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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Comparison of two automated immunohistochemical procedures for the diagnosis of scrapie in domestic sheep and chronic wasting disease in North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus).

Two commercially available automated immunohistochemistry platforms, Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation Autostainer Universal Staining System, were compared for diagnosing sheep scrapie and cervid chronic wasting disease. Both automated platforms used the same antiprion protein monoclonal primary antibodies, but different platform-specific linker and amplification reagents and procedures. Duplicate sections of brainstem (at the level of the obex) and lymphoid tissue (retropharyngeal lymph node or tonsil) from the same tissue block were immunostained for the comparison. Examination of 1,020 tissues from 796 sheep revealed 100% concordance of results between the Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation platforms for diagnosing sheep scrapie from lymphoid tissue (103/103 positive; 405/405 negative) and brainstem (120/120 positive; 392/392 negative). Similarly, examination of 1,008 tissues from 504 white-tailed deer revealed 100% concordance between the Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation platforms for diagnosing chronic wasting disease from lymphoid tissue (104/104 positive; 400/400 negative) and brainstem (104/104 positive; 400/400 negative). Examination of 1,152 tissues from 482 mule deer revealed a concordance of 98.6% in lymphoid tissue and 99.9% in brainstem between the Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation platforms for diagnosing chronic wasting disease. The results indicate equivalence or near equivalence between the DakoCytomation and Ventana NexES autostainer platforms for identification of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPd)-positive and PrPd-negative brain and lymphoid tissues in sheep, white-tailed deer, and mule deer.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Primary and secondary infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are the principal reservoir host for Ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). Because white-tailed deer maintain a long-term infection with E. chaffeensis and because deer can be naturally exposed to multiple strains of E. chaffeensis, we evaluated the response to secondary infection of E. chaffeensis in deer. For primary infection, six white-tailed deer were injected with 5.4 x 10(6) DH82 cells infected with the Arkansas strain of E. chaffeensis (Ark) and two control deer were injected with noninfected DH82 cells. On post-infection day 54, three E. chaffeensis (Ark) infected deer and one naive deer were injected with 4.2 x 10(6) cells infected with strain WTD-6045B E. chaffeensis, which differs from the Arkansas strain by number of nucleotide repeats in the variable length PCR target (VLPT) gene; three other Arkansas strain infected deer were injected with noninfected DH82 cells. All animals were monitored for 31 additional days. All deer in the primary infection became positive by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA or VLPT genes and/or cell culture by DPI-8. PCR amplification of the VLPT gene on whole blood, cell culture, and tissues detected primary and/or secondary strains in all deer exposed to both primary and secondary strains; in one deer, the primary strain was cultured from the lymph node. Our culture results demonstrated that both strains were present; however, PCR detection suggests that the secondary strain may have been circulating in blood at higher levels. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that primary infection of deer with E. chaffeensis does not protect against subsequent exposure and confirms that deer can be simultaneously coinfected with at least two different strains of E. chaffeensis.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Nitric oxide production as an indication of Mycobacterium bovis infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are reservoirs for Mycobacterium bovis in northeast Michigan, USA. Production of nitric oxide (NO) by activated macrophages is a potent mechanism of mycobacterial killing. The capacity of macrophages to produce NO, however, varies among mammalian species. The objective of this study was to determine if mononuclear cells from white-tailed deer produce nitrite as an indication of NO production and, if so, is NO produced in response to stimulation with M. bovis antigens. Supernatants were harvested from adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures that had been stimulated with either Mannheimia haemolytica lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or media alone (i.e., no stimulation). Nitrite levels within M. haemolytica LPS-stimulated culture supernatants exceeded (P < 0.05) those detected within supernatants from non-stimulated cultures as well as those detected within supernatants from cultures receiving an inhibitor of NO synthase in addition to M. haemolytica LPS. In response to stimulation with M. bovis antigens, nitrite production by PBMC from M. bovis-infected deer exceeded (P < 0.05) the production by PBMC from non-infected deer. The response of PBMC from infected deer to M. bovis antigens exceeded (P < 0.05) the response of parallel cultures from the same deer receiving no stimulation. The response of PBMC from M. bovis-infected deer to M. avium antigens did not differ from that of PBMC from M. bovis-infected deer to no stimulation or from that of PBMC from non-infected deer to M. avium antigens. These findings indicate that adherent PBMC from white-tailed deer are capable of NO production and that mononuclear cells isolated from M. bovis-infected white-tailed deer produce NO in an antigen-specific recall response.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Hepatocellular adenocarcinoma in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

A white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), shot during the 1978-79 New Jersey hunting season, was presented with an enlarged, multinodular liver and numerous skin growths. The skin lesions were found to be fibromas and the liver tumor was identified as a hepatocellular adenocarcinoma, a rare neoplasm, not only in deer but all wild animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Factors affecting Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Maine.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected in Maine (USA) from November 1988 to December 1989 were examined for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. Relationships of deer age class, sex, collection year, and deer density to prevalence and intensity of P. tenuis infections were analyzed. Prevalence increased with deer age (P < 0.001) and interaction of deer age class and collection year (P < 0.001). Prevalence did not vary by year in deer > or = 1 yr old (85%, n = 519), but was higher in fawns in 1988 (66%, n = 87) than 1989 (23%, n = 73, P < 0.001). Based on such yearly variations, prevalence in fawns during late autumn could provide an index of annual transmission of P. tenuis. Intensity of P. tenuis averaged 2.5 worms per infected fawn (SD = 2.8, n = 72) versus 3.9 (SD = 3.1, n = 375) in deer > or = 1 yr old (P = 0.032). Neither prevalence (P > 0.50) nor intensity (P > 0.50) of infection was associated with deer density over a range of 1.4 to 5.8 deer per km2. Heads and fecal samples from the same individuals (n = 42) provided prevalence estimates of 73% and 44%, respectively. No differences in prevalence, intensity, or geographic distribution of P. tenuis in adult deer collected in Maine during fall were evident between the late 1980's (this study) and the late 1960's (Gilbert, 1973).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Theileriosis in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn.

A white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn was collected in Missouri (USA) and submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Necropsy and histologic examination revealed severe Amblyomma americanum infestation, pronounced icterus, and marked hemosiderin deposition in the liver and spleen. Whole blood evaluation revealed a normocytic normochromic anemia and a piroplasm parasitemia of approximately 70%. The piroplasm was identified as Theileria cervi by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the V4 variable region of the 18S rRNA gene from a paraffin-embedded section of lung. Although T. cervi parasitemias have been commonly reported in healthy white-tailed deer, the severe parasitemia in this fawn may have contributed to overt clinical disease, perhaps as part of a combined malnutrition and parasitemia syndrome.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Differences in immunocontraceptive responses in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and goats (Capra hircus).

Thirteen deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and three goats (Capra hircus) were given an initial immunization of 300 microg porcine zona pellucida (PZP) combined with 50 mg synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate ml(-1) (STDCM) in drakeol i.m. in the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. This immunization was followed by two booster injections of 300 microg PZP, 2 weeks apart. The vaccinations were made from the same purified batch of PZP and lot of adjuvant. All the doses were made at the same time and injected on the same day. The immune response was quantified by measuring serum anti-PZP IgG antibody concentration by ELISA. The results showed that the mean serum IgG concentration of the deer increased from 0.000 +/- 0.003 to 0.083 +/- 0.023 absorbance units, whereas in the goats the mean IgG concentration increase was from 0.044 +/- 0.019 to 1.245 +/- 0.774 absorbance units. Both the goats and deer showed a significant increase in IgG concentration (P < 0.05) after the final booster injection compared with preimmune serum. The final goat IgG concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the deer. If PZP and Freund's adjuvant are administered to deer, immunocontraception is achieved, but the IgG concentration in the deer in this study did not appear to be compatible with immunocontraception.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Genetic consequences of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) restoration in Mississippi.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were nearly extirpated from the southeastern USA during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Recovery programmes, including protection of remnant native stocks and transplants from other parts of the species' range, were initiated in the early 1900's. The recovery programmes were highly successful and deer are presently numerous and continuously distributed throughout the southeastern USA. However, the impact of the recovery programmes on the present genetic structure of white-tailed deer remains to be thoroughly investigated. We used 17 microsatellite DNA loci to assess genetic differentiation and diversity for 543 white-tailed deer representing 16 populations in Mississippi and three extra-state reference populations. There was significant genetic differentiation among all populations and the majority of genetic variation (> or = 93%) was contained within populations. Patterns of genetic structure, genetic similarity and isolation by distance within Mississippi were not concordant with geographical proximity of populations or subspecies delineations. We detected evidence of past genetic bottlenecks in nine of the 19 populations examined. However, despite experiencing genetic bottlenecks or founder events, allelic diversity and heterozygosity were uniformly high in all populations. These exceeded reported values for other cervid species that experienced similar population declines within the past century. The recovery programme was successful in that deer were restored to their former range while maintaining high and uniform genetic variability. Our results seem to confirm the importance of rapid population expansion and habitat continuity in retaining genetic variation in restored populations. However, the use of diverse transplant stocks and the varied demographic histories of populations resulted in fine-scale genetic structuring.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1978

Cone and rod photoreceptors in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus.

Duplicity of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) retina, ie, cone and rod function, was established by histologic and electrophysiologic data. The presence of cones and rods in the deer retina was shown by light and electron microscopy. Electroretinography revealed distinct photopic (bp) and scotopic (bs) components in the b-wave of the electroretinogram that are characteristic of the cone and rod activity. These findings are in contrasts to the popular belief that deer have retina composed entirely of rods.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

High prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

Serum samples of 400 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 16 preserves in northeastern Illinois were tested for Neospora caninum antibodies in the N. caninum agglutination test using mouse-derived N. caninum tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Antibodies were found in 162 deer with titres of 1:40 (47 deer), 1:80 (32 deer), 1:160 (17 deer), 1:200 (eight deer), 1:400 (19 deer), 1:800 (17 deer) and > or = 1:1600 (22 deer). There were no significant differences in prevalence between age or sex of the deer. The high prevalence of N. caninum infection in deer is consistent with a sylvatic cycle of N. caninum.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Bunyavirus infections in North Carolina white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

We analyzed serum from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected in southeastern North Carolina in 1991 for neutralizing antibodies to six mosquito-borne bunyaviruses (Lacrosse, Jamestown Canyon, Keystone,Cache Valley, Potosi, and Tensaw), including several of public health importance. Evidence was found for all six to be locally transmitted, although greatest seroprevalence was found for Potosi, Jamestown Canyon, and Cache Valley viruses.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Use of azaperone and zuclopenthixol acetate to facilitate translocation of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

Thirteen wild-caught white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from two different holding sites were chemically immobilized to facilitate capture, processing, and translocation to a new facility. The deer were divided into two treatment groups on the basis of age and received i.m. injections of the immobilizing agents via remote drug delivery systems. Group 1 (<1 yr old; n = 6) animals were immobilized with a combination of xylazine 1 mg/kg i.m. and azaperone 0.3 mg/kg i.m. At the end of the procedure the deer received zuclopenthixol acetate 1 mg/kg i.m. and (to antagonize the xylazine) tolazoline 2 mg/kg i.m. Group 2 (>1 yr old; n = 7) deer were administered xylazine 1 mg/kg i.m.. tiletamine-zolazepam 1 mg/kg i.m., and ketamine 1 mg/kg i.m. The deer in this group received a combination of azaperone 0.3 mg/kg i.m. and zuclopenthixol acetate 1 mg/kg i.m. before reversal with tolazoline 2 mg/kg i.m. All deer were recovered in a trailer before being moved in small groups to the new facility and released into the new enclosures. Azaperone and zuclopenthixol acetate provided short- and long-term relief from anxiety and allowed the animals to gradually become familiar with their new surroundings without excitement, injuries, or mortalities. Two deer exhibited mild signs of extrapyramidal side effects, which suggests that they may have received a relative overdose of the tranquilizers.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Use of albendazole in feed to control Fascioloides magna infections in captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

Thirty-six adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) naturally infected with Fascioloides magna were captured and randomly assigned to four groups. Each group was fed pelleted feed coated with albendazole for each of seven consecutive days to deliver the drug at a dose rate of approximately 0.0, 5.0, 8.5, or 16.5 mg/kg bodyweight/day. At 7 wk posttreatment, each animal was euthanized and necropsied. Effects of albendazole treatment included significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in parasite egg count per gram of feces and increase in serum albumin concentration (P less than 0.05). Smaller parasites or remains of dead parasites were seen at the end of migratory tracks in the treated groups. Efficacy of the drug was 82 to 84%.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Morbidity and mortality factors in key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium).

The population health of endangered Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) was monitored from 10 February 1986 to 28 September 2000 by necropsy of animals that were killed by vehicles, euthanized because of terminal injuries or disease conditions, or found dead. The predominant mortality factor during the period was collision with motor vehicles; however, several infectious diseases were diagnosed, including infections with Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Haemonchus contortus, Salmonella spp., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. During the period monitored, the only infectious disease that was thought to have affected population dynamics was haemonchosis. Nevertheless, several of the observed diseases have potential to impact viability of the Key deer population under appropriate environmental conditions.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2006

Neospora caninum antibodies detected in Midwestern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by Western blot and ELISA.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serve to maintain the Neospora caninum life cycle in the wild. Sera from white-tailed deer from south central Wisconsin and southeastern Missouri, USA were tested for antibodies to N. caninum by Western blot analyses and two indirect ELISAs. Seroreactivity against N. caninum surface antigens was observed in 30 of 147 (20%) of WI deer and 11 of 23 (48%) of MO deer using Western blot analysis. Compared to Western blot, the two indirect ELISAs were found to be uninformative due to degradation of the field-collected samples. The results indicate the existence of N. caninum antibodies in MO and WI deer, and that Western blot is superior to ELISA for serologic testing when using degraded blood samples collected from deer carcasses.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Antigen recognition by serum antibodies in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have emerged as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis in northern America. For tuberculosis surveillance of deer, antibody-based assays are particularly attractive because deer are handled only once and immediate processing of the sample is not required. Sera collected sequentially from 25 Mycobacterium bovis-infected and 7 noninfected deer were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, and multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) for immunoglobulin specific to M. bovis antigens. Various routes of experimental M. bovis infection, such as intratonsillar inoculation (n = 11), aerosol (n = 6), and exposure to infected deer (in contact, n = 8), were studied. Upon infection, specific bands of reactivity at approximately 24 to 26 kDa, approximately 33 kDa, approximately 42 kDa, and approximately 75 kDa to M. bovis whole-cell sonicate were detected by immunoblot. Lipoarabinomannan-specific immunoglobulin was detected as early as 36 days postchallenge, and responses were detected for 94% of intratonsillarly and "in-contact"-infected deer. In MAPIA, sera were tested with 12 native and recombinant antigens coated on nitrocellulose. All in-contact-infected (8 of 8) and 10 of 11 intratonsillarly infected deer produced antibody reactive with one or more of the recombinant/native antigens. Responses were boosted by injection of tuberculin for intradermal tuberculin skin testing. Additionally, three of six deer receiving a very low dose of M. bovis via aerosol exposure produced antibody specific to one or more recombinant proteins. M. bovis was isolated from one of three nonresponding aerosol-challenged deer. Of the 12 antigens tested, the most immunodominant protein was MPB83; however, a highly sensitive serodiagnostic test will likely require use of multiple antigens.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Paratuberculosis in key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium).

Paratuberculosis was diagnosed in an endangered Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) in November 1996. Between 10 April 1997 and 28 September 2000, the Key deer population was monitored for infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by necropsy of available carcasses (n = 170), fecal cultures, and serology. One additional clinically affected Key deer was discovered in July 1998, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cultured from the feces of one live, asymptomatic deer. The results of this study provided sufficient evidence to consider the Key deer herd infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis at very low prevalence.

Animals↗

PubMed1968

Staphylococcal arthritis in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

A five and one-half year old deer (Odocoileus virginianus) developed an ankylosing periarticular hypertrophic arthritis due to a coagulase positive staphylococcus infection. Complete encasement of the tibio-tarsal (hock) joints with a hypertrophic, and porous osseous mass had occurred with complete loss of articular cartilage. The pathologic alterations of the tissues are compared to those occurring in swine due to Erysipelothrix insidiosa infection which produces a rheumatoid-like arthritis.

Animals↗