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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Comparison of photocoagulation with the argon, krypton, and diode laser indirect ophthalmoscopes in rabbit eyes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare photocoagulation with the argon green, krypton red, and diode infrared laser indirect ophthalmoscopes in an experimental setting. METHODS: Photocoagulation was performed with each of the laser indirect ophthalmoscopes in a grid pattern within one sector of the same eye of 14 Dutch-belted rabbits. Treatment was performed either with or without scleral depression. Measurements of the retinal burn diameters were performed after hemisecting the globes, and the burns were examined with light microscopy. RESULTS: Variation in burn intensity and diameter (10% to 28%) was common with all 3 laser indirect ophthalmoscopes. Five times more output energy was required to make equivalent burns with the diode laser indirect ophthalmoscope than with the argon or krypton laser indirect ophthalmoscopes. Choriovitreal hemorrhages only occurred during scleral depression. Histopathologically, the argon green laser indirect ophthalmoscope burns spared the choroid and inner sclera, while the intense krypton and diode burns had full-thickness choroidal involvement and even thermal injury to the inner sclera. Scleral depression reduced the mean energy required to create equivalent burns with all three laser indirect ophthalmoscopes. There was a 10% to 40% reduction in the mean retinal burn diameter with scleral depression (argon green, P < 0.0005; krypton red, P < 0.0005; and diode, P < 0.025). CONCLUSION: Photocoagulation with the argon green, krypton red, or diode infrared laser indirect ophthalmoscopes is a safe and effective method of retinal ablation. Decreasing the posterior nodal distance of the eye with scleral depression will produce a smaller spot on the retina with the laser indirect ophthalmoscope.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Correlation between visual acuity and ophthalmoscopic findings in presenile and senile macular degeneration].

The exisiting studies in macular degeneration reveal discrepancies between the ophthalmoscopic signs and the degree in reduction in vision. In this study the results of 156 ophthalmoscopic investigations are presented in order to clarify this correlation between the clinical findings and the loss of vision. The patients are divided into four groups, slight macular degenerations, representing group I, being at one of the scala, and very severe forms, representing group IV, being at the other end. Especially in the group I and II with slight macular degenerations very marked discrepancies were observed between the sligns having been obtained through the ophthalmoscope and the vision. In those cases the visual function was more impaired than to the expected from the ophthalmoscopic signs.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A modified combined indirect ophthalmoscope and illuminated magnifying loupes.

A modified combined indirect ophthalmoscope and magnifying loupes with illumination was made by mounting a pair of Zeiss loupes below the SOLA indirect ophthalmoscope eye-piece. A beam-splitter, which was made of a piece of ordinary microscopic glass slide, splits a secondary light beam off from the original light source of the indirect ophthalmoscope at an angle of approximately 15 degrees to provide additional illumination for the magnifying loupes. The optics involved was discussed.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1990

[The TV head ophthalmoscope for videodocumentation of fundus changes].

The present paper describes the TV head ophthalmoscope, a logical further development in indirect ophthalmoscopy. It comprises a modern indirect binocular head ophthalmoscope and a micro-CCD color camera. The instrument enables all structures on the fundus to be observed as far as the periphery. Objects seen dynamically include detached retina and vitreous membranes. Practical fields of application are retinal detachment surgery and for demonstration and training in indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Ownership of direct ophthalmoscopes by medical students.

In September 1986 the Department of Education and Science withdrew the equipment grant for clinical medical students. This coincided with a reduction of 50% in the level of ownership of direct ophthalmoscopes amongst a group of 51 medical students who commenced their medical studies after September 1986 (no longer eligible for the equipment grant), when compared with a group of 63 students (in the same clinical year) who started the medical course before 1 September 1986 and who were hence still able to claim the equipment grant. The majority of non-owners gave lack of finance as the reason for non-ownership. Owners of ophthalmoscopes performed ophthalmoscopy more frequently than non-owners, but the difference did not reach statistical significance.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed1978

A small pupil binocular indirect ophthalmoscope.

A description of a lightweight small pupil binocular indirect ophthalmoscope is presented. This instrument can be used with well dilated pupils and clear media as any stereoscopic indirect ophthalmoscope. However, the instrument can be simply and easily adjusted for usage in patients with small pupils or opacities of the media. The optical and mechanical principles employed are presented. The technique of utilization for small pupil viewing is outlined.

Dilatation↗
PubMed1977

Visually evoked response testing with a stimulator-ophthalmoscope. Macular scars, hereditary macular degenerations, and retinitis pigmentosa.

Visually evoked responses (VERs) were recorded from 47 patients under age 60 years with macular scars, hereditary macular degenerations, or retinitis pigmentosa. A hand-held, two-channel stimulator-ophthalmoscope was used to present to the central fovea a 1.5 degrees flickering stimulus centrally superimposed on a steady 10 degrees background. All 31 patients with visual acuity (VA) 20/50 or less had abnormal VERs; among patients with VA 20/25 to 20/40, all six with macular degenerations and five of ten with retinitis pigmentosa also showed abnormal VERs. Abnormal VERs were either out of phase or indistinguishable from noise. Sensitivity of the technique depended on a low ratio of stimulus to background retinal illuminance and the fact that the stimulus could be visualized by the examiner through the ophthalmoscope and maintained on the central fovea througout testing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Ophthalmoscopic and histologic findings in cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with BW-B759U.

Recent reports have suggested a role for BW-B759U in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. The present study presents the ophthalmoscopic features in three treated patients, and examines the microscopic findings in the eyes of the first patient ever treated with BW-B759U for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmoscopic findings of improvement on drug therapy included remission of perivascular infiltration, stabilization of the extent of the retinal area involved, and development of a pigmented chorioretinal scar in the involved area. Relapses occurred with cessation of therapy, and repeated courses of therapy were required. One patient developed a rhegmatogenous detachment with retinal breaks in an atrophic area of treated retinitis. Electron microscopic examination of the eyes of one patient disclosed the persistence of cytomegalovirus inclusions in retinal cells despite previous drug therapy. These findings suggest a virostatic action for BW-B759U.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Localized suprachoroidal hematomas. Ophthalmoscopic features, fluorescein angiography, and clinical course.

We describe the ophthalmoscopic characteristics, fluorescein angiographic features, and clinical course of four patients with a localized suprachoroidal hematoma. Each of the four patients developed a darkly pigmented fundus lesion a short time following uncomplicated intraocular surgery. In every case, the lesion appeared ophthalmoscopically similar to a choroidal malignant melanoma. However, fluorescein angiography showed neither choroidal fluorescence blockage nor the double-circulation pattern characteristic of choroidal melanomas. Instead, each lesion exhibited a central fluorescein pattern similar to that of the surrounding uninvolved choroid, relative marginal hypofluorescence, and overlying choroidal folds. Ultrasonography revealed acoustic hollowness of each lesion without choroidal excavation. The lesions disappeared completely within 1 to 2 months, leaving no visible trace. We discuss the differential diagnosis of these lesions and stress the diagnostic value of fluorescein angiography.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Inter-observer comparisons of ophthalmoscopic assessment of diabetic retinopathy.

Five hundred patients attending a general diabetic clinic were examined ophthalmoscopically both by a non-ophthalmic practitioner (NOP) and by an ophthalmologist. The findings were recorded on separate data sheets and the staging of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and grading of diabetic maculopathy by the NOP is compared with that of the ophthalmologist. Comparisons are made for NOPs collectively and for subgroups of NOPs of different levels of experience in ophthalmoscopic assessment of DR. A profile is presented of DR occurring in this diabetic clinic population. The comparison studies show significant variations in ability of different observer groups and also between observers of the same status. It is concluded that an ophthalmologist is a necessary member of a diabetic care team.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Angioid streaks. I. Ophthalmoscopic variations and diagnostic problems.

Fifty-six patients with angioid streaks were evaluated ophthalmologically. Most had repeated fundus photography and fluorescein angiography during a follow-up period of 6 months to 7 years. The ophthalmoscopic variations and diagnostic difficulties which occurred were noted. In most instances, the angioid streaks were not initially recognized and the patient was referred with another diagnosis. In several cases, the peripapillary, macular, and peripheral changes seen with angioid streaks were found to simulate other better known fundus conditions, resulting in the erroneous diagnosis and improper treatment. In some cases, the angioid streaks were so subtle that they were overlooked and in others they were observed, but initially interpreted as something else. Because of the medical significance of angioid streaks, ophthalmologists should be aware of their variable features. These are discussed, with emphasis upon those subtleties which differentiate angioid streaks from other conditions which they may simulate. On the basis of these observations, an ophthalmoscopic differential diagnosis of angioid streaks is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Use of scrolled text in a scanning laser ophthalmoscope to assess reading performance at different retinal locations.

A new technique is described for assessing reading performance using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Letters of different sizes and contrasts were projected onto specific retinal locations of normal and low vision observers. Successive letters were scrolled in a horizontal direction at different speeds through a 'window'. Throughout the experiments the subjects' fundus and the retinal location of the stimuli could be visualized. With this scanning laser ophthalmoscope text-scrolling computer program the subject does not search for adjacent letters, and because the eye is held relatively stationary the tedious eye movement analysis incurred in other studies is reduced. Five retinal areas were investigated in two normal observers. The percentage of letters correctly identified decreased with eccentricity, increased velocity of the text and reduced text contrast. The reading performance of two patients, one with age-related macular degeneration and the other with juvenile macular disease, was investigated. Decrements in performance were related to morphology of the lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Clinical experience with the laser indirect ophthalmoscope.

Laser delivery through a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope is a relatively recent addition to the armamentarium in vitreoretinal work. Hitherto to our experience, it had not been used in this region. This paper documents our initial experience with a laser indirect ophthalmoscope used successfully in the retinal photocoagulation of patients with diabetic retinopathy, venous occlusions, peripheral retinal holes and lattice degenerations and in post-vitrectomy cases. We found that this mode of laser delivery offered the advantages of an increased field of view of the retina, improved access to the retinal periphery and better patient comfort. It enabled laser treatment of patients with physical or mental handicaps who are unable to sit at the slit-lamp. It is the first system that can deliver laser treatment to patients in the pediatric age-group. It may also be valuable in Stage III retinopathy of prematurity, Coats disease, pneumatic retinopexy, and anterior hyaloidal neovascular proliferations. The chief drawback with this system are the lower magnification and sensitivity to inadvertent movement by the patient or surgeon. We concluded that this mode of laser delivery is a useful adjunct to the slit lamp system and can in some cases be the preferred mode of laser therapy.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed1990

[The relationship between ophthalmoscopic changes and classification of toxemia in toxemia of pregnancy].

Based on ophthalmoscopic findings, 30 toxemic patients were divided into three types: R-type; retinal vascular occlusion type, C-type; choroidal vascular occlusion type, R + C-type; mixed vascular occlusion type. R-type (5 cases) and R + C-type (7 cases) significantly correlated to superimposed preeclampsia. C-type (18 cases) significantly correlated to preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder: PIH). Clinical examinations (urine protein, platelet, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product, partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time) had no relation to the types of ophthalmoscopic classification. It was concluded that preeclampsia (PIH) and superimposed preeclampsia have different influences on the ocular fundus.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ophthalmoscopic observation of the retinal nerve fiber layer.

Alterations of the retinal nerve fiber layer occur as a result of diseases affecting the anterior visual pathway. Optimal viewing conditions, familiarity with the appearance of the normal nerve fiber layer, precise focus, and a high index of suspicion are necessary for the ophthalmoscopic observation of pathologic alteration in the nerve fiber layer. The observer must learn to differentiate pseudodefects (reflexes) from true defects (areas of nerve fiber layer atrophy). Nerve fiber layer changes appear ophthalmoscopically as generalized attrition, slit defects, sector defects (all types of atrophic change), or changes in the appearance of the nerve fiber layer itself. These alterations, which occur in numerous conditions including congenital hemianopia, ocular hypertension and glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, acute Leber optic neuropathy, trauma, severe hypertension, congenital and heredity optic atrophy, toxic amblyopia, papilledema, retinochoroiditis, and following photocoagulation, may be of critical diagnostic importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The Fuchs' spot: an ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic study.

A correlation of funduscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings in the Fuchs' spot of high myopia is presented. A variety of ophthalmoscopic changes indicate that both serous and hemorrhagic detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina are associated with this lesion. Fluorescein angiography, however, reveals subretinal reovascularization from the choroid as the basic underlying disease in most cases reviewed. Wide variations in the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the pigmented maculopathy of high myopia necessitate a more descriptive approach than that indicated by the term "Fuchs' spot." Fluorescein angiography becomes a necessity to delineate neovascular lesions as paracentral tufts may possibly be treated with laser photocoagulation to reduce progression.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A hand-held, two-channel stimulator-ophthalmoscope.

A hand-held optical system for presenting focused stimuli on known retinal areas by direct ophthalmoscopy is described. The optical system provides a time-modulated stimulus beam of variable dimension, retinal illuminance, wave-length, and polarization, and a steady background beam of variable retinal illuminance and wavelength. Both beams enter the patient's eye in maxwellian-view for precise control of the ratio of stimulus to background retinal illuminance. The stimulator-ophthalmoscope allows the examiner to compensate easily for variable fixation.

Child↗