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Food and Nutrition Policy: Food, Nutrition, Germs, and Health: The 2001 Hazel K. Stiebeling Lecture.

Safe food is a prerequisite for good nutrition and health. This idea has driven scientific investigations and public policies that, in turn, led to major improvements in health and longevity. Changes in food production and consumption practices, population demographics, and health status and understanding the long-term health consequences of food-borne illnesses will impel future policy reforms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

European food and nutrition policies in action. Finland's food and nutrition policy: progress, problems and recommendations.

Some progress has clearly been made in several aspects of Finland's food and nutrition policy: access to nutrition information and education, improvements in mass catering, increased availability of healthier food products, and pricing and quality requirements favourable to a healthy diet. Finnish eating patterns have improved in relation to some recommended foods and macronutrients. The structural changes in farm and food production are largely the result of new political and economic realities both in Finland and internationally, resulting in the Government focusing on fiscal efficiency, decentralization and a more competitive, consumer-oriented market. This new environment is creating pressures to reduce surplus animal fat production and to expand markets in new foods for Finns and other Europeans who, for reasons of demography, health or working or living arrangements, demand new and sometimes healthier foods. Within this context, some health leaders have been able to make and work for proposals that are consistent both with political and economic imperatives and with health needs. Although the populations health status is improving and in some respects is exemplary, diet-related death and illness rates and risk factors (such as serum cholesterol and obesity) are high and their decline, along with some healthy changes in eating patterns, has slowed since the mid-1980s (ironically, since the adoption of the nutrition policy). The more slowly improvements occur, the higher will be the social and economic costs. Major problems in policy implementation exist. Although much has been done in research and demonstration and in the development of national guidelines (in public catering and labeling, for example) there is an apparent lag in translating such soft technology into action and monitoring its implementation in order to develop corrective measures at the operational level. This problem may increase with decentralized budget control and a less regulated market, where listening to the consumer (whether an individual, retailer or caterer) may not necessarily result in healthier products are more accurate consumer information, especially as foreign products and media continue to attract Finnish young people. The lack of a leading strategic body that can authoritatively assess and anticipate problems in implementation, deal with them and coordinate and monitor the necessary action in fundamental to these issues. Rapid progress in economic and farm policy development and food enterprises can provide conditions supportive of health and nutrition goals if such interests are systematically taken into account and allowed to moderate potential negative changes. If it is to be effective, such accounting will require initiative, clarity of strategic purpose and organization by health and nutrition leaders.

Finland↗
PubMed2003

Experiences with the Norwegian nutrition policy.

Norwegian nutrition policy has received considerable attention. The distinguishing feature is its 'structural' orientation, i.e. towards production and market regulation, as opposed to individual, information-based strategies. This was possible first of all because of distinctive Norwegian political traditions, with a heavily regulated agricultural sector, combined with a welfare policy tradition emphasising influence on other sectors. While the institutionalisation of the Norwegian nutrition policy has been important for its political legitimacy and visibility, the paper discusses how this has also represented a challenge when problems and policy goals are to be altered.

Dairy Products↗
PubMed1991

Local food and nutrition policy.

Local food and nutrition policies (small-scale efforts to create food systems that respond to nutritional needs) are becoming more and more fashionable as a way of improving public health in Australia. Opportunities for local food and nutrition policies include urban planning, institutional catering, the private sector and local government. These policies are only feasible in organisational environments that are ready to receive them, although their chances of improving the population's food supply can be maximised by copying some aspects of successful policy programs of the past.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

An evaluation of the national food and nutrition policy of Bangladesh.

Food and nutrition policy activities directed toward improvement of the nutritional status of the people of Bangladesh began in the 1980s. The government formulated a national food and nutrition policy and approved it in 1997. Qualitative methods, including observational techniques, in-depth interviews of the key informants, and focus group discussions, were used to collect information on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the policy. The information obtained has been transcribed and analyzed using this model. The strengths of the policy are that it is a consensus document that emphasizes human rights, was formulated by a multisectoral approach, complements other government policies, and has broad goals and wide-ranging objectives. The weaknesses include lack of implementation, monitoring, and evaluation guidelines; lack of strong government commitment; inadequate support of policy makers; perhaps an excessively ambitious target; and ignorance of past lessons learned. The opportunities include the scope of social mobilization, the wide scope of the policy, suggested programs and measures to improve nutritional status, a congenial policy environment, and the ability to modify the scope of the policy as needed. The threats to the policy are lack of knowledge of the policy, lack of resources to implement the policy, tension between technical people and bureaucrats, vested business interests, and, possibly, discontinuity of political commitment. The key to reducing the weaknesses of the food and nutrition policy of Bangladesh and minimizing the threats to it is for the stakeholders in the policy to coordinate efforts to use the strengths and opportunities of the policy to effectively implement it.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2003

Issues in implementing school nutrition policies.

The implementation of school nutrition policies poses a challenge to dietitians as they work with schools to increase the availability of nutritious foods. An analysis of the implementation of the Food and Nutrition Policy for New Brunswick Schools, proclaimed by the department of education in 1991, revealed four factors that influenced implementation: selling food for profit, student choice, interpretation of the policy, and the approach to implementation. From 1997 to 1999, data were obtained from 50 participants at the provincial, district, and school levels through semi-structured interviews; supporting evidence was obtained through a review of pertinent documents. The policy goal was to develop good eating habits among schoolchildren. The policy objective to have all food services follow national guidelines for healthy eating was so controversial that implementation was inconsistent and had little impact on school foods. Opponents objected when the sale of certain foods was curtailed, felt the policy limited student choice, were unsure how to interpret it, and resented the department's top-down approach. Dietitians, who had minimal involvement with the New Brunswick policy, need to consider carefully how to work with educational agencies to combine support and pressure to foster the capacity and willingness of schools to implement nutrition policies.

Canada↗
PubMed1979

A nutrition policy for Britain.

The first comprehensive nutrition policy was put into action during the Second World War, 1939-1945. Basic foodstuffs were shared fairly in the light of what was known about physiological needs. The policy was highly successful and nutritional status improved. From the mid 1940s onwards, a nutrition policy, based on physiological needs, was pursued in the context of the welfare state and the National Health Service. The end of rationing in 1954 was followed by a free choice of foods in a period of affluence. The choice was evidently not always nutritionally sound, since this diet appears to be at least in part related to the increased incidence of certain diseases. In a democratic society, a nutrition policy must be one of sound education so that individuals make a wise choice of foods. Their choice creates demand and indirectly influences food production both from agricultural production and from the food industry. The education which underlies choice should be based on scientific fact and sound physiological principles rather than on fashionable hypotheses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dietary interventions in Finland, Norway and Sweden: nutrition policies and strategies.

AIMS: To describe the organization and implementation of nutrition policies, and examine intervention strategies for dietary change in three Scandinavian countries. METHODS: Descriptions of nutrition policies and dietary intervention strategies are based on published nutrition policy research and reports. RESULTS: All countries studied have adopted formal nutrition policies. Norway issued its first white paper in 1976, the Finnish National Nutrition Council published an action plan in 1989, and the Swedish Government issued an official action plan in 1995. Norway has a centralized National Nutrition Council with a permanent administration whereas the responsibilities and administration are more spread out between several authorities and groups in Finland and Sweden. Amongst the dietary intervention strategies employed, a Norwegian nutrition campaign, symbol labelling of foods in Sweden, the community-based North Karelia Project in Finland, and mass catering in Finland and Sweden have been selected as potentially transferable. CONCLUSIONS: Policy documents serve as guidelines for activities and assist in achieving dietary targets. A responsible administrative body with advice from a standing expert committee is valuable for implementation. Guidelines, recommendations or voluntary labelling standards can be incentives to product development and changes to food production. Regional demonstration projects may also encourage action and collaboration.

Finland↗
PubMed1989

Elements of nutrition policy in Portugal.

A nutrition policy, as defined by WHO (Elizabet Helsing), has not yet been approved by the Portuguese Parliament. Several nutrition programmes have, however, been implemented, the following being the most important; the school milk programme, started in 1973; several programmes on nutrition education for the general public carried out since 1974; the programme for promotion of success in school, started in 1987, covering several areas, including free food supplementation and the WHO CINDI Programme, a community intervention programme aimed at reducing common chronic disease risk factors, started, in Portugal, 1987, in the district of Setúbal, a pilot area, with a population of 740,000.

Diet↗