ANA definitions: nurse practitioner, nurse clinician and clinical nurse specialist.
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The nurse has assumed more responsibility for patients with hypertension, not only in their education, but also in their follow-up. In this study the physician was aware of each patient's progress through conference with the nurse clinician. In addition, the nurse clinician consulted the physician about any problems or questions that arose. The nurse also served an educational role by informing patients about their disease and the side effects of the medications being used in their therapy. Since the physician was aware of the progress of these patients, his time was freed for other purposes. The nurse clinician's role in the management of hypertension was beneficial not only to the patient, but also to the physician.
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A comparison of two solo primary care practices with similar patient populations reveals a significant difference in productivity. A nurse clinician was employed in the more productive practice. She independently managed 1,848 patient visits a year that would otherwise have required the time and attention of a physician. She contributed to the productivity of the physician by performing some tasks he would normally have performed during visits they managed jointly. It was primarily because of the assistance he received from the nurse clinician that the physician in practice II was 12 percent more productive than the physician in practice I. The nurse clinician and physician managed 31 percent more patient visits during a standard day than the physician in practice I, or a difference of 2,856 patient visits a year. This annual difference is based on a work schedule that could be matched in other practices: an eight-hour day and a 240-day work year.
The use of relative value units to measure the productivity of nurse clinicians in four primary care practices is described. Relative value points and equivalent dollar values assigned to services provided by professionals yielded a different assessment of productivity than that provided by a count of patient visits. The physician-nurse clinician teams studied were only 6 percent more productive than the physician-nurse teams when productivity was measured by the number of patient visits processed during an 8-hour period but were 26 percent more productive in terms of the value of services they produced per day.
The incorporation of single and combination chemotherapy into the therapeutic regimen for some advanced genitourinary tumors has greatly added to the myriad of medical and psychologic problems already present in these patients. Working closely with a urologist, a nurse clinician can be of significant help in the total care of this group of patients. Due to the seriousness and chronicity of the neoplastic process, the emotional and social impact as well as physical factors affect all phases of the patient's life, as well as the lives of family members. The incorporation of traditional nursing values into the medical education of nurse clinicians helps to prepare them to deal with these problems, and their participation serves to make the medical team more complete.
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The intraoperative period has long been the missing link in the chain of continuity of care for the surgical patient. An intraoperative clinical nurse specialist who is able to work with patients, families, and health care team members preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively can effectively bridge the gap in care. Nursing care given to patients in the O.R. should be no different qualitatively from nursing care given sedated and/or unconscious patients in other nursing units. The C.N.S. in the O.R. can help make such care a reality through giving care to patients and families as a role model, directing care as an expert through written care plans or physical presence, doing formal and informal teaching of patients, families, and staff, and through research. Operationalizing the role of the C.N.S. for surgical patients during the intraoperative period requires the specialist to move out of the O.R. to assess patients and families preoperatively and to evaluate the postoperative results of care. Implementation of the specialist role in the O.R. clinical nursing setting is accompanied by the same frustrations and problems met by master clinicians in other nursing specialty areas.
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