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Results for “Nuclear Family”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1991

Informativeness of twin-nuclear family and nuclear family designs for segregation analysis.

This brief note examines the precision of segregation parameter estimates from both twin-nuclear family and conventional nuclear family designs. The program MENDEL was used to derive expected frequencies of different family patterns of affectation (with fixed sibship size) under various single gene models, and then to estimate the standard errors (and information) associated with gene frequency and penetrance values at given sample sizes. As might be expected, a 2- to 5-fold increase in relative efficiency was found for the same family size if families included an MZ twin pair among their offspring. The methods used allow convenient calculation of expected informativeness of a given study design.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMed1988

[Nuclear families in Turkey].

This study examines the household or family types in Turkey in 1983, especially nuclear families. Nuclear families constitute 61.6% of all households in Turkey, and the majority of them are in the West and the Central regions. The highest % of nuclear families was found in the Mediterranean regions, and the lowest in the Black Sea region. Among all nuclear families, 87% of them consist of husband, wife and children, whereas 13% of them have only husband and wife. Nuclear families without children are common in urban areas and in the West while nuclear families with children are mostly found in rural areas and in the East and the Black Sea regions. Nuclear families with 3 or more children constitute 32% of all nuclear households in the West. On the other hand, the corresponding % is 73 for the Eastern region. As a result, it is concluded that nuclear families have significant regional and residential differentiations and households with the same formation in a developed and a less developed region should have different social, economic, and cultural characteristics.

Asia↗

PubMed2000

Detection of disease genes by use of family data. II. Application to nuclear families.

Two likelihood-based score statistics are used to detect association between a disease and a single diallelic polymorphism, on the basis of data from arbitrary types of nuclear families. The first statistic, the nonfounder statistic, extends the transmission/disequilibrium test to accommodate affected and unaffected offspring and missing parental genotypes. The second statistic, the founder statistic, compares observed or inferred parental genotypes with those of some reference population. In this comparison, the genotypes of affected parents or of those with many affected offspring are weighted more heavily than are the genotypes of unaffected parents or of those with few affected offspring. Genotypes of single unrelated cases and controls can be included in this analysis. We illustrate the two statistics by applying them to data on a polymorphism of the SDR5A2 gene in nuclear families with multiple cases of prostate cancer. We also use simulations to compare the power of the nonfounder statistic with that of the score statistic, on the basis of the conditional logistic regression of offspring genotypes.

Alleles↗

PubMed2001

[Studies on the spatial and familial aggregation of double Y nuclear family in gastric cancer pedigree].

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether there existed spatial and familial aggregation in gastric cancer in Yangzhong City of Jiangsu Province. METHODS: Using the data collected from cancer incidence registry and report system in Yangzhong City and newly designed investigation for double Y nuclear family, a genetic epidemiological study was conducted in 448 nuclear pedigrees with gastric cancer and 437 control pedigrees, involving 5 242 family members. RESULTS: Chi square test of goodness-of-fit for Poisson distribution showed there was difference between real incidence rate of gastric cancer in all townships and towns in Yangzhong and expected distribution, with chi(2) = 191.07, P < 0.001. The highest rate was in Sanyao, Changhong and Youfang townships, which was 2.2 times higher as that in the areas with low-incidence rate. Prevalence rate of gastric cancer was significantly higher in the siblings (5.42%) and parents (8.65%) of the probands, than that in siblings and parents of their spouses (4.94% and 3.20%, respectively). Prevalence rate of gastric cancer in the offspring with both parents suffered from gastric cancer was the highest, 22.58%. Test for goodness-of-fit of binominal distribution showed that there was significant difference between observed number and expected number of pedigrees with gastric cancer, with P < 0.0001. CONCLUSION: There was not only significantly spatial aggregation of gastric cancer in Yangzhong City, but also familial aggregation, which coincided with a mode of multi-genetic inheritance based on preliminary results and laid a foundation for exploring the difference in gentic susceptibilities and environmental factors for gastric cancer in Yangzhong City.

China↗

PubMed1988

[Immigrant families from Mediterranean countries: systematic considerations of relations to the family of origin--the nuclear family].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1997

Analysis of 31 families with an apparently autosomal-dominant transmission of migraine with aura in the nuclear family.

We analyzed 31 families selected for an apparently autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance of migraine with aura (MA) in the nuclear family. The nuclear families were expanded with first- and second-degree relatives. All interviews were made by physicians experienced in headache diagnoses. The criteria of the International Headache Society were used. The population relative risk among children in nuclear families was similar to the estimated population relative risk of MA assuming an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance. The population relative risk tended to decrease among first-degree relatives outside nuclear families and further among second-degree relatives. Both first- and second-degree relatives outside the nuclear families had a statistically significant lower risk of MA than expected. Thus, autosomal-dominant inheritance with or without reduced penetrance was unlikely. Autosomal-recessive inheritance was unlikely because of the unequal sex distribution. Other modes of inheritance were considered as well. Mitochondrial and X-linked inheritance were excluded because of paternal transmission. The female preponderance was too low to explain sex-influenced inheritance. We conclude that MA most likely has a multifactorial inheritance even in high-risk families with MA.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Epidemiological characters of Kashin-Beck disease in nuclear families].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemiological characters of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in nuclear families, and to probe the pathogenetic mechanism and its etiology. METHODS: Clinical diagnosis was used to identify nuclear families in KBD areas. Based on the clinical manifestation of parents in the nuclear families, 4938 nuclear families were divided into four types. According to the seriousness in KBD areas, prevalence of offspring and family aggregation in low, middle and high prevalence areas were formed and data was analyzed. RESULTS: (1) Type of nuclear family was associated to the degree of disease seriousness in the areas. (2) There was an aggregation of disease among the offsprings in the nuclear families of medium and high prevalence diseased areas. (3) There was an aggregation of offspring in the nuclear family of both parents or father alone who were suffered from KBD. (4) The prevalence of offspring in nuclear family of both parents with KBD was obviously higher than that in the nuclear family with single parent or neither having KBD. CONCLUSION: The degree of diseased areas seemed to influence the seriousness of KBD in individuals. The prevalence of parents in nuclear families might play a role in the pathogenesis of KBD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

An empirical investigation of interaction and relationship patterns in functional and dysfunctional nuclear families and stepfamilies.

This study identifies key variables that distinguish nuclear families from stepfamilies, and functional from dysfunctional stepfamilies. Sixty-three family triads (mother, father, child) were studied using five instruments: Family Concept Test, Locke-Wallace Marital Inventory, Family Relations Test, Family Interaction Task, and background questionnaire. Results indicated that functional stepfamilies are similar to functional nuclear families in that both exhibit good marital adjustment, strong, positive bonds between biological parent and child, disinclination to exclude family members, and ability to make mutually compromised family decisions. The key differences were less intense interpersonal involvement between the stepfather and child and a stronger tendency toward the existence of parent-child coalitions in stepfamilies. Similarities between dysfunctional stepfamilies and dysfunctional nuclear families include stronger parent-child coalitions compared to their functional counterparts and lack of mutual decision-making skills that fulfill the choices of individual members. Unexpectedly, marital adjustment was better in dysfunctional stepfamilies than in dysfunctional nuclear families. Relationship patterns were similar in functional stepfamilies and in dysfunctional stepfamilies except that they were more extreme in the dysfunctional stepfamilies. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for understanding stepfamilies, and clinical implications in terms of how dysfunctional stepfamilies might best be treated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Linkage between bronchial responsiveness to methacholine and gene markers of IL-4 cytokine gene cluster and T-cell receptor alpha/delta gene complex in Korean nuclear families.

BACKGROUND: Several candidate genes have been reported to be linked to intermediate phenotypes of asthma in Caucasian populations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate linkage between phenotypes of asthma and gene markers of high affinity IgE receptor-beta gene (D11S97), IL-4 cytokine gene cluster (IL-4R1), and T-cell receptor alpha/delta gene complex (D14S50) in Korean nuclear families. METHODS: Nuclear families (127 probands and their 130 siblings) for the linkage analysis were ascertained through asthmatic children. Linkages between total serum IgE response, skin responses to common aeroallergens, and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine were performed using a sib-pair approach. RESULTS: The square difference of the slope of the dose-response curve (DRS) between sib-pairs with two IL-4R1 identical alleles was smaller than with one or with neither IL-4R1 identical allele (P = 0.004). As for D14S50, the differences of DRS between sib-pairs with two identical alleles and with one identical allele were smaller than with neither identical alleles (P = 0.01). As for D11S97, no significant differences were observed among the groups with identical alleles of two, one or zero. With regard to total serum IgE levels, no significant linkage was found between this phenotype and the above three gene markers. As for skin responses to common aeroallergens, significant evidence was obtained to establish a linkage between this phenotype and the marker IL-4R1 (P = 0.01). However, no significant linkage was found between this phenotype and the markers D11S97 and D14S50. CONCLUSION: The expression of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine may be influenced by genetic factors in the IL-4 cytokine gene cluster and/or T-cell receptor alpha/delta gene complex, but the genetic influence of the FcepsilonRI-beta gene may be minimal in the expression of bronchial responsiveness in Korean nuclear families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Regressive logistic modeling of familial aggregation for asthma in 7,394 population-based nuclear families.

The aim of this population-based study was to determine whether asthma aggregates in families, and if so, whether aggregation was consistent with environmental and/or genetic etiologies. Data were from 7,394 nuclear families (41,506 individuals) from the 1968 Tasmanian Asthma Survey, in which all Tasmanian schoolchildren born in 1961 were surveyed by respiratory questionnaire completed by their parents. Similar data were obtained for parents and siblings of probands. For a child, having ever had asthma was predicted by a parent or sibling having ever had asthma; odds ratio (OR) = 3.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.82-3.48) for mother, 2.99 (2.69-3.32) for father, and 3.47 (3.23-3.72) for a sibling. Regressive logistic modeling showed that, in addition to parent-offspring effects, the data were consistent with the existence of an unmeasured factor shared by siblings, evident in 15% (SE 2%) of families and associated with a conditional OR of 9.68 (8.27-11.32). Familial aggregation was best described by a general oligogenic model with non-Mendelian transmission probabilities. Of the Mendelian models, a codominant model with an allele frequency of 16% (SE 0.3%) was preferred. Under a dominant model there was evidence for additional parent-offspring and sibling effects of similar magnitude. It is unlikely that there is one major loci influencing asthma susceptibility; the overall effects of asthma genes in the population are more likely to be inherited codominantly, at least for the majority of loci of major etiological importance. The role of environmental factors in explaining part of familial aggregation for asthma cannot be ruled out, as major triggers of asthma attacks are familial.

Asthma↗

PubMed2006

Haplotype reconstruction and estimation of haplotype frequencies from nuclear families with only one parent available.

Recent literature has suggested that haplotype inference through close relatives, especially from nuclear families can be an alternative strategy in determining the linkage phase. In this paper, haplotype reconstruction and estimation of haplotype frequencies via expectation maximization (EM) algorithm including nuclear families with only one parent available is proposed. Parent and his (her) child are treated as parent-child pair with one shared haplotype. This reduces the number of potential haplotype pairs for both parent and child separately, resulting in a higher accuracy of the estimation. In a series of simulations, the comparisons of PHASE, GENEHUNTER, EM-based approach for complete nuclear families and our approach are carried out. In all situations, EM-based approach for trio data is comparable but slightly worse error rate than PHASE, our approach is slightly better and much faster than PHASE for incomplete trios, the performance of GENEHUNTER is very bad in simple nuclear family settings and dramatically decreased with the number of markers being increased. On the other hand, the comparison result of different sampling designs demonstrates that sampling trios is the most efficient design to estimate haplotype frequencies in populations under same genotyping cost.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Path analysis of family resemblance for cranio-facial traits in Andhra Pradesh nuclear families and twins.

Path analysis of 12 cranio-facial measurements from a sample of nuclear families and twins from Andhra Pradesh, India is used to test hypotheses about the familial transmission of these traits. For bigonial breadth and ear dimensions, the transmission from parent to child is consistent with simple autosomal polygenic inheritance, but length, breadth and circumference of the head, facial breadth and nose dimensions show evidence of transmission in excess of polygenic expectations. Additional non-transmissible resemblance of sibling pairs is not significant for any of the variables, but twin pairs do exhibit significant additional resemblance for head circumference, head length, minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth and ear dimensions. The effect of interobserver measurement differences can be detected for head breadth, minimum frontal breadth, bigonial breadth, total facial height and nose dimensions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

[Nuclear families by family life cycle category, January 1, 1992].

"In this article, family life-cycle categories [in the Netherlands] are defined by the ages of the youngest and the eldest child. The figures are from an enumeration from automated municipal population registers. For each inhabitant sex, year of birth, marital status, country of birth, family relationship and a number of other characteristics were obtained. The family relationship shows whether or not a person lives in a nuclear family and if so, what position they have therein (e.g. spouse, parent, child). On the basis of these data three types of nuclear families were defined...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Probability of an association between HLA- and DR-antigens in nuclear families of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is known to associate with various antigens and alleles of the HLA-system: DR3, DR4, and DQ-determinants. However penetration of the HLA-genes, predisposing to disease, is low, suggesting a possible role of additional genes outside the HLA-system in IDDM development. Among such genes there can be a group of heavy chain Ig genes (the Gm-system). The frequency of antigens of the Gm-system C1m(1) and C1m(2) and antigens of loci A, B, C and DR of the HLA-system was investigated in 92 Russians divided into 3 groups: 1 - IDDM patients from nuclear families (n = 35); 2 - their relatives of the 1st degree of kinship (n = 34); 3 - a random sampling (n = 23). The results obtained by A. A. Lopatenok and O. S. Budyakov (1973) were used as control data. No significant difference (p greater than 0.05) was found while comparing the frequency of Gm-phenotypes in IDDM patients from nuclear families with DR 4/X and in IDDM patients from nuclear families with another DR-phenotype, nor any significant difference was noted while comparing the frequency of Gm-phenotypes in IDDM patients from nuclear families and in patients from a random sampling with the HLA-phenotype DR 4/X. Thus the relationship of the Gm-system with IDDM through interrelationship with the HLA-DR-genes was undetectable. A conclusion was made that factors of the Gm-system played no significant role in predisposition to IDDM and could not be used as its genetic markers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Fine mapping by linkage and association in nuclear family and case-control designs.

This report summarizes the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 contributions related to fine-mapping strategies, in which examining smaller regions by association with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can yield savings in genotyping and multiple-testing penalties. The aim of the analyses conducted in Group 7 contributions was to localize disease susceptibility loci from either the simulated or the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) data within identified regions of linkage. Among the 10 contributions, most groups analyzed the simulated data, one group analyzed the COGA data only, and one group analyzed both data sets. The research questions included evaluation of new methods of analysis, as well as comparisons among alternative methods, analytic strategies, and study designs. Methods of interest included an algorithm for SNP marker ordering, a locally weighted transmission disequilibrium test statistic, a likelihood-ratio test statistic for family-based association in nuclear families, a robust test statistic for case-control association studies, and Bayesian spatial modeling methods for haplotype clustering and association. Evaluations included comparisons among confidence intervals for loci detected via linkage, effects of multiple testing adjustments and trade-offs between type I error and power, comparisons among haplotype-based (multilocus) and genotype-based (multilocus and single-locus) association analyses, and design of fine-mapping and replication studies. While several promising new approaches were identified, further development and evaluation of methods for multiple testing, regression modeling of association with multiple markers and haplotypes, and combined treatment of linkage and association data are necessary if we are to identify many of the genes that contribute to complex traits.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2001

Effect of polygenes on Xiong's transmission disequilibrium test of a QTL in nuclear families with multiple children.

The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), originally developed for mapping disease genes, has recently been extended to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). For quantitative traits important for human health, generally multiple QTLs are involved. In the investigation of the statistical properties of the TDT, background polygenes (QTLs other than the QTL under test) generally have not been explicitly considered. The effects of background polygenes on the statistical properties of the TDT are thus largely unknown. Investigation of these effects will provide more realistic analyses of the statistical properties of the TDT under biologically plausible situations, and thus provide more accurate guidelines on the application of the TDT in practice. A general TDT (TDT(G)) has been developed to test linkage of a QTL in nuclear families that may be composed of more than one heterozygous parent and multiple children. Using the TDT(G) as an example, we develop an analytical method to investigate the effects of background polygenes on the power of the TDT. The accuracy of our analytical method is validated by computation simulations. We found that the power of the TDT(G) is increased with background polygenes when more than one child is employed in nuclear families, and the effect is stronger with more children per family recruited for study. The power of the TDT(G) increases dramatically when the number of children recruited from each nuclear family increases from one to two or from two to three. The type one error rate is not affected by the presence of background polygenes. The results of this study should be of theoretical significance in generalizing the investigation of the TDT to biologically plausible situations with background polygenes. They should also be of practical values in providing guidance on the recruitment of nuclear families with multiple children with the TDT(G).

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2003

Linkage and association studies of QTL for nuclear families by mixed models.

The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) has been utilized to test the linkage and association between a genetic trait locus and a marker. Spielman et al. (1993) introduced TDT to test linkage between a qualitative trait and a marker in the presence of association. In the presence of linkage, TDT can be applied to test for association for fine mapping (Martin et al., 1997; Spielman and Ewens, 1996). In recent years, extensive research has been carried out on the TDT between a quantitative trait and a marker locus (Allison, 1997; Fan et al., 2002; George et al., 1999; Rabinowitz, 1997; Xiong et al., 1998; Zhu and Elston, 2000, 2001). The original TDT for both qualitative and quantitative traits requires unrelated offspring of heterozygous parents for analysis, and much research has been carried out to extend it to fit for different settings. For nuclear families with multiple offspring, one approach is to treat each child independently for analysis. Obviously, this may not be a valid method since offspring of one family are related to each other. Another approach is to select one offspring randomly from each family for analysis. However, with this method much information may be lost. Martin et al. (1997, 2000) constructed useful statistical tests to analyse the data for qualitative traits. In this paper, we propose to use mixed models to analyse sample data of nuclear families with multiple offspring for quantitative traits according to the models in Amos (1994). The method uses data of all offspring by taking into account their trait mean and variance-covariance structures, which contain all the effects of major gene locus, polygenic loci and environment. A test statistic based on mixed models is shown to be more powerful than the test statistic proposed by George et al. (1999) under moderate disequilibrium for nuclear families. Moreover, it has higher power than the TDT statistic which is constructed by randomly choosing a single offspring from each nuclear family.

Asthma↗

PubMed1997

A Bayesian approach to multipoint mapping in nuclear families.

We describe the application of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach for multipoint mapping of a quantitative trait locus to the Nuclear Families simulated data. The method involves repeated sampling of genotype vectors for each nuclear family from their conditional distributions, given phenotypes, markers, and model parameters, using peeling and gene dropping, followed by random sampling of each model parameter given genotypes and the other parameters. Reversible jump methods are used to sample the number of trait loci.

Bayes Theorem↗