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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1990

[The nonoxynol content in condoms is insufficient to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)].

The seven makes of condom which are marketed in Denmark were examined for the nonoxynol content with the object of assessing whether the content of nonoxynol in the condoms is sufficient to present HIV spread in connection with use of the condom and assessed in relation to the defects in effectivity (tearing, holes, overflow of semen, sliding off). Compared with the declared content of nonoxynol of 40 mg (100%) per condom, the following nonoxynol quantities could be demonstrated by methanol/water extraction and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatography: One make of condom contained 65%, two 50-55% and four 25-33%. The nonoxynol content was found to be evenly distributed between the outer and inner surface of the condoms. With a theoretical distribution volume of 6 ml (tearing during vaginal coitus), it was found that three of the makes of condoms examined did not achieve the HIV-inhibiting nonoxynol concentration of 0.05%, by means of measuring the quantity of nonoxynol on the distal 5 cm of the condoms. In anal sex, the distribution volume is greater resulting in lower nonoxynol concentrations and thus increased risk for HIV infection. It is concluded that the nonoxynol content in the condoms marketed in Denmark should be increased in order to inactivate HIV in case of condom failure.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: HIV seroconversion. RESULTS: Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS: Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Inhibition of growth of Chlamydia trachomatis by nonoxynol-9 in vitro.

We evaluated the ability of the widely used spermicide nonoxynol-9, Conceptrol gel containing nonoxynol-9, and Conceptrol vehicle (without nonoxynol-9) to inhibit the formation of inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis in cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells. Conceptrol vehicle produced a non-dose-related 40 to 59% reduction of the number of inclusions formed. In contrast, the addition of nonoxynol-9 and Conceptrol gel containing nonoxynol-9 at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml reduced the number of inclusions by 84 to 95%. Prolongation of contact between nonoxynol-9 and the chlamydial organisms from 90 to 180 min did not result in additional inhibition. Using a higher concentration of chlamydial organisms and diluting the drug-chlamydia mixture before inoculation of the monolayers, we were able to test higher concentrations of nonoxynol-9. At concentrations of 100 to 5,000 micrograms of nonoxynol-9 per ml, a dose-related 19 to 84% reduction of the number of inclusions was noted.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗

PubMed1992

Effects of the spermicidal agent nonoxynol-9 on vaginal microbial flora.

The use of nonoxynol-9--containing vaginal contraceptive preparations increases vaginal (and urethral) colonization by Escherichia coli. Nonoxynol-9 is toxic to various microorganisms, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, but has little or no direct effect on E. coli. L. acidophilus, which is present in the vaginas of most normal women, generates H2O2 which, when combined with peroxidase and a halide, was toxic to E. coli. This toxicity was inhibited by nonoxynol-9 due to the selective destruction of the lactobacilli. In contrast, at higher concentrations, nonoxynol-9 was toxic to E. coli when combined with peroxidase and a halide. This toxicity was shared with certain other nonionic detergents and was due to the formation of peroxides in the preparations on prolonged exposure to oxygen. E. coli colonization may, in part, reflect the balance between these opposing effects of nonoxynol-9 on the vaginal antimicrobial system. Further, damage to normal tissues by peroxides in nonoxynol-9 preparations needs to be considered.

Chlorides↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro activity of nonoxynol-9 on McCoy cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.

Nonoxynol-9, a nonionic detergent and active ingredient in spermicidal contraceptives, has been reported to have anti-chlamydial properties. However, in this study exposure of elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E to nonoxynol-9 (12.5-10,000 micrograms/ml) had no effect on chlamydial infectivity. In contrast, uninfected McCoy cells incubated with increasing concentrations of nonoxynol-9 over 72 h displayed dose-related cytotoxicity. When infected McCoy cells were exposed to nonoxynol-9, the developing chlamydial inclusions did not stain with iodine even though they were similar in number and appearance to the inclusions in unexposed, infected monolayers. Transmission electron microscopy of nonoxynol-treated, infected cells revealed apparent damage to the inclusion membrane and reticulate bodies within. The infectivity of the chlamydiae in the iodine-negative inclusions on subpassage was only 0.3%. We conclude that the primary action of nonoxynol-9 is on the McCoy cell and that there may be secondary effects on the intracellular parasite.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1987

Bioelectric activity as a quantifiable index of acute spermicide (nonoxynol-9) actions on rat vaginal epithelial function during the oestrous cycle.

The acute effect of instillation of the spermicide 2% nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (nonoxynol-9) on the bioelectric activity of the vaginal epithelium was assessed using as an index the time taken in seconds to reduce the transvaginal potential difference (p.d.), measured in anaesthetised rats, to half its initial value (t1/2). The surfactant caused rapid falls in the p.d. at dioestrus (t1/2 = 35 +/- 25 sec., n = 16, mean +/- S.D.) and metoestrus (t1/2 = 32 +/- 27 sec., n = 11) with a slower fall at oestrus (t1/2 = 130 +/- 104 sec., n = 14). At pro-oestrus however, nonoxynol-9 had no effect (n = 18). The dye Nigrosin (0.5%), when instilled alone, did not stain untreated vaginas of anaesthetized rats at any stage of the oestrous cycle, but in the presence of 2% nonoxynol-9 heavily stained those in metoestrus and dioestrus. Vaginas in pro-oestrus were unstained while those in oestrus were stained lightly. While nonoxynol-9 has a dramatic effect on the bioelectric activity of the vaginal epithelium, both the electrical and dye data show that the pro-oestrus vaginal epithelium presents a significant diffusion barrier to the passage of nonoxynol-9 and nigrosin. Thus, in assessing the actions of vaginally instilled nonoxynol-9 in rats the variation in the permeability of the vaginal epithelium during the oestrous cycle must be taken into account.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMed1988

A modified transmembrane migration method for evaluating the spermicidal potency of some nonoxynol compounds.

The transmembrane migration technique, a simple method in-vitro for quantitatively assessing the effects of a drug on human sperm motility, has been evaluated. The original method has been modified to include a preincubation step, and the incubation time has been reduced to 90 min. In semen samples possessing sperm concentrations of less than 75 x 12(6) spermatozoa mL-1 the volume of the lower reservoir has been reduced to 1 mL. This modified method has been used to compare the spermicidal potency of the widely employed non-ionic surfactant nonoxynol-9, with nonoxynol-5 and nonoxynol-15 (containing, respectively, fewer and more ethylene oxide units per molecule). The rank order of spermicidal potency of the compounds evaluated was nonoxynol-9 = nonoxynol-5 greater than nonoxynol-15.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Evaluation of the amount of nonoxynol available in condoms for the inhibition of HIV using a method based on HPLC.

A method is described for detection of nonoxynol in condoms, based on methanol-water extraction followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Using this method, we found that approximately 50% of the nonionic surfactant lubricant nonoxynol migrated into elastomers (rubber latex), resulting in a concentration of nonoxynol insufficient to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (less than 0.05%). In order to minimize the risk of sexual transmission of HIV, and to ensure spermicidal effect and optimal rubber properties, the concentration of nonoxynol in condoms, therefore, should either be increased, or nonoxynol should be packed separately. Further studies are needed to clarify and determine the solubility and migration of nonoxynols into elastomers.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed1991

Nonoxynol-9: differential antibacterial activity and enhancement of bacterial adherence to vaginal epithelial cells.

The antibacterial activity and adherence-enhancing effects of nonoxynol-9 were evaluated against vaginal and uropathogenic bacteria. Nonoxynol-9 was markedly less active against the 43 uropathogenic bacterial and yeast strains tested (MIC90, greater than 32%) than against the 26 Gardnerella vaginalis strains (MIC90, less than or equal to 0.015%) and the 53 Lactobacillus strains (MIC90, 8%) tested. Hydrogen peroxide-producing strains of Lactobacillus were more susceptible to nonoxynol-9 (MIC90, 4%) than nonproducers (MIC90, 16%). Two Escherichia coli strains that expressed type 1 fimbriae and three vaginal strains of lactobacilli adhered in significantly higher numbers to vaginal epithelial cells preincubated with 5% nonoxynol-9 than to control cells preincubated with PBS. Spermicides may provide a selective advantage in colonizing the vagina with nonoxynol-9-resistant uropathogens such as E. coli, perhaps via a reduction in vaginal lactobacilli (especially hydrogen peroxide-producing strains) and through enhancement of adherence of E. coli to epithelial cells.

Bacteria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The spermicide nonoxynol-9 does not inhibit Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro.

The antimicrobial effects of the active ingredient, nonoxynol-9, and the base component of a commercially available spermicide were tested in vitro against Chlamydia trachomatis. The infectivity of cell-free elementary bodies was not affected by nonoxynol-9 or the base after incubation for 30, 60, or 180 min in direct contact with serial twofold dilutions of each agent. The spermicide's effect on the in-vitro growth of C. trachomatis was evaluated after exposure of C. trachomatis-infected McCoy cells to serial dilutions of each agent for 2 hr and for 72 hr. A significant cytopathic effect of nonoxynol-9 on the host cell membrane was observed at concentrations of spermicide between 100% and 0.0014%. However, neither agent was effective in inhibiting the intracellular growth of C. trachomatis at concentrations (0.0014-0.0004%) of nonoxynol-9 that produced no evident cytopathic effect on McCoy cells. Thus, nonoxynol-9 was found to be ineffective in inhibiting infectivity or subsequent growth of C. trachomatis.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1990

Comparative vaginal spermicidal studies in the stumptailed macaque with alkyloxynol-741, nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine.

Alkyloxynol-741 ("agent 741") is used in the People's Republic of China as a substitute for nonoxynol-9 in vaginal contraceptive formulations. However, no studies are available that compare the effectiveness of these agents as vaginal spermicides. For this reason, dissolvable polyvinylalcohol (PVA) films were prepared containing various concentrations of alkyloxynol-741 and nonoxynol-9. Films were also prepared containing chlorhexidine, a potentially new vaginal contraceptive agent. Postcoital vaginal spermicidal studies were performed with the films in the stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). The order of spermicidal potency was: alkyloxynol-741 greater than nonoxynol-9 greater than chlorhexidine. These observations suggest that alkyloxynol-741 can be used instead of nonoxynol-9 in those countries where alkyloxynol-741 is more readily available and can be obtained at a lower cost.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Compatibility between the spermicide nonoxynol 9 and mid-cycle human cervical mucus.

The rate of diffusion of [125I]-nonoxynol 9 into mid-cycle human cervical mucus was measured and found to be negligible compared with D-glucose (used as an uncharged small molecule for comparison with nonoxynol 9). These data were confirmed by observation of the lack of inhibition of the movement of spermatozoa in mucus that had been in surface contact, for 3 hours, with a concentration 30 times greater than the ED100 of nonoxynol 9. These results show that the entry of nonoxynol 9 into mucus could be minimal under conditions that would exist in vivo and highlights a limitation of this compound as a vaginal contraceptive.

Cervix Mucus↗

PubMed1990

The spermicidal compound nonoxynol-9 increases adhesion of Candida species to human epithelial cells in vitro.

All 25 strains of Candida spp. tested were able to grow in medium supplemented with 25% nonoxynol-9 in vitro. Adhesion of Candida spp. to HeLa cells was found to increase in the presence of 5% nonoxynol-9 (2.2- to 6.6-fold; P less than 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, in 12.5% nonoxynol-9. Adhesion of Candida strains cultured in medium supplemented with nonoxynol-9 varied, with five of six strains of Candida albicans and the single strain of Candida tropicalis demonstrating increases of 1.4 to 4.0 times control levels (P less than 0.05). The increased adhesion did not correlate with altered yeast cell surface hydrophobicity or germ tube formation.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1992

Hydrogen peroxide production by Lactobacillus species: correlation with susceptibility to the spermicidal compound nonoxynol-9.

Facultative anaerobic lactobacilli were recovered from the vaginas of 96.8% of 63 nonpregnant, healthy, premenopausal women. The predominant species were Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei. Of the women, 74.6% had hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, 22.2% had non-hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, and 3.2% had no lactobacilli. None of the 68 isolates had catalase activity. Some 68.2% of the isolates were inhibited by concentrations of less than or equal to 1% (wt/vol) of nonoxynol-9 (bactericidal for 73.3% of isolates, bacteriostatic for 26.7%). The remaining 31.8% could grow in all concentrations to 25% (wt/vol) of nonoxynol-9. All of the lactobacilli that were sensitive to nonoxynol-9 produced hydrogen peroxide whereas only 3 of 21 resistant strains were hydrogen peroxide producers. A significant correlation (P less than .001, chi 2 test) was found between hydrogen peroxide production and sensitivity to nonoxynol-9. It is suggested that the vaginal flora of spermicide users could be depleted of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, possibly increasing susceptibility to urogenital infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

In vitro activity of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 against Chlamydia trachomatis.

The in vitro activity of nonoxynol-9 against four serotypes (C, D, H, and K) of Chlamydia trachomatis was investigated. A constant inoculum of each serotype was exposed to serial twofold dilutions (1:100 to 1:800) of Koromex, Conceptrol, or reference preparations (not containing nonoxynol-9) for 4 and 24 h at 37 degrees C. The mixtures of nonoxynal-9 or nonnonoxynol preparations and control inocula were dispensed into triplicate wells containing McCoy cell monolayers. After incubation at 37 degrees C, the monolayers were fixed and stained with iodine and examined for evidence of infection with C. trachomatis. All nonoxynol-9-containing preparations showed marked antichlamydial activity as judged by percent reduction of glycogen-containing intracytoplasmic inclusions. The reference preparations, which did not contain nonoxynol-9, were markedly less active when tested in this in vitro system.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗

PubMed1990

A simple, sensitive assay for the spermicide nonoxynol-9 in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic technique has been developed to quantitate nonoxynol-9 in serum, urine, and vaginal fluid. The method is rapid, involves minimal sample preparation, and can be used to analyze a large number of biological fluid samples. The assay elutes a single nonoxynol-9 peak with no interfering components. This was accomplished using a 10-microns pelicular packed amine column, a normal-phase solvent system, and fluorescence detection. Nonoxynol-9 levels as low as 0.23 micrograms/mL in urine can be detected.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed1986

Comparison of the potency of d-propranolol, chlorhexidine and nonoxynol-9 in the Sander-Cramer test.

The potency of two new candidate spermicides, d-propranolol and chlorhexidine, was compared with an established agent nonoxynol-9 by the Sander-Cramer test. The lowest concentrations of nonoxynol-9, d-propranolol and chlorhexidine which consistently inhibited progressive forward sperm motility within twenty seconds were found to be 0.12, 0.44, and 4.81 mg/ml, respectively. These relative potencies and other properties of d-propranolol and chlorhexidine indicate that they should be further investigated as alternatives to nonoxynol-9 in spermicidal preparations.

Chlorhexidine↗

PubMed1989

Contact sensitivity to nonoxynols as a cause of intolerance to antiseptic preparations.

Twelve cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by antiseptic preparations are presented. The reactions resulted not from the active principles but rather from nonoxynols used in the offending substances as nonionic surface-active agents. Nonoxynols are ethoxylated alkyl phenols or nonylphenylethers that conform in general to the formula C9H19C6H4(OCH2CH2)nOH. They have emulsifying, wetting, foaming, and solubilizing properties and are used in a large number of industrial, household, agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. They also are used as spermicides. There are very few reports in the literature of skin problems caused by nonoxynols.

Adult↗