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Results for “Non-Smokers”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Saliva and salivary pellicle composition and proteomic profile in smokers vs. non-smokers and its effect on dental erosion.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the salivary composition and proteomic profile of saliva and the salivary pellicle in smokers compared to non-smokers, and to examine potential differences in the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle. METHODS: Twenty-five smokers and 25 non-smokers were included. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were analysed regarding flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and protein content. Saliva and salivary pellicle samples were analysed by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) for proteome profiling. In an in situ experiment, intraoral splints were loaded with bovine enamel and dentine specimens for 120 min. Pellicle-covered specimens were extraorally eroded (HCl, pH 2.3, 60 s). Calcium release was determined photometrically and compared to pellicle-free controls. RESULTS: Except for phosphate in stimulated saliva (padj.=0.003), salivary parameters were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. Proteome profiling detected 1759±154 proteins (cumulative 1963) in saliva, and 4262±362 proteins (cumulative 4625) in the salivary pellicle. The relative abundances of 282 (unstimulated saliva), 338 (stimulated saliva), and 4 (salivary pellicle) protein groups differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially abundant human proteins revealed biological processes such as coagulation, immune response, and carcinogenic reactive oxygen species processes to be impacted by smoking. The salivary pellicle had a significant erosion-protective effect in enamel compared to the control (41.4 ± 6.3 nmol/mm2), but no differences between smokers (33.2 ± 10.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) and non-smokers (32.7 ± 8.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) were found. CONCLUSION: The proteomic profiles of both unstimulated and stimulated saliva and the salivary pellicle differ between smokers and non-smokers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the different proteomic profiles indicating a significant impact of smoking on the oral cavity, the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle of smokers and non-smokers does not differ.

Dental Pellicle↗

PubMed1975

Blood and Urinary nicotine in non-smokers.

Of 39 urban non-smokers about half had measurable quantities of nicotine in their plasma (range 0 to 5times5 ng. per ml.) and almost all had nicotine in their urine during the early afternoon. The average concentration of urinary nicotine in non-smokers under natural conditions was 10times7 ng. per ml., but after deliberate exposure to tobacco smoke (mean duration seventy-eight minutes) in an unventilated room (38 p.p.m. of carbon monoxide) the average urinary nicotine level (80 ng. per ml.) was significantly higher than in non-smokers who had not been deliberately exposed to smoke (P less than 0times 001). Under natural conditions there was no overlap between the urine levels of non-smokers and the far higher levels of 18 smokers (mean 1236 ng. per ml.), suggesting that urinary nicotine may provide a more accurate assessment of an individual's smoking-status than blood-carboxyhaemoglobin. It is concluded that, as a result of passive smoking, most urban non-smokers have measurable amounts of nicotine in their bodyfluids for most of their lives.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed1975

Letter: Blood and urinary nicotine in non-smokers.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

Letter: Blood and urinary nicotine in non-smokers.

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Humans↗

PubMed1976

Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: Associations with maternal weight gain and fetal growth.

1159 mother-infant "pairs" have been studied to examine the inter-relationship of cigarette smoking in the latter half of pregnancy, maternal weight gain, and fetal growth. Non-smokers gained significantly more weight than heavy smokers (greater than 15 cigarettes per day) while light-to-moderate smokers (1-14 cigarettes a day) were intermediate. Birth-weight, length, and head circumference of the infants showed a similar gradient with infants born to non-smokers being heavier, longer, and with larger head circumferences than those born to heavy smokers. Co-variance analysis showed that a large part of the effect of maternal smoking is mediated through maternal weight gain with only a very small additional direct effect on the fetus. This suggests that increasing weight gain in smoking mothers might prevent some of the harmful effects of smoking on fetal growth. A randomised controlled trial of diet supplementation of smoking mothers would seem justified.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed2025

LncRNA C5orf64 polymorphisms (rs12518552 and rs2950218) decreases pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains a significant global health issue, with genetic factors playing a crucial role in susceptibility. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) C5orf64 has been implicated in immune responses and cancer, but its association with PTB risk has not been fully explored. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 955 participants (474 PTB cases and 481 controls). Rs12518552 and rs2950218 in C5orf64 were genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY system. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between these polymorphisms and PTB risk. Stratified analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of age, gender, and smoking status. RESULTS: Rs12518552-G (OR = 0.82, p = 0.034) and rs2950218-T (OR = 0.77, p = 0.012) were associated with a reduced PTB risk. Stratified analysis revealed that rs12518552 was associated with a protective effect against PTB in individuals over 40 years old (OR = 0.73, p = 0.024), females (OR = 0.77, p = 0.034), and non-smokers (OR = 0.78, p = 0.040), and rs2950218 was also associated with a reduced PTB risk in individuals over 40 years old (OR = 0.73, p = 0.040), females (OR = 0.72, p = 0.046), and non-smokers (OR = 0.72, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: C5orf64 polymorphisms, particularly rs12518552 and rs2950218, are associated with a reduced risk of PTB. These findings suggest that C5orf64 polymorphisms contribute to genetic susceptibility to PTB, with implications for PTB targeted screening and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Host Genetic Factors and Clinical Comorbidities Associated With Tuberculosis Risk.

HLA influence the immune response, shaping genetic susceptibility or resistance to tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to investigate the associations of host genetics and comorbidities with TB infection in Taiwanese populations. This retrospective case-control study utilised data from the Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative. TB cases and non-TB controls were compared using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), HLA allele typing, and genotype data. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of TB and interactions between risk factors. A total of 390 TB cases and 3,909 controls were analysed. Risk factors for TB included bronchiectasis (OR = 2.76; 95% CI 1.54-4.44; p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.00-1.68; p = 0.050), malignancy (OR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.15-1.85; p = 0.002), smoking (OR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.08-1.88; p = 0.012), and steroid use (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.29-2.13; p < 0.001). HLA-DRB1*16:02 was associated with a higher frequency in the TB group (OR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.04-2.09; p = 0.030). Interaction analysis showed HLA-DRB1*16:02 increased TB risk in non-smokers (OR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02-2.46; p = 0.042), but not in smokers. HLA-DRB1*16:02 was associated with a higher risk for TB. While carriers of HLA-DRB1*16:02 did not exhibit an increased risk of TB among smokers, we demonstrated a heightened risk among non-smokers.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

Potential effect on coronary-heart-disease morbidity of lowering the blood-cholesterol.

As a practical aid to physicians and patients facing the decision whether or not to embark upon a life-long lipid-lowering regimen in the hope of preventing coronary heart-disease, estimates have been made of the potential benefits to be gained from lowering the plasma-cholesterol over a period of 20 years. The estimates have been derived from analyses of experiences in the Framingham population study. The results suggest that if 100 men who are non-smokers, with normal blood-pressure and electrocardiogram, lower their plasma-cholesterol from 310 to 260 mg. per 100 ml. starting at 35 years of age, 6 could potentially benefit by avoiding a coronary incident, 94 would be likely to follow the regimen without apparent benefit, and 8 of these would have an attack within 20 years despite adherence to the regimen. The potential benefit is less for women and for those who start the regimen at an older age. It is greater if cholesterol is lowered further and if other risk factors are present: for instance, 29 of 100 men starting at age 35 who are ciagrette smokers with moderate hypertension and left-ventricular hypertrophy and who reduce their plasma-cholesterol concentration from 310 to 210 mg. per 100 ml. would benefit.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Cigarette smoking and respiratory ill-health in the British army.

The smoking habits and morbidity experiences of a cohort of soldiers have been studied from 1959 to 1969. In 1959 the cohort contained 4052 junior entrants to the Army, aged 15-18; in 1969 there remained 1412 men, by then aged 25-28. Between 1964 and 1969 there has been a slight but significant decrease in the prevalence of smoking, but amongst the smokers there has been little change in the number of cigarettes smoked. The cohort's 1969 prevalence of smoking was slightly above the national average of 70% for males of the same age, but the servicemen are heavier smokers than their civilian counterparts. Comparison of the morbidity experience for respiratory conditions in terms of inpatient admissions over 10 years reveals a significant excess for smokers of twenty or more cigarettes a day when compared with non-smokers. The difference between the two categories represents an estimated 130 days of inpatient care per 1000 men per year.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Blood-cadmium in hypertensives and normotensives.

70 hypertensive patients and 70 controls matched for age and sex were investigated for a possible relationship between blood-cadmium and hypertension. No significant differences between the two groups were detected, although the blood-cadmium level was significantly higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers. These data do not support the hypothesis that cadmium is involved in the development of hypertension in man.

Antihypertensive Agents↗

PubMed2026

Global, regional, and national prevalence of second-hand smoke and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.

BACKGROUND: Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure remains a major source of morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. This study presents the first dedicated Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) publication to systematically quantify SHS prevalence and evaluate its effect as a global risk factor across a broader range of outcomes. METHODS: Using the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework, we estimated SHS exposure prevalence and attributable disease burden across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, stratified by age and sex. Exposure estimates were derived by synthesising population-based surveys and household composition data through spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks for nine health outcomes, now including asthma, were estimated using the Burden of Proof methodology, and applied to calculate attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). FINDINGS: In 2023, an estimated 2·71 billion (95% UI 2·44-3·02) people worldwide were exposed to SHS, including 767 million (687-858) children aged 0-14 years. Age-standardised prevalence was highest in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (48·4% [44·0-53·4]), with female individuals in some countries experiencing nearly 1·8 times the exposure prevalence of male individuals. Despite a 22·2% (10·6-32·4) decline in global age-standardised prevalence since 1990, this progress has not been sufficient to reduce the absolute number of exposed individuals, which has remained stable globally and has risen sharply in sub-Saharan Africa (98·5% [62·0-144·4] increase) and North Africa and the Middle East (72·1% [47·8-101·8] increase). In 2023, SHS exposure accounted for 1·66 million (1·33-2·07) deaths and 44·8 million (35·8-54·3) DALYs globally. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading contributor to SHS-attributable DALYs (12·0 million [9·31-15·2]) overall, while lower respiratory infections predominated among children (5·16 million [3·48-7·12]). INTERPRETATION: We estimated that SHS remains a substantial driver of global health loss, particularly through cardiovascular and paediatric respiratory diseases. Persistent geographical disparities and growing absolute numbers of exposed individuals in several regions underscore the urgent need for accelerated implementation and enforcement of comprehensive tobacco control measures, particularly to protect women and children in both public and domestic environments. FUNDING: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Gates Foundation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2020

Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of PTSD across 10 military and civilian cohorts identifies methylation changes in AHRR.

Epigenetic differences may help to distinguish between PTSD cases and trauma-exposed controls. Here, we describe the results of the largest DNA methylation meta-analysis of PTSD to date. Ten cohorts, military and civilian, contribute blood-derived DNA methylation data from 1,896 PTSD cases and trauma-exposed controls. Four CpG sites within the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) associate with PTSD after adjustment for multiple comparisons, with lower DNA methylation in PTSD cases relative to controls. Although AHRR methylation is known to associate with smoking, the AHRR association with PTSD is most pronounced in non-smokers, suggesting the result was independent of smoking status. Evaluation of metabolomics data reveals that AHRR methylation associated with kynurenine levels, which are lower among subjects with PTSD. This study supports epigenetic differences in those with PTSD and suggests a role for decreased kynurenine as a contributor to immune dysregulation in PTSD.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins↗

PubMed1976

Effect of age on oxygen-binding in normal human subjects.

1. Oxygen-binding, plasma and intra-erythrocytic pH, and haemoglobin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate concentrations were measured in sixty-two healthy non-smokers aged between 18 and 89 years. 2. P50 (oxygen tension at 50% oxygen saturation) expressed at plasma pH 7-40 and PCO2 5-33 kPa showed a positive correlation with age. 3. This correlation of P50 with age was closer when P50 was expressed at a constant intra-erythrocytic pH 7-20. On average P50 at intra-erythrocytic pH 7-20 increased from 3-59 kPa at 20 years to 3-96 kPa at 90 years of age. 4. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, inorganic phosphate, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations did not correlate with P50 or with age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2025

Immediate and durable effects of maternal tobacco consumption on placental DNA methylation: a replication and discovery study.

An increasing number of epigenome-wide association studies report tobacco smoking-associated DNA methylation levels. However, comprehensive replication studies remain scarce, particularly in placenta, despite their crucial interest in such a large-scale context. Using DNA methylation data from the EPIC array of 341 new placentas (85 smokers, 219 non-smokers, and 37 former smokers) from the EDEN cohort, we used a candidate approach to replicate maternal smoking-associated CpGs and regions previously identified using the 450K array, and an exploratory approach to discover new associations within EPIC-specific CpGs. Smoking-associated changes in DNA methylation in CpGs and regions were classified as either transient or persistent (indicating epigenetic memory), depending on the stability of their association with smoking status. Among candidate loci, 38% of probes and 9% of regions were replicated, providing robust evidence of effects of prenatal smoke exposure on methylation patterns of these loci. LEKR1 was the top hit in both the initial and replication studies. Most of the replicated loci were transient CpGs (i.e. current smokers), while persistent CpGs (i.e. former smokers) remained scarce and somewhat inconsistent with previous findings. The additional exploratory analysis identified 733 novel probes and 75 novel regions, including 18% and 30% of transient loci, respectively. Results suggested that most of the effects were related to in utero exposure only, supporting pregnant women's efforts to quit smoking. This replication study also evidences the importance of reproducible work in omic investigations to provide a more in-depth and robust understanding of the effects of environmental exposures on health biomarkers..

DNA methylation↗

PubMed2026

A reanalysis of the Hitachi cohort study evaluating the effectiveness of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer.

The effectiveness of low-dose thoracic computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer for non-smokers or light smokers has been unclear. The results of the Hitachi cohort study performed by the conventional multivariable analysis suggested the reduction of lung cancer mortality by thoracic CT screening, but also revealed the lower all-cause mortality in the CT group, which indicated the existence of self-selection bias. Because the background of the subjects in the CT screening group and that in the X-ray screening group were very different, it is critical to adjust appropriately the confounding factors. In this brief report, we describe a re-evaluation of the results of the Hitachi Cohort Study performed by using more flexible methods, propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting.

epidemiology/public health↗

PubMed1977

Antimicrobial activity of tibezonium (TBZ).

The activity in vitro of tibezonium (Rec 15-0691), a new 1,5-benzodiazepine derivative, has been investigated. The drug was found active especially against Streptococcus, Diplococcus and Corynebacterium strains which are agents of oropharyngeal diseases. The activity of tibezonium was pH dependent against Staphylococcus aureus SG 511 and Streptococcus pyogenes 821 (at pH 8.0-8.5 It was more active) and the presence of horse serum provoked a small decrease of the antimicrobial properties. No interference on the activity of the tibezonium has been found in presence of smokers and non-smokers saliva.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2025

ABO exon polymorphisms are related to ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population.

BACKGROUND: Recent research have underscored the relation of ABO blood group system to cerebrovascular disorders predisposition. The present investigation endeavors to delve into the relationship between ABO polymorphisms and ischemic stroke (IS) risk. METHODS: A cohort of 646 IS patients and 649 matched healthy controls was recruited. Genotyping of five SNPs within ABO were conducted by Agena MassARRAY platform. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additionally, SNP-SNP interaction was assessed by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. Furthermore, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized to explore the association between genotypes and blood lipid profiles. RESULTS: The study identified an elevated IS risk associated with rs8176740 and rs8176720 in the overall population. Notably, ABO rs8176720 emerged as the most informative single-locus model for IS susceptibility. These variants were related to an elevated IS risk, specifically in female subjects, the subgroup aged > 64 years, non-smokers, drinkers or non-drinkers. Moreover, rs8176749 and rs8176745 were associated with red blood cell count levels and total bilirubin levels. CONCLUSION: This study firstly demonstrated the association of ABO rs8176740 and rs8176720 with IS incidence, which increased the understanding regarding the effect of ABO on IS pathogenesis.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

[Study of P50 in patients under continuous O2 inhalation and during chronic respiratory acidosis].

In vitro, the affinity of Hb for O2 depends on pH and capnia by the intermediate of the 2-3 DPG level, the concentration of which lowers in the case of acidosis and hypercapnia. Thus, an increase in the affinity results, but while Bohr's effect is immediate, on the contrary the 2-3 DPG effect is slow. Authors have verified the importance of this modification by studying the affinity of Hb for O2 thanks to the P50 technique in 15 normal non-smokers subjects and in 10 subjects with compensated or not respiratory acidosis but normally saturated thanks to continuous O2 administration.

Acidosis, Respiratory↗