Reports from WHO Collaborative Reference Centers for the Study of Psychotropic Drugs in Norway and Yugoslavia: current research in Norway.
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Cord blood cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein pattern from two districts in Norway.
Lipid levels of cord blood from two districts in Norway were studied. Although the mean levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the two populations were similar, high cord blood lipid levels were more frequently found in a population in Finnmark in northern Norway than in Bergen in western Norway. In Bergen the 95-percentile value for both cholesterol and triglycerides was 90 mg/100 ml. In Finnmark the corresponding values were 100 and 115 mg/100 ml. The lipid levels in cord blood from children of Norwegian, Finnish, and Lappish origin were nearly identical. The frequency of lipoprotein subfractions as distinct bands between beta and pre-beta fractions in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was the same in the two populations. Thus no genetic difference was found in lipoprotein patterns of cord blood in the populations of western and northern Norway.
Cholesterol↗
Purification and characterization of cytochrome c3, ferredoxin, and rubredoxin isolated from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway.
Different electron carriers of the non-desulfoviridin-containing, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain) have been studied. Two nonheme iron proteins, ferredoxin and rubredoxin, have been purified. This ferredoxin contains four atoms of non-heme iron and acid-labile sulfur and six residues of cysteine per molecule. Its amino acid composition suggests that it is homologous with the other Desulfovibrio ferredoxins. The rubredoxin is also an acidic protein of 6,000 molecular weight and contains one atom of iron and four cysteine residues per molecule. The amino acid composition and molecular weight of the cytochrome c3 from D. desulfuricans (strain Norway 4) are reported. Its spectral properties are very similar to those of the other cytochromes c3 (molecular weight, 13,000) of Desulfovibrio and show that it contains four hemes per molecule. This cytochrome has a very low redox potential and acts as a carrier in the coupling of hydrogenase and thiosulfate reductase in extracts of Desulfovibrio gigas and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain) in contrast to D. gigas cytochrome c3 (molecular weight, 13,000). A comparison of the activities of the cytochrome c3 (molecular weight, 13,000) of D. gigas and that of D. desulfuricans in this reaction suggests that these homologous proteins can have different specificity in the electron transfer chain of these bacteria.
Amino Acids↗
Neisseria meningitidis infections in Northern Norway: an epidemic in 1974-1975 due mainly to group B organisms.
A severe epidemic of disease due to Neisseria meningitidis has been occurring in northern Norway since 1974. Based on bacteriological and clinical examination of cases during the 18 months between January 1, 1974 and June 30, 1975, an overall attack rate of 26.3 cases per 100,000 population per year has been calculated. The attack rates were highest in 1975 (total, 37.4 cases per 100,000 population; Troms County, 54.5) and in children younger than four years (total, 173.6; Troms County, 328.9). The epidemic shows a total case-fatality ratio of 14.1%. The highest case fatality ratio was recorded for patients older than 20 years (25.0%). Among the youngest children, cases were distinctly more frequent in males than females; in older children and adults, male patients had a clearly higher case-fatility ratio than female patients. Of the three serogroups of N. meningitidis, group B caused more cases of infection that groups A and C together. In addition, the causative meningococcal strains were almost uniformly resistant to high concentrations of sulfonamide. Both of these traits appear to have developed in northern Norway at or shortly before the time when the epidemic began.
Adult↗
Acceptance, caries reduction and reported adverse effects of fluoride prophylaxis in Norway.
Water fluoridation has not been introduced in Norway, although 99% of the population receive water with suboptimal fluoride levels. Alternative methods of fluoride prophylaxis have gained wide acceptance in this country. While less than 1% of the children received fluoride tablet in 1971, sales data in 1976 indicated a daily supply of fluoride tablets to 50% of the 0-5-year-olds and to 20% of the 6-11-year-olds. Most schoolchildren have joined mass prophylactic programs with regular with regular applications of fluoride solutions. Furthermore, fluoride-containing dentifrices have become available and are increasingly used. The increased use of fluoride has been paralleled by a marked reduction in caries and restorative need. During the past 5 years, a reduction of about 45% in the number of fillings inserted in 6-17-year-old children has been noted. In some areas, a 70% reduction has been recorded. The ratio between expenses for prophylaxis and savings in cost of treatment is favorable. The Norwegian Adverse Drug Reaction Committe received 34 case reports of adverse effects ascribed to fluoride prophylaxis, from 1970 to 1977. None of the 25 follow-up studies performed, suggested fluoride to have been responsible for the reported symptoms. In Norway, the benefits of fluoride prophylaxis are becoming increasingly evident.
Adolescent↗
Molecular epidemiology of macrolide-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected from blood and respiratory specimens in Norway.
Norway has a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, including macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MRSP). In a nationwide surveillance program, a total of 2,200 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from blood cultures and respiratory tract specimens. Macrolide resistance was detected in 2.7%. M-type macrolide resistance was found in 60% of resistant isolates, and these were mainly mef(A)-positive, serotype-14 invasive isolates. The erm(B)-encoded macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B)) type dominated among the noninvasive isolates. One strain had an A2058G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. Coresistance to other antibiotics was seen in 96% of the MLS(B)-type isolates, whereas 92% of the M-type isolates were susceptible to other commonly used antimicrobial agents. Serotypes 14, 6B, and 19F accounted for 84% of the macrolide-resistant isolates, with serotype 14 alone accounting for 67% of the invasive isolates. A total of 29 different sequence types (STs) were detected by multilocus sequence typing. Twelve STs were previously reported international resistant clones, and 75% of the macrolide-resistant isolates had STs identical or closely related to these clones. Eleven isolates displayed 10 novel STs, and 7/11 of these "Norwegian strains" coexpressed MLS(B) and tetracycline resistance, indicating the presence of Tn1545. The invasive serotype-14 isolates were all classified as ST9 or single-locus variants of this clone. ST9 is a mef-positive M-type clone, commonly known as England(14)-9, reported from several European countries. These observations suggest that the import of major international MRSP clones and the local spread of Tn1545 are the major mechanisms involved in the evolution and dissemination of MRSP in Norway.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗
Serotypes of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients in Norway during the first six months of 1978.
During the first 6 months of 1978, 114 strains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients in Norway were serotyped. Among 27 group C strains, type 2 was most common, whereas 82% of the 82 group B isolates did not react with antisera to the standard serotypes 1 to 12. These strains were shown to belong to a new serotype, type 15. Also some group A and C strains had the type 15 antigen. Investigations on a possible immunoprophylaxis against group B meningococcal disease in Norway should accordingly proceed with type 15 rather than with type 2 meningococci.
Blood↗
Estimations of the incidences of toxoplasma infections among pregnant women from different areas in Norway.
2342 male military recruits from different parts of Norway were selected for serological screening with the dye test or the IgG-indirect fluorescent antibody test. The highest frequency of toxoplasma antibodies was observed in the south-western areas (27%), whereas the prevalence was found to be as low as 2% in the northermost areas of the country. On the basis of the prevalence values obtained in the different counties, the incidence rates for acquired infections in the pregnant population have been calculated. The annual incidence in Norway was estimated to be 4 0/00 and the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis would be maximally 2 0/00 (or about 110 cases/year).
Adult↗
Physiological effects of the meteorologically abnormal year 1974 observed in healthy males in the Netherlands and southern Norway.
Convincing evidence of biological effects during long-term abnormal weather conditions is very rare because usually no continuous series of physiological data from the same animals or humans (either single or in groups) have been collected over many years during the period preceding the meteorological event. Since 1955, at the Biometeorological Research centre, Leiden, about 220,000 blood data were collected from healthy male blood donors at Leiden, The Netherlands, and about 110,000 data at Oslo, Norway, since 1966. It was found that during the meteorologically abnormal year of 1974, which was abnormal in many parts of the world, both in Leiden and Oslo abnormal biological patterns occurred in blood sedimentation rate, haemoglobin, diastolic blood pressure, gamma-globulin levels, Piccardi p-test percentages and a few other biological parameters. A more complete monograph will be published at a later date.
17-Ketosteroids↗
Some self-reported symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in a population in Northern Norway.
The distribution of a number of self-reported symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, parafunctions and treatment behaviour was studied by means of a questionnaire answered by 94% of a population group of 358 persons aged 20-69 years in Northern Norway. Nine subjects reported pain from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) when opening their mouth and/or when chewing, while twenty-one subjects had clicking sounds in the TMJ. Seventeen persons had been grinding their teeth during the previous week. Only seven individuals had ever sought medical or dental advice because of TMJ disorder. Tooth grinding and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction were most common in young people, in people with twenty teeth of more and/or in people from high social classes, whereas differences according to sex and income were small. The low frequency of subjective symptoms of TMJ dysfunction and parafunctions in this population was related to demographical, social, dental and methodological influences.
Adult↗
Distribution and evaluation of complete dentures in a population in northern Norway.
The frequency and distribution of complete dentures were studied in a population of 358 persons aged 20--69 living in a community in Northern Norway. Among the 83% who attended the investigation, 49% had a maxillary and 26% a mandibular denture. The occurrence of dentures increased with increasing age and with decreasing income and/or social class, while dentures were almost equally common in both sexes, when differences of age and income were taken into account. Of the participants between 50--69 years 39% had received their first maxillary denture at the age 17--24 years. In the age group 30--49 years the corresponding percentage was 20. Forty-four percent of the participants had maxillary dentures and 33% mandibular dentures which were older than 10 years. According to an index on the clinical evaluation of complete dentures as well as to the denture wearers' own opinion, the insufficiency of the dentures tended to increase with increasing age of the dentures. Sex, age, income and social class, however, were found to have only a minor effect on the age and the condition of the dentures as well as on the denture wearers' degree of satisfaction with their dentures. Persons who had natural mandibular teeth, tended to be less satisfied with their maxillary dentures than persons with complete dentures in both jaws.
Adult↗
Mortality in psychiatric hospitals in Norway 1950--74.
The present investigation comprises all deaths in Norwegian psychiatric hospitals 1950--74: 10,413 deaths. Mortality in men declined from 361 per 10,000 before 1950 to 252 per 10,000 in 1969--74 and in women from 324 per 10,000 to 215 per 10,000 during the same periods. In the organic and symptomatic psychoses (mainly senile and arteriosclerotic) mortality ranged from six to ten times that of the general population, whereas in the non-organic (functional) psychoses mortality was only twice as high as in the general population. This discrepancy in mortality between organic and non-organic psychoses, which is caused by the somatic disorders with high lethality underlying the organic psychoses, suggests that mortality should be calculated separately for organic and non-organic psychoses, which is sometimes neglected. An increasing number of hospital admissions with organic, mainly senile, psychoses is to be expected in the future, as well as an increasing proportion of non-organic patients with slight psychotic symptoms and a low and possibly decreasing mortality. between 1950 and 1974 radical changes took place in the psychiatric hospitals which could have influenced mortality. Age-adjusted death rates from cardio-vascular diseases were actually higher in 1963--68 than in 1950--62, possibly indicating that an adverse effect of drug therapy on physical activity and somatic fitness had outweighed the stress-relieving effect. A significant rise in unnatural deaths (suicides and accidents) has been observed particularly since 1963. As in previous investigations from Norway 1926--41, cancer as cause of death was equal to or below the general population in the non-organic psychoses and somewhat higher in the organic psychoses.
Accidents↗
Oral conditions and need for dental treatment in an elderly population in northern Norway.
Oral conditions and dental treatment needs were investigated in a group of persons aged 65--79. A sample comprising 280 persons was drawn systematically to cover all persons in this age category living in the county of Troms in Norway. 241 persons attended, leaving a participation-rate of 86. The participants were examined mainly in their homes by dentists in graduate training. Sixteen percent of the group were in constant need of assistance or care due to a poor general state of health. In all, 80% were edentulous: 72% of the men and 87% of the women. Ninety-two percent wore removable dentures, 5% had natural teeth only, and 14% had natural teeth combined with a denture. Furthermore, 4% had neither teeth nor dentures, while dentures in both jaws were found in 66%. The "objective" treatment needs were extensive and had mainly accumulated due to neglectec care. Forty percent of the total group needed new complete dentures and 20% a more comprehensive correction of their dentures. By contrast only 30% intended to seek treatment in the near future. There seemd to be a definite need for a dental program to overcome or reduce the economic and other situational barriers.
Age Factors↗
Relationship between age, dental status and regular dental care in Norway illustrated by a model.
The purpose of this paper was to describe the relationship between age, dental status, and patterns of dental visits. Data from a national health survey of 11,014 persons in Norway 1975 were used. The model shows that though the absolute number of regular attenders decreased with increasing age their relative number among dentate persons increased with increasing age. Different examples of how the model may be used are described. Finally three explanations are given of the dental attendance pattern among Norwegian adults.
Adolescent↗
The first tick-borne encephalitis virus isolates from Norway.
Five virus strains with close serological relationship to the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex have been isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks. The ticks were collected in early June 1976 at three different locations in Sogn & Fjordane County, Norway. One of the virus-yielding pools was composed of ticks collected between the cabins on a tourist camping ground.
Animals↗
California encephalitis group viruses isolated from mosquitoes collected in Southern and Arctic Norway.
Three virus strains serologically related to the California encephalitis group (Bunyaviridae) of arboviruses were isolated from 7331 mosquitoes collected in Norway in June-August 1975. Two of the isolates (S 548 and S 618) seemed to be closely related and the third, S 568, more distantly related by serological techniques to Tahyna virus. Viruses were found in the mosquito species Aedes sticticus, A. diantaeus and A. hexodontus colllected (in order) from Oyern (59 degrees N, 11 degrees 12' E), Trandum (60 degrees 08' N, 11 degrees 10' E) and Masi (69 degrees 26' N, 23 degrees 39' E). The Masi isolate seems to be the northernmost arbovirus isolate in the world so far. Strain S 568 was from 16 male A. diantaeus, indicating transovarial transmission of the virus. An accidental infection demonstrated the potential human pathogenicity of one of the newly-isolated strains (S 568), and the ability of CE viruses to persistently infect suckling mouse brains was indicated by in vivo findings. The biological characteristics of the new strains so far investigated are consistent with those of the California encephalitis group. During this work the Aerosil absorption method for production of haemagglutinating antigens proved useful for Tahyna virus and the newly-isolated strains. Trypsinization of erythrocytes improved the haemagglutinating capacities of these viruses.
Animals↗
Diverticular disease of the large intestine in Northern Norway.
In 280 unselected necropsies on patients over 20 years of age in Northern Norway, diverticular disease was present in 25% of the males and 43% of the females. The frequency of diverticular disease increased in both sexes by age. Both the frequency of diverticular disease and the average number of diverticula per case with diverticular disease were higher in females than in males in all age groups. The sigmoid was the most frequent site of diverticula in both sexes and for all ages, and the average number of diverticula per diverticulum-bearing segment was also highest in the sigmoid for all ages and in both sexes. The average number of diverticula in the sigmoid of affected individuals increased with age and with the number of segments involved. Diverticular disease was not associated with adenomas of the large intestine or with malignant or benign neoplasms elsewhere in the body or with any of the common diseases thought to be related to a Western type of diet, except with cerebrovascular disease.
Adult↗
Seasonal patterns of sleep stages and secretion of cortisol and growth hormone during 24 hour periods in northern Norway.
A group of 7 healthy male subjects was studied in regard to sleep stages and 24 h plasma cortisol and growth hormone patterns during the 4 seasons of the year in an Arctic environment (Tromsø, Norway). No difference in total sleep or sleep stage per cents was found for any of the yearly seasons. A small but statistical significant increase in mean plasma cortisol concentration and amount secreted for 24 h was found for the autumn-winter seasons, as compared with the spring and summer. However, no difference in the circadian curve of cortisol hormonal pattern was found. All subjects secreted growth hormone shortly after sleep onset at night and no difference was found as a function of season of the year.
Adult↗