obtained using a full deconvolution procedure, and so it is not essential to use a computer to calculate CBF by the inhalation technique.
Cerebrovascular Circulation↗
Predicting phenytoin dose - a revised nomogram.
The nomogram devised by Richens and Dunlop for predicting phenytoin dose has been tested in 127 residential epileptic patients, and the data obtained were used to prepare a revised version of the nomogram. In a further 78 patients, this new version was found to be superior to the original. The mean Km value was found to be 23.8 mumoles/liter. Km was independent of age and body surface area, but Dmax correlated positively with the latter two variables.
Adolescent↗
Monitoring digoxin therapy: III. How useful are the nomograms?
1. A previously described set of guidelines for digoxin therapy has been evaluated in twenty-four patients. 2. Six different published methods (nomograms and equations) for predicting digoxin requirements have been studied to determine their clinical usefulness in the context of the twenty-four patients. 3. The limitations of the nomograms and equations are discussed.
Adult↗
[Nomogram for the determination of arterial oxygen partial pressure of man in relation to high altitude and in dependence from age (author's transl)].
If somebody ascends from sea level to higher altitude within a short time, the change of the atmospheric conditions can be a danger for his life. Therefore, a nomogram was constructed which allows to read off the arterial oxygen partial pressures and the corresponding arterial oxygen saturation in relation to altitude. On the basis of the oxygen partial pressure of the atmosphere determined by steps of 500 m from sea level up to an antitude of 10,000 m, we calculated the decrease of the oxygen partial pressure from the inspired air to the arterial blood. When passing our airways, the inspired oxygen partial pressure is dimished by the adaptation to BTPS conditions and by the increasing CO2 partial pressure when approaching the alveolar gas exchanging zone. Another oxygen partial pressure gradient formed by inhomogeneities of ventilation to perfusion, diffusing capacity to perfusion and shunt perfusion is found at the alveolar-arterial barrier. The value of this alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference is closely correlated to age. With the values of the single steps, the nomogram was constructed. Seven abscissas show the oxygen partial pressure gradients from the inspired air at a distinct altitude to the arterial blood. In relation to a lot of CO2-depending oxygen dissociation curves, it is possible to read off additionally the corresponding arterial oxygen saturation for a person in rest up to an altitude of 10,000 m.
Adult↗