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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Longitudinal effects of an antibacterial oral rinse on gingivitis and dental plaque.

The purpose of this study was to determine what effect oral rinse containing alexidine dihydrochloride (Calgon Consumer Products Company, a Subsidiary of Merck & Co.) would have on gingivitis and plaque. Following a dental prophylaxis, 167 male and female, 7-12-year-old students in Puerto Rican elementary school rinsed twice daily for 60 sec. with 10 ml of either a placebo oral rinse or one containing alexidine dihydrochloride. All students brushed their teeth daily in school. Gingivitis and plaque were scored on all buccal and lingual tooth surfaces prior to the prophylaxis and on days 30, 90, and 160. On these dates, blood and urine analysis were also made. A second prophylaxis was given at the end of the study. The adjusted mean gingivitis and plaque scores were compared between the treatment and placebo groups at 30, 90, and 160 days using analysis of covariance. The alexidine dihydrochloride oral rinse was found to reduce significantly gingivitis after 160 days (p less than 0.02) of treatment and plaque scores 30 days (p less than 0.01), 90 days (p less than 0.001), and 160 days (p less than 0.001) after treatment. No blood or urine changes were attributed to the active ingredient oral rinse.

Biguanides↗
PubMed2026

Machine learning-based analysis of oral rinse samples to identify candidate proteomic signatures for severe periodontitis: a pilot study.

This pilot study investigated whether candidate protein signatures from oral rinse samples can distinguish patients with severe periodontitis (stage III/IV) and its subtypes, generalized and localized periodontitis, from non-periodontitis controls. Participants rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline, and samples were analyzed using a Proximity Extension Assay targeting 92 inflammatory and 92 immuno-oncology proteins. A machine learning approach using repeated nested cross-validation and SHAP was implemented to identify protein signatures. The study included 38 patients (18 with localized periodontitis and 20 with generalized periodontitis) and 16 controls. After data preprocessing, 54 samples and 141 proteins were retained. Proteins Gal-1, HGF, TNFSF14, CD27, and ARG1 distinguished periodontitis from controls (ROC-AUC = 0.85, 95% CI 0.82, 0.87). For generalized periodontitis, we found a protein signature including TNFSF14, Gal-1, STAMBP, MUC-16, S100A12, HGF, CASP-8, CD27, LAP TGF-β1, TNFRSF9, and uPA (ROC-AUC = 0.92, 95% CI 0.90, 0.94). For localized periodontitis, we identified ARG1 (ROC-AUC = 0.72, 95% CI 0.68, 0.76). No proteomic signature distinguishing generalized periodontitis from localized periodontitis was identified. This pilot study indicated that oral rinses are suitable for proteomic profiling, and there was a putative protein signature that could differentiate periodontitis, generalized periodontitis, and localized periodontitis from controls. These findings warrant validation in larger independent cohorts, including a clearly defined gingivitis group, before real-world non-invasive screening applications can be considered.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Effect of two antimicrobial rinses and oral prophylaxis on preoperative degerming of saliva.

Two degerming mouthrinses, a 1% povidone-iodine and a 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine gluconate, were tested with regard to their degerming effect on the saliva. The study comprised two parts. In the first part 19 dental students with good oral hygiene rinsed their mouths at weekly intervals with 10 ml of the povidone-iodine and 10 ml of the chlorhexidine solution. A control group of 12 students and nurses with healthy teeth and gums rinsed their mouths with 10 ml of plain water. In the second part 11 adult patients with periodontal disease used the two test rinses at weekly intervals both before and after periodontal prophylaxis including scaling of the teeth. Non-stimulated saliva was simpled immediately before and 5, 30, 60, and 120 min after each rinse. Part of the saliva was cultured on blood agar plates to show the growth of aerobic microbes. The remainder of the saliva was poured over a Dentocult dip-slide for determination of the number of acidophilic bacteria. The results showed that in the water control group the bacterial count increased in spite of the rinse. When compared with the prerinse values, both test rinses clearly reduced the amounts of bacteria. Chlorhexidine reduced the bacterial count 5 min after the rinse about one logarithm more than povidone-iodine, did, and the degerming effect of chlorhexidine was also of longer duration than that of the povidone-iodine solution. The periodontal prophylaxis in the adult group did not seem to lower the pre-rinse bacterial counts but did slightly improve the duration of the effect of both test solutions. The dip-slide tests showed that 28% of the subjects had no growth of acidophilic bacteria. This absence was not dependent on the other bacterial flora of the saliva. In the cases with a positive dip-slide test, the number of acidophilic bacteria decreased with both test solutions according to the pattern revealed by the blood agar plate cultures.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinses on oral Candida in a group of leukemic patients.

Eighteen leukemic patients were examined for the presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Fifteen patients were found to be Candida "carriers." Nine of the patients were put on a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen. Although chlorhexidine was clearly fungicidal in vitro, no decrease in Candida titer was obtained with the mouth rinse. The ineffectiveness of the drug in vivo might be due to the specific location of Candida organisms in the oral mucosa.

Biguanides↗
PubMed2025

Integrative oral and gut microbiome profiling highlights microbial correlates of complications in type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Chronic vascular complications are the primary threat in long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. We examined the associations between oral-gut microbiome dysbiosis and these complications, offering novel insights into therapeutic strategies and underlying mechanisms. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 75 T1D participants (disease duration ≥ 10 years) and 43 healthy controls who underwent comprehensive clinical assessment, including blood glucose, lipid profile, and complication-related examinations. Fecal and oral rinse samples were collected for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. T1D participants were stratified by the presence of microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, or neuropathy) or macrovascular complications separately. Microbial differences across groups were assessed. RESULTS: Significant differences in oral and gut microbiota compositions were observed between T1D participants with and without complications (both microvascular and macrovascular). A core set of 26 gut and 8 oral microbial species was specifically associated with vascular complications. Butyrate-producing gut bacteria (Blautia wexlerae, Anaerobutyricum hallii, Roseburia inulinivorans, A. soehngenii) and specific oral Neisseria species were enriched in T1D without complications individuals, suggesting protective effects against complications. Mediation analysis indicated associations consistent with partial mediation between certain microbial species and the relationships of glycemic control or insulin resistance (HbA1c, glucose risk index, estimated glucose disposal rate) with complication risk. Moreover, potential oral-gut microbiome interconnections were implicated in complication development. Finally, classification models integrating both oral and gut microbial features significantly outperformed models based on either site alone in distinguishing T1D patients with complications. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct oral and gut microbiome features are associated with chronic vascular complications in T1D. These findings highlight the potential of microbiome-targeted strategies for understanding and preventing T1D-related complications.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

The effect of an alexidine mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis.

A clinical study was conducted on the effects of an alexidine or placebo oral rinse on plaque and gingivitis. Forty-two male subjects rinsed for 54 days while continuing toothbrushing. This was followed by 4 days of mouthrinsing only. The alexidine mouthrinse significantly reduced the plaque index when used in conjunction with toothbrushing and also when brushing was discontinued. The gingivitis results were inconclusive.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Mycological profile of crew during 56-day simulated orbital flight.

Mycological analyses were made on specimens obtained from the skin, oral rinse, urine, and feces of three subjects participating in a 56 day Skylab simulation test. Samples were taken over a 175 day period divided into three phases consisting of a prechamber, intrachamber, and postchamber period. A total of 69 species of filamentous fungi and 22 species of yeast and yeast-like fungi were recovered and identified. There was a marked decrease in the isolation incidence of both the filamentous and yeast and yeast-like fungi during the intrachamber period. This, taken with the fact that 71% of the filamentous species and 55% of the yeast and yeast-like species were isolated no more than twice, reflects the transitory nature of the relationship between the human body and most fungi. However, there was a relative increase in the potential pathogens Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis during the intrachamber period. Over 50% of all fungi recovered were isolated from the nasal and oral cavities. There was no evidence of intercrew transfer of a particular species during the intrachamber period nor was there any evidence of microbial shock during the postchamber period.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Whole metagenome sequencing: not deep enough for complete microbial function recovery.

BACKGROUND: Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing (WMS) is widely used to profile microbial function. However, technical variability in sequencing and analysis often obscures true biological patterns. Large-scale studies are particularly susceptible to batch effects, such as differences in sequencing depth and platform and annotation strategies, as well as sample-to-flow-cell assignments. However, the relative effects of these factors on functional inference in such studies have yet to be systematically evaluated. We analyzed oral-rinse WMS data from 671 Nigerian youths aged 9-18, sequenced on two Illumina platforms. Microbial molecular functionality encoded in these data was annotated using the mi-faser/Fusion pipeline, to capture the broad functional repertoire, and HUMAnN 3/EC numbers pipeline to characterize curated enzymatic activities. We then quantified how technical factors and batch effects shaped the recovery of microbial functionality. RESULTS: Three findings of our work were most salient. First, we observed that the choice of annotation strategy traded off between breadth and specificity of functional coverage. Second, we found that low-prevalence functions were disproportionately lost at shallow sequencing depths, indicating that in, e.g., case-control studies with few representatives of the minor class, sequencing depth could critically impact study resolution. Finally, using our newly developed model relating sequencing depth to functional recovery, we demonstrated that increasing sequencing depth does not directly or proportionally improve functional recall. That is, at as little as 10% of this study's sequencing depth, 30% of the estimated complete microbiome functional repertoire was detectable. However, even at the full depth used in this study, we were only able to recover an estimated 60% of that complete functional repertoire. We further showed that despite biomes differences in functional diversity and host contamination levels (e.g., soil, fecal), incomplete functional recovery at commonly used sequencing depths was consistently observed. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings and our depth-to-function mapping framework provide practical guidelines for the design and interpretation of WMS studies. Coordinating sequencing depth planning with annotation strategy, experimental design, and rigorous batch control is thus essential for robust detection of microbial functions and for ensuring reproducible microbiome insights. Video Abstract.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Effects of an alexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis in humans over a six-month period.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of alexidine in the control of plaque and gingivitis in humans. For six months, 207 persons who continued their usual oral hygiene procedures rinsed twice daily with 15 ml of either alexidine (0.035% or a placebo solution. At the 30-day examination and for the remainder of the study, a statistically significant reduction in plaque between the two groups was recorded. Gingivitis was reduced in persons in both the test and placebo groups (the former always had the greater reduction), and a statistically significant difference was found at the 30-day and 90- day examinations. The preponderance of data indicates that, under the described experimental conditions, the alexidine rinse was effective in reducing both indicators of oral health and it may have important therapeutic potentials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. V. Effects on plaque microbiology and plaque and saliva pH.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a tiodonium chloride mouthrinse on the microbial composition of plaque and the acidogenic properties of plaque and saliva after challenge with sucrose solutions. Fifty-five participants were grouped on the basis of their tendency to form plaque, then randomly assigned to use either a placebo or a 0.3% tiodonium chloride rinse. After a prophylaxis all oral hygiene was suspended, supervised rinsings were conducted twice daily for four days and once on day 5. One-half hour after the last rinse, plaque was removed from the right mandibular second molar for microbiological evaluation. Plaque was also removed from the right quadrants and mixed with 10% sucrose. The pH of the mixture was measured immediately and after 15 minutes. Saliva was collected before and 30 minutes after the final rinse and mixed with 5% glucose. pH was determined initially and after five hours. Tiodonium chloride rinses significantly reduced the viable organisms in plaque. It also restricted the ability of plaque or saliva to metabolize sucrose as monitored by pH changes. The results suggest that tiodonium chloride might decrease dental caries because of its inhibiting effect on plaque microflora and acid production by plaque and saliva.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1975

Effect of water and mouthwashes on pH of oral monkey mucosa.

Among the many factors involved in homeostasis, maintenance of hydrogen-ion concentration is one of the most important functions of the body. Surface pH measurements of oral tissues after rinsing with water or mouthwashes are meager. This report presents results of the effect of tap water and 9 commercial mouthwashes on intraoral pH under controlled conditions. Nine rhesus monkeys, 5 females and 4 males between 3 and 8 years of age, were used in this study. During measurements they were sedated with phencyclidine hydrochloride and anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. A Beckman pH meter with potassium chloride and silver chloride combination electrode was utilized. The pH was measured on the lingual gingva opposite the right lower first molar. Control readings were obtained, then a 30-sec pulsed-water-jet lavage with tap water with a force of 5 psi was given, and the pH was observed for 5 min. The 1 ml of mouthwash was administered on a thoroughly soaked gauze for 30 sec. This procedure was repeated 3 times on different days for each of the 9 mouthwashes used. All of the measurements showed a decrease in pH after tap-water lavage. In general, acid mouthwashes decreased the pH, while mouthwashes with alkaline pH's increased the pH of the oral tissues. The effects on pH was, however, transitory since the major change appeared within 8 min and approached equilibrium by 12 to 16 min.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A posttreatment evaluation of direct bonding in orthodontics.

A long-term evaluation was made of results achieved in direct bonding of metal attachments with a chemically polymerized composite material. A total of 705 attachments were bonded to different teeth, including premolars and molars, in forty-six children. Slim bracket bases, small quantities of adhesive paste, and trimming of the excess material were used to improve esthetics and to benefit in respect of gingival condition. The same person bonded all brackets and performed the orthodontic treatment by a friction-free edgewise light-wire technique. Mean treatment time was 17 months. The clinical appearance before, during, and after treatment is shown in Figs. 3 to 5. The failure rates for the whole treatment period were 4 to 10 per cent for central and lateral incisors, canines, and first premolars in both dental arches. The second premolars, which were often in various stages of eruption at the time of bonding, and the molars had higher failure rates (Table I). An evident individual variation was noted, as a few children had a high number of loose brackets. Clinical and scanning electron microscopic studies of tooth surfaces following removal of the brackets demonstrated normal surface appearance when plain-cut tungsten carbide burs rotated at low speed were used to remove remnants of adhesive that could not easily be scraped off. Precoating etched enamel with sealant, in combination with daily fluoride mouth rinses and good oral hygiene, virtually eliminated the caries problem, but regular inspection for interproximal cavities was needed. There were no signs of enamel damage or discoloration for periods of up to 12 months subsequent to bracket removal. Further details of the technical operative procedure, failure analysis, bracket type and design, gingival health, and other aspects of direct bonding were also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Inhibitory effect of benzethonium and zinc chloride mouthrinses on human dental plaque and gingivitis.

In a double-blind study the plaque- and gingivitis-inhibiting capacities of three aqueous mouthrinse solutions of benzethonium chloride, zinc chloride, and benzethonium chloride combined with zinc chloride were compared to those of a placebo mouthrinse. Forth-three adults with clean teeth and healthy gingiva were randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. All participants received an initial prophylaxis. Assessments of plaque and gingivitis were made before and after a 10-day test period. During this time the subjects suspended oral hygiene procedures and rinsed daily with 20 ml of their respective rinse solutions. According to the measurements made before and after the test period, the mouthrinse containing benzethonium chloride produced 42 to 42.9% less plaque than any of the other three formulations. The differences were statistically significant ( P smaller than 0.05). Gingivitis scores of the four groups did not differ significantly. These findings indicate that benzethonium chloride is a moderately effective antiplaque agent.

Adult↗