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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and eucalyptus oil.

To compare the antibacterial activity of the Australian tea tree oil (TTO) with various other medicinally and commercially important essential myrtaceous oils (cajuput oil, niaouli oil, kanuka oil, manuka oil, and eucalyptus oil) the essential oils were first analysed by GC-MS and then tested against various bacteria using a broth microdilution method. The highest activity was obtained by TTO, with MIC values of 0.25% for Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus, and S. xylosus. It is noteworthy that manuka oil exhibited a higher activity than TTO against gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values of 0.12%. Both TTO and manuka oil also demonstrated a very good antimicrobial efficacy against various antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all essential oils tested, even at the highest concentration of 4%.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Comparative effects of dietary corn oil, safflower oil, fish oil and palm oil on metabolism of ethanol and carnitine in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: This study was launched to determine comparative effects of corn oil (CO), safflower oil (SO), fish oil (FO) and palm oil (PO) on carnitine status and ethanol metabolism in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g bw) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6) and fed a semisynthetic diets containing fat as oils listed above. Blood and 24 hour urine samples were collected before and after dietary treatment and acute ethanol administration. Samples were analyzed for blood-ethanol concentration (BEC) and carnitine species. RESULTS: The diets containing FO and PO retarded ethanol metabolism compared to the diets containing CO and SO. The effect of these dietary fats on carnitine species in plasma and urine was varied before and after dietary treatment and following a single oral ethanol dose. The liver carnitine content was higher in the PO group after dietary and ethanol treatment. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that attenuation of ethanol clearance was related to unique fatty acid makeup of the oils that in part may be attributed to the composite ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the oils.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1980

Morphological changes and fatty acid composition in hearts from pigs fed rapeseed oil, fish oil, partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil and lard.

Female pigs, fed diets in which 42% of the caloric intake came from either rapeseed oil, fish oil, partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil or lard, were killed after one week, five weeks, six months and one year. Type of fat or length of feeding did not affect the cardiac content of total fat which was normal in all animals. The fatty acid pattern of tissue triglycerides only partly reflected the fatty acid pattern of diets. The relative amounts of C22:1 and C20:1 were greatest after six months and levelled off during the following six months. The content of C22:1 in cardiac triglycerides never exceeded one fifth of the dietary concentration. Microscopic lipidosis was found in some pigs after one week, five weeks and six months. Minor heart lesions consisting of focal necrosis of muscle cells were found after one week and more frequently after six months and one year. No relationship between incidence and severity of the heart lesions and any particular type of fat in the diet could be found.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest that a diet high in marine fatty acids (fish oil) may have beneficial effects on inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and possibly asthma. OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine the effect of marine n-3 fatty acid (fish oil) supplementation in asthma. 2. To determine the effect of a diet high in fish oil in asthma. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Airways Review Group register was search using the terms: marine fatty acids OR diet OR nutrition OR fish oil OR eicosapentaenoic acid OR EPA. Bibliographies of retrieved trials were searched and fish oil manufacturers contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in patients with asthma more than two years of age were included. The study duration had to be in excess of 4 weeks. Double blind trials were preferred, but single-blind and open trials were also reviewed for possible inclusion. Three reviewers read each paper, blind to its identity. Decisions concerning inclusion were made by simple majority. Quality assessment was performed by all three reviewers independently. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The only comparison possible was between marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation and placebo. There were insufficient trials to examine dietary manipulation alone. MAIN RESULTS: Eight randomised controlled trials conducted between 1986 and 1998 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Six were of parallel design and two were cross-over studies. Seven compared fish oil with placebo whilst one compared high dose vs low dose marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation. None of the included studies reported asthma exacerbations, health status or hospital admissions. There was no consistent effect on any of the analyzable outcomes: FEV1, peak flow rate, asthma symptoms, asthma medication use or bronchial hyper reactivity. The single study performed in children also combined dietary manipulation with fish oil supplementation and showed improved peak flow and reduced asthma medication use. There were no adverse events associated with fish oil supplements. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is little evidence to recommend that people with asthma supplement or modify their dietary intake of marine n-3 fatty acids (fish oil) in order to improve their asthma control. Equally, there is no evidence that they are at risk if they do so.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage.

Previously published results showed that both in vitro and in vivo coconut oil (CNO) treatments prevented combing damage of various hair types. Using the same methodology, an attempt was made to study the properties of mineral oil and sunflower oil on hair. Mineral oil (MO) was selected because it is extensively used in hair oil formulations in India, because it is non-greasy in nature, and because it is cheaper than vegetable oils like coconut and sunflower oils. The study was extended to sunflower oil (SFO) because it is the second most utilized base oil in the hair oil industry on account of its non-freezing property and its odorlessness at ambient temperature. As the aim was to cover different treatments, and the effect of these treatments on various hair types using the above oils, the number of experiments to be conducted was a very high number and a technique termed as the Taguchi Design of Experimentation was used. The findings clearly indicate the strong impact that coconut oil application has to hair as compared to application of both sunflower and mineral oils. Among three oils, coconut oil was the only oil found to reduce the protein loss remarkably for both undamaged and damaged hair when used as a pre-wash and post-wash grooming product. Both sunflower and mineral oils do not help at all in reducing the protein loss from hair. This difference in results could arise from the composition of each of these oils. Coconut oil, being a triglyceride of lauric acid (principal fatty acid), has a high affinity for hair proteins and, because of its low molecular weight and straight linear chain, is able to penetrate inside the hair shaft. Mineral oil, being a hydrocarbon, has no affinity for proteins and therefore is not able to penetrate and yield better results. In the case of sunflower oil, although it is a triglyceride of linoleic acid, because of its bulky structure due to the presence of double bonds, it does not penetrate the fiber, consequently resulting in no favorable impact on protein loss.

Coconut Oil↗

PubMed1980

Heart pathology in rats fed partially hydrogenated fish oil, rapeseed oil or peanut oil for 30 weeks.

132 male Sprague-Dawley rats were given diets for 30 weeks including rapeseed oil with 41.4% erucic acid, partially hydrogenated fish oil with 15.1% docosenoic acids, or peanut oil with no docosenoic acids. Four diets were isocaloric and contained respectively 21% rapeseed oil (8.7% w/w erucic acid), 10.5% rapeseed oil and 10.5% peanut oil (4.4% w/w erucic acid), 21% partially hydrogenated fish oil (3.2% w/w docosenoic acids) and 21% peanut oil. The fifth diet contained 4.3% peanut oil. The relative heart weights increased in rats fed rapeseed oil and partially hydrogenated fish oil, and abnormally enlarged hearts were found in 32% of the rats fed 21% rapeseed oil and in 5% of those fed 10.5% rapeseed oil. Heart lesions consisting of focal or confluent destruction of muscle cells were seen in all groups. The incidence was 96% and the average severity grade 2.5 when 21% rapeseed oil was given, and 61% and 1.3 respectively when 10.5% rapeseed oil was given. Minor heart lesions were found in 14% of the rats fed 21% partially hydrogenated fish oil, in 39% of those fed 21% peanut oil and in 12% when 4.3% peanut oil was given. It is concluded that partially hydrogenated fish oil is markedly less cardiopathogenic than high erucic rapeseed oil. The heart lesions that were found do not differ in incidence, severity or morphology from those found when peanut oil was given, or from those reported when other control fats and oils are given to rats for prolonged feeding periods.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Oleosin genes in maize kernels having diverse oil contents are constitutively expressed independent of oil contents. Size and shape of intracellular oil bodies are determined by the oleosins/oils ratio.

In seeds, the subcellular storage oil bodies have a matrix of oils (triacylglycerols) surrounded by a layer of phospholipids embedded with abundant structural proteins called oleosins. We used two maize (Zea mays L.) strains having diverse kernel (seed) oil contents to study the effects of varying the oil and oleosin contents on the structure of the oil bodies. Illinois High Oils (IHO, 15% w/w oils) and Illinois Low Oils (ILO, 0.5%) maize kernels were the products of breeding for diverse oil contents for about 100 generations. In both maize strains, although the genes for oil synthesis had apparently been modified drastically, the genes encoding oleosins appeared to be unaltered, as revealed by Southern blot analyses of the three oleosin genes and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with immunoblotting of the oleosins. In addition, both strains contained the same three oleosin isoforms of a defined proportion, and both accumulated oils and oleosins coordinately. Oleosins in both strains were restricted to the oil bodies, as shown by analyses of the various subcellular fractions separated by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy of the embryos and the isolated organelles revealed that the oil bodies in IHO were larger and had a spherical shape, whereas those in ILO were smaller and had irregular shapes. We conclude that in seeds, oleosin genes are expressed independent of the oil contents, and the size and shape of the oil bodies are dictated by the ratio of oils to oleosins synthesized during seed maturation. The extensive breeding for diverse oil contents has not altered the apparent mechanism of oil-body synthesis and the occurrence of hetero-dimer or -multimer of oleosin isoforms on the oil bodies.

Breeding↗

PubMed2000

An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets.

We investigated the effect of olive oil, rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil on blood lipids and lipoproteins including number and lipid composition of lipoprotein subclasses. Eighteen young, healthy men participated in a double-blinded randomized cross-over study (3-week intervention period) with 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet. Plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were 10;-20% higher after consumption of the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets [analysis of variance (ANOVA), P < 0.05]. The size of IDL, VLDL, and LDL subfractions did not differ between the diets, whereas a significantly higher number (apolipoprotein B concentration) and lipid content of the larger and medium-sized LDL subfractions were observed after the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Total HDL cholesterol concentration did not differ significantly, but HDL(2a) cholesterol was higher after olive oil and rapeseed oil compared with sunflower oil (ANOVA, P < 0.05).In conclusion, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil had more favorable effects on blood lipids and plasma apolipoproteins as well as on the number and lipid content of LDL subfractions compared with olive oil. Some of the differences may be attributed to differences in the squalene and phytosterol contents of the oils.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Dietary docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates, but rapeseed oil and safflower oil accelerate renal injury in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats as compared with soybean oil, which is associated with expression for renal transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin and renin.

We have noted that n-3 fatty acid-rich oils, such as fish oil, perilla oil and flaxseed oil as well as ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA) prolonged the survival time of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) rats by approximately 10% as compared with linoleate (n-6)-rich safflower oil. Rapeseed oil with a relatively low n-6/n-3 ratio unusually shortened the survival time by approximately 40%, suggesting the presence of minor components unfavorable to SHRSP rats. This study examined the effects of dietary oils and DHA on renal injury and gene expression related to renal injury in SHRSP rats. Rats fed rapeseed oil- and safflower oil-supplemented diets developed more severe proteinuria than those fed soybean oil-supplemented diet used as a control, but there were no significant differences in blood pressure. In contrast, the DHA-supplemented diet inhibited the development of proteinuria and suppressed hypertension. The mRNA levels for renal TGF-beta, fibronectin and renin were higher in the rapeseed oil and safflower oil groups after 9 weeks of feeding of the experimental diet than in the soybean oil and DHA groups. The fatty acid composition of kidney phospholipids was markedly affected by these diets. These results indicate that the renal injury observed in the groups fed safflower oil with a high n-6/n-3 ratio and rapeseed oil with presumed minor components is accompanied by increased expression of the TGF-beta, renin and fibronectin genes, and that dietary DHA suppresses renal injury and gene expression as compared with soybean oil.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Molecular and stable carbon isotopic source identification of oil residues and oiled bird feathers sampled along the Atlantic Coast of France after the Erika oil spill.

The Erika tanker broke in two close to the Atlantic coast of France on December 12, 1999. On December 25th, some heavy fuel oil released by the tanker came ashore along the French Atlantic Coast. Some oil residues and oiled bird feathers were collected all along the Atlantic Shoreline of France after the wreck of the Erika tanker. The aim of this study was to differentiate oil residues and oiled bird feathers related to the Erika oil spill from the ones resulting from the numerous tar ball incidents which had occurred after the Erika oil spill. Alkane and PAH quantification of oil residues allowed differentiation of the samples collected on the north part of the Atlantic Coast from those collected on the south part of the Atlantic shoreline. All oiled birds appear to have been contaminated by the Erika oil. Samples collected on the south part of the Atlantic Coast contain a different molecular fingerprint compared to the Erika oil indicating that they are not related to the Erika oil spill. Bulk and molecular 13C/12C ratio measurements were performed in order to check the discriminative feature and the stability of the isotopic approach. Bulk stable carbon isotopic composition has been shown to be a valuable screening correlation tool as it confirms the link of samples collected in the north part of the Atlantic Coast with the Erika oil spill. All the samples collected along the south part of the Atlantic Shoreline exhibit 13C-enriched bulk isotopic compositions compared to Erika oil. Molecular isotopic composition of saturated hydrocarbons and of phenanthrene compounds also allows unambiguous differentiation of samples related to the Erika oil spill from those due to tar ball incidents. Over the long-term, when molecular distribution will have been modified by the different processes affecting oil in the marine environment, molecular isotopic composition should then be of particular help for Erika oil residues identification.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Differential effects of fish oil, safflower oil and palm oil on fatty acid oxidation and glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver.

Studies were conducted to explore the mechanisms by which dietary fish oil decreases hepatic triglyceride secretion. Forty-five rats (15/group) were fed purified diets containing 10% fat as either fish oil, safflower oil or palm oil for 10 d. Plasma triglyceride concentration was lowest in the fish oil-fed group followed by the groups fed safflower oil and palm oil. The liver's capacity to oxidize fatty acids was assessed by assays of mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathways in whole homogenates. Additionally, key enzymatic activities in the biosynthesis of triglyceride (diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate hydrolysis) and phosphatidylcholine (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) were assayed. Compared with those fed palm oil the fish oil-fed animals showed 25% greater mitochondrial beta-oxidation but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). Fish oil feeding led to 45% greater (P less than 0.05) peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was unaffected by the type of dietary fat and slightly (13%) but significantly (P less than 0.02) lower cytidylyltransferase activity due to fish oil feeding was observed. More strikingly, both fish oil and safflower oil diets significantly lowered phosphatidate hydrolysis by 37 and 22%, respectively, compared with the palm oil diet. This activity directly correlated (r = 0.68; P less than 0.001) with plasma triglyceride concentration. Thus, dietary fish oil might suppress triglyceride secretion by decreasing glycerolipid synthesis, an effect mediated by changes in one or more enzymes involved in phosphatidate catabolism.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Digestion of fat does not differ in growing pigs fed diets containing fish oil, rapeseed oil or coconut oil.

We studied the digestion of fat and fatty acids in diets containing oils with different fatty acid composition. Four barrows (initial weight 35 kg) were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Three wheat starch and fish meal-based diets were formulated to contain either 150 g fish oil, rapeseed oil or coconut oil/kg. A basal diet, which did not contain oil, was also prepared. The diets were fed according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period comprised 5 d adaptation to the diets, 3 d fecal collection and 2 d digesta collection. The apparent ileal and fecal digestibilities of fat were relatively high (88 - 93%). The ileal digestibilities of total, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids did not differ among the diets. However, the digestibilities of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the fish and rapeseed oil diets were higher (P < 0.05) than in the coconut oil diet. The ileal digestibilities of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 in the rapeseed oil diet ranged from 94 to 97%. The ileal digestion of the unsaturated long-chain fatty acids 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) in the fish oil diet was nearly complete (97 - 98%). Apparent fecal digestibilities of saturated fatty acids (76 - 89%) were lower than apparent ileal digestibilities (89 - 94%). The digestibilities of fat and fatty acids were relatively high when pigs were fed diets containing fish oil, rapeseed oil or coconut oil. There were few differences in the digestibilities of saturated, monounsaturated and PUFA in the fish oil, rapeseed oil or coconut oil diets.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effects of dietary perilla oil, soybean oil and safflower oil on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH)-induced mammary gland and colon carcinogenesis in female SD rats.

The effects of diet supplemented with perilla oil, which contains a large amount of n-3 alpha-linolenic acid, and n-6 linoleic acid rich soybean and safflower oil supplemented diets on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced mammary gland and colon carcinogenesis were investigated in female SD rats. Groups of 23 or 24, 5 week old animals were first given three s.c. injections of 40 mg/kg body wt DMH followed by a single intragastric administration of 50 mg/kg body wt DMBA within 2 weeks of the commencement. Starting 1 week after the DMBA treatment, they were administered pellet diet containing 10% perilla oil, soybean oil or safflower oil for the succeeding 33 weeks. Histological examination revealed that the resultant numbers of mammary tumors per rat were significantly lower in rats given perilla oil diet (4.4 +/- 2.5) than in the soybean oil diet group (6.5 +/- 3.9). Furthermore, colon tumor incidence was significantly lower in animals receiving the perilla oil supplement (18.2%) than in those given safflower oil diet (47.4%), and the numbers of colon tumors per rat tended to be lowest in rats administered perilla oil. Also the incidence of nephroblastomas in rats receiving perilla oil diet (0%) was significantly lower than that for the soybean oil diet group (23.8%). The results thus indicate that the alpha-linolenic acid (n-3)-rich perilla oil diet inhibits development of mammary gland, colon and kidney tumors as compared to linoleic acid (n-6)-rich safflower or soybean oil diet.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗

PubMed1995

Dietary high-linoleate safflower oil is not hypocholesterolemic in aged mice after a long-term feeding--comparison with lard, perilla oil and fish oil.

Aged mice (6 months of age) fed a conventional diet were shifted to diets containing 10% lard, high-linoleate safflower seed oil, high alpha-linolenate perilla seed oil or high-docosahexaenoate fish oil. A significant increase in whole body cholesterol (/g wt) was seen within 30 d after the shift (rapid response), followed by a gradual decrease in 60 to 120 d (slow response); similar changes occurred in all the dietary groups. Shortly after the shift, the serum cholesterol concentrations increased to higher levels in the lard and safflower oil groups than in the other groups, and the levels at 120 d were in the group order of safflower oil > lard > perilla oil > fish oil. Rapid and slow responses to dietary shifts were also seen in hepatic cholesterol levels (/g wt), which were higher in the lard group than in the other groups at 120 d. The arterial cholesterol contents of the fish oil group tended to be less than in the other groups at 120 d. Thus in aged mice after a relatively long-term feeding (> one tenth of the life-span), safflower oil was not hypocholesterolemic as compared with lard and other omega 3-rich oils. Long-term feeding of fish oil maintained serum cholesterol concentrations at lower levels than feeding with safflower oil or lard and without accumulating cholesterol in the aorta, liver or whole body; perilla oil was also hypocholesterolemic but to a lesser degree than fish oil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Diets enriched in menhaden fish oil, seal oil, or shark liver oil have distinct effects on the lipid and fatty-acid composition of guinea pig heart.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether diets supplemented with oils from three different marine sources, all of which contain high proportions of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), result in qualitatively distinct lipid and fatty acid profiles in guinea pig heart. Albino guinea pigs (14 days old) were fed standard, nonpurified guinea pig diets (NP) or NP supplemented with menhaden fish oil (MO), harp seal oil (SLO) or porbeagle shark liver oil (PLO) (10%, w/w) for 4-5 weeks. An n-6 PUFA control group was fed NP supplemented with corn oil (CO). All animals appeared healthy, with weight gains marginally lower in animals fed the marine oils. Comparison of relative organ weights indicated that only the livers responded to the diets, and that they were heavier only in the marine-oil fed guinea pigs. Heart total cholesterol levels were unaffected by supplementing NP with any of the oils, whereas all increased the triacylglycerol (TAG) content. The fatty-acid profiles of total phospholipid (TPL), TAG and free fatty acid (FFA) fractions of heart lipids showed that feeding n-3 PUFA significantly altered the proportions of specific fatty-acid classes. For example, all marine-oil-rich diets were associated with increases in total monounsaturated fatty acids in TPL (p < 0.05), and with decreases in total saturates in TAG (p < 0.05). Predictably, the n-3 PUFA enriched regimens significantly increased the cardiac content of n-3 PUFA and decreased that of n-6 PUFA, although the extent varied among the diets. As a result, n-6/n-3 ratios were significantly lower in all myocardial lipid classes of marine-oil-fed guinea pigs. Analyses of the profiles of individual PUFA indicated that quantitatively, the fatty acids of the three marine oils were metabolized and/or incorporated into TPL, TAG and FFA in a diet-specific manner. In animals fed MO-enriched diets in which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) > docosahexacnoic acid (DHA), ratios of DHA/EPA in the hearts were 1.2, 2.2 and 1.5 in TPL, TAG and FFA, respectively. In SLO-fed guinea pigs in which dietary EPA approximately DHA, ratios of DHA/EPA were 0.9, 3.4 and 2.1 in TPL, TAG and FFA, respectively. Feeding NP + PLO (DHA/EPA = 4.8), resulted in values for DHA/EPA in cardiac tissue of 2.1, 10.6 and 2.9 in TPL, TAG and FFA, respectively. In the TAG and FFA, proportions of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) were equal to or higher than EPA in the SLO- and PLO-fed animals. The latter group exhibited the greatest difference between the DHA/n-3 DPA ratio in the diet and in cardiac TAG and FFA fractions (7, 3.4 and 3.1, respectively). Quantitative analysis indicated that > or = 85% of the n-3 PUFA were in TPL, 7-11% were in TAG, and 2-6% were FFA. Specific patterns of distribution of EPA, DPA and DHA depended on the dietary oil. Both the qualitative and quantitative results of this study demonstrated that in guinea pigs, n-3 PUFA in different marine oils are metabolized and/or incorporated into cardiac lipids in distinct manners. In support of the concept that the diet-induced alterations reflect changes specifically in cardiomyocytes, we observed that direct supplementation of cultured guinea pig myocytes for 2-3 weeks with EPA or DHA produced changes in the PUFA profiles of their TPL that were qualitatively similar to those observed in tissue from the dietary study. The factors that regulate specific deposition of n-3 PUFA from either dietary oils or individual PUFA are not yet known, however the differences that we observed could in some manner be related to cardiac function and thus their relative potentials as health-promoting dietary fats.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp.

The in-vitro activity of a range of essential oils, including tea tree oil, against the yeast candida was examined. Of the 24 essential oils tested by the agar dilution method against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, three did not inhibit C. albicans at the highest concentration tested, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil. Sandalwood oil had the lowest MIC, inhibiting C. albicans at 0.06%. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil was investigated for activity against 81 C. albicans isolates and 33 non-albicans Candida isolates. By the broth microdilution method, the minimum concentration of oil inhibiting 90% of isolates for both C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species was 0.25% (v/v). The minimum concentration of oil killing 90% of isolates was 0.25% for C. albicans and 0.5% for non-albicans Candida species. Fifty-seven Candida isolates were tested for sensitivity to tea tree oil by the agar dilution method; the minimum concentration of oil inhibiting 90% of isolates was 0.5%. Tests on three intra-vaginal tea tree oil products showed these products to have MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations comparable to those of non-formulated tea tree oil, indicating that the tea tree oil contained in these products has retained its anticandidal activity. These data indicate that some essential oils are active against Candida spp., suggesting that they may be useful in the topical treatment of superficial candida infections.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1993

Different postprandial metabolism of olive oil and soybean oil: a possible mechanism of the high-density lipoprotein conserving effect of olive oil.

The postprandial lipoprotein metabolism of two orally administered vitamin A-fat loads consisting of either 20% (wt:vol) soybean oil or 17% olive oil plus 3% soybean oil was studied in six normolipidemic young men according to a randomized crossover design. Mean (+/- SEM) retinyl palmitate concentrations (area under the 24-h curve) were higher in olive oil chylomicrons (97.3 +/- 5.5 mmol.L-1 x h-1), than in soybean-oil chylomicrons (84.0 +/- 10.5 mmol.L-1 x h-1; P < 0.02). Apolipoprotein B-48 concentrations were higher in the olive oil chylomicron remnants with densities (d) of 1.006-1.019 compared with soybean-oil remnants. The slower removal of olive oil chylomicron remnants was correlated to hepatic lipase activity (r = 0.84, P < 0.02). The initial HDL-cholesterol concentration (0.87 +/- 0.17 mmol/L--relatively low but within the normal range for young Dutch men) decreased significantly after ingestion of soybean oil to 0.66 +/- 0.10 mmol/L after 5 and 7 h, but no significant decrease was observed after olive oil ingestion. Soybean oil induced decreases in HDLs correlated inversely with hepatic lipase (r = -0.88, P < 0.02). The results suggested that competition between olive oil chylomicron remnants and HDL for hepatic lipase may have been the underlying mechanism that prevented the postprandial decrease in HDL cholesterol.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Digestion, absorption and effects on cholesterol absorption of menhaden oil, fish oil concentrate and corn oil by rats.

Adult male rats were surgically provided with a drainage catheter in the left thoracic lymphatic channel and an indwelling duodenal catheter for constant infusion of physiological saline-5% glucose. After an overnight fast, animals were given a single duodenal dose of an aqueous emulsion containing one of the following: oleic acid, corn oil, menhaden oil or a fish oil concentrate (FOC) and [1,2-3H]cholesterol. Digestion and absorption were estimated by recovering the total fatty acids in the thoracic duct lymph over a 24-h collection period (after subtraction of the "baseline" endogenous fatty acids in the lymph). Cholesterol absorption in the thoracic duct lymph was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) in the presence of menhaden oil or FOC compared to that in the presence of corn oil. With various fat feedings, the major increases in lymph fatty acids were directly related to the dietary fatty acid content. The relative amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in the thoracic lymph were influenced by the lipid content of the emulsion. The EPA/AA ratio in control, oleic acid and corn oil feedings ranged from 0.12 to 0.25. When marine oil was administered, the EPA/AA ratio was 0.78-0.98. The total amount of fatty acids found in the lymph after marine oil feeding was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than that found after corn oil feeding. The results suggested that the digestion and absorption of menhaden oil and FOC were decreased as compared with corn oil. The EPA/AA ratio was increased in the thoracic lymph after dietary fish oil feeding.

Animals↗