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Results for “Organogenesis”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Four-dimensional molecular mapping from a spatial snapshot reveals the dynamics of hair follicle organogenesis.

Understanding organ formation requires capturing molecular information simultaneously in three-dimensional (3D) space and across developmental time. To this end, we developed 3D DNase-Enhanced Expression Profiling (3DEEP), a tissue-clearing approach that removes genomic DNA to extend spatial transcriptomic profiling hundreds of microns into intact tissues. We applied 3DEEP to neonatal mouse skin, capturing hundreds of developing hair follicles across their organogenesis trajectory. Ordering follicles by molecularly inferred developmental age transformed this single spatial snapshot into a four-dimensional (3D + time) molecular map of organogenesis. This map revealed developmental dynamics spanning stem cell compartment stratification, emergence of new cell subtypes within the follicle, and cascading structural transformations leading to hair canal formation. Comparative analysis of Foxn1-deficient nude mice, a hairlessness model, revealed organ-wide changes in developmental dynamics, including delayed molecular progression, reduced coordination, and increased developmental instability, preceding overt structural defects. This work demonstrates how deep-tissue spatial transcriptomics can uncover hidden dynamics of organ formation.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Pulmonary epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: beyond organogenesis.

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important regulators of lung growth and organogenesis, but later functional maturation of the fetal lung is though to be primarily under hormonal control. Recent evidence, however, suggests that hormonal effects on pulmonary cellular and biochemical maturation continue to involve intercellular interactions. Communication between cells may have wider importance than has hitherto been appreciated. It should be noted that in addition to organogenesis and biochemical development, mature lung requires an extensive capillary network in close proximity to areas of gas exchange. Recent attempts to isolate and culture pumonary endothelium may be expected to provide new insights into this neglected aspect of lung maturation. The possibility of hormonal or intercellular mediation of the differentiation of airway epithelium might also merit investigation.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Buccal organogenesis in Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (urodele amphibian). Study by intrablastocelic transplantation and in vitro culture.

Various embryonic areas liable to take part in the mouth's formation are extirpated from neurulae of Pleurodeles at stages 15 and 18 and tested either separately or in association with others. The comparison of the results obtained by the transplantation into the gastrula blastocele of the same species and in vitro culture allows us to define the conditions for organogenesis of buccal structures. The formation of complete mouths can be obtained by association of the stomodeal area with neural fold, precordal mesoderm and lateral cephalic mesoderm. The formation of opening alone can only be obtained in transplantation through interaction of stomodeum with lateral mesoderm of the host. The mouth opening and complete mouth formation therefore can be dissociated and seem to be two different steps. The buccal structures (bones, cartilages and teeth) were never produced separately. Their differentiation depends on interactions of the stomodeal endoderm together with the neural fold. The neural crest is the source of the one hand of mesenchyme operating in the formation of the buccal opening and on the other hand of cells predetermined to provide chondroblasts and odontoblasts. The differentiation of chondroblasts and odontoblasts is dependent on the stomodeal endoderm. The latter also induces the ectoderm to form a buccal opening. The schema of the Pleurodeles buccal organogenesis we propose is compared to that of Cusimano (1972) for Discoglossus.

Amphibians↗

PubMed2025

Time-course transcriptome and proteomic dynamics during the de novo shoot organogenesis in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata).

De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) enables plants to regenerate shoots from various explants, offering valuable opportunities for research and plant biotechnology applications. While significant progress has been made in understanding regeneration in angiosperms, the regulatory mechanisms in gymnosperms, particularly Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), remain poorly understood, despite its importance as a key timber species in China. This study successfully established an efficient DNSO protocol for Chinese fir, identifying six distinct stages in the process through cellular-level analysis. Time-course transcriptome and proteomics analyses revealed dynamic changes in mRNA and protein levels during regeneration. Notably, proteins showed more significant alterations across a broad range of biological processes, often independent of corresponding mRNA changes. Key pathways associated with ethylene metabolism and abiotic stress responses were enriched, highlighting their critical roles in regeneration. Further experiments confirmed that moderate osmotic stress treatments (150 mm mannitol) and ethylene treatment (100 μm ACC and 5 μm AgNO3) substantially enhanced DNSO efficiency. In summary, this study uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying Chinese fir DNSO, providing valuable insights into improving plant regeneration efficiency in this economically important species. These findings contribute to advancements in plant biotechnology and sustainable forestry practices.

Cunninghamia↗

PubMed2026

Molecular mechanisms of natural de novo shoot organogenesis and their applications.

Natural de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) is the spontaneous regeneration of shoots from wound sites outside the shoot apical region through endogenous developmental programs. This regenerative capacity enables plants to recover from severe tissue damage by re-establishing the shoot-root axis. Here, we review current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of natural DNSO, focusing on transcriptomic and physiological studies in model plants. Accumulating evidence suggests that natural DNSO proceeds through three sequential phases: (i) early wound responses, characterized by the activation of the WIND1-ESR1 module and the establishment of apical-basal auxin asymmetry; (ii) cellular proliferation driven by metabolic and cell-cycle reprogramming; and (iii) cytokinin-mediated establishment of shoot apical meristem identity. We also discuss how these mechanistic insights have been harnessed for practical applications, including tissue culture-free transformation systems such as the cut-dip-budding (CDB) method, and developmental reprogramming strategies that employ ectopic expression of developmental regulator (DR) genes to induce DNSO in otherwise recalcitrant species. Together, these advances illustrate how understanding natural regeneration can guide the development of simplified, broadly applicable plant transformation technologies.

Plant Shoots↗

PubMed1975

[On the organogenesis of Seuratum cadarachense Desportes, 1947 (Nematoda Seuratoidea) and the cellular reactions of the intermediate insect host Locusta migratoria (author's transl)].

The adaptation of primitive heteroxenous nematodes, parasites of vertebrates, to the intermediate host, is detailed by studying the organogenesis of the first larval stages of the Seuratoid nematode Seuratum cadarachense and an histological approach of the cellular reactions caused by the penetration and the development of the parasite in the insect Locusta migratoria. The larval organization of Seuratum at hatching is similar to that of Subuluridae and characterized by a large number of initial cells: among them, eight cells alined in a row forming the intestinal primordia, and two mesenchymal cells. In Seuratum, as in Subulurid in general, the first larval stage has a slow development. The larval migration occurs in the wall of the mesenteron. Hemocytic capsules are observed in the hemocoel in contact with the muscle fibers of the mesenteron. Some of them show necrotic features which bear witness to an imperfect adaptation of the nematode to the intermediate host.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1977

The effect of the removal of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage upon organogenesis of the mammalian inner ear "in vitro": a preliminary report.

Preliminary observations of the effect of surgical excision of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage in normal mouse embryo inner ear embryogenesis "in vitro" are reported. Otocysts of twelfth and thirteenth gestation day mouse embryos were grown in organ culture for 9 and 8 days respectively. The organ culture specimens of each gestational age group were further divided into otocysts with intact endolymphatic duct and sac anlages and otocysts that had their endolymphatic duct and sac anlages surgically excised prior to explantation. The resultant histological quantification of inner ear embryogenesis did not reveal any significant differences in morphogenesis, histodifferentiation of inner ear sensory structures or presence of endolymphatic hydrops in any of the organ culture specimens. It was concluded that in the system studied the absence of the endolymphatic duct and sac anlage did not have an effect on the organogenesis of the inner ear with the exception of the resultant lack of development of an endolymphatic duct and sac.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Embryonic development and mitochondrial function. 1. Effects of chloramphenicol infusion on the synthesis of cytochrome oxidase and DNA in rat embryos during late organogenesis.

Cytochrome oxidase, which is partially synthesized by the mitochondrion, was used as a measure for the development of mitochondrial function in rat embryos during the late stage of organogenesis. For this purpose the specific inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis, chloramphenicol (CAP), served as a tool. Due to the rapid elimination rate of CAP from rats, a method for continuous infusion which would not cause immobilization to the animals was devised. 1. Pharmacokinetic studies proved that CAP reaches the embryo before placentation. Concentrations of CAP in the embryo are as high as they are in the maternal serum (about 20 mug/ml serum or g embryo) and thuse are sufficiently in supply for the inhibition of mitochondrial proteins synthesis, if 1000 mg/kg CAP are infused intravenously per 24 hrs. CAP is partially excluded from the embryonic compartment after the placental barrier has fully developed: whereas CAP concentration in the maternal serum remains at about 20 mug/ml, the concentration in the embryonic compartment drops to about 10 mug/g embryonic tissue during day 13 of gestation. 2. The average cytochrome oxidase activity per cell is very low (about 1 nmole O2/min X mug DNA-1) in embryonic tissue as it is in many other rapidly proliferating tissues. It is 15-60 times higher in slowly proliferating tissues, as, for example, the adult rat liver or brain (greater than 14 nmoles O2/min X mug DNA-1). 3. When the infusion technique is applied on day 12 of gestation, a sufficiently high concentration of CAP in embryonic tissue can be obtained to inhibit the synthesis of cytochrome oxidase. In constrast to tissues of an adult organism-as in the case of liver after partial hepatectomy- in embryonic tissues this limitation in the availablity of cytochrome oxidase appearently results in a critical reduction of energy production, which subsequently affects the DNA synthesis and embryonic growth. 4. The possible relevance and applicability of these experimental findings to man is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Organogenesis in in vitro cultures of embryonic shoots of Abies balsamea (balsam fir).

Embryonic shoots of 15- to 20-year-old Abies balsamea (balsam fir) trees were soaked in (a) water for 15 min or 24 hr and (b) water with 1000 mg per 1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (Alar-85), or 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PPZ), singly or in combination with 100 mg per 1 caffeic acid, for 15 min. After the soaking, the embryonic shoots were transferred to a nutrient medium. Nonsoaked (control) embryonic shoots elongated and often formed a basal callus but never showed organogenesis. The soaked embryonic shoots formed new apical buds, with or without bud scales, adventitious dwarf needles or shoots, and root- and embryo-like structures. One of the embryos germinated and formed an irregular shoot. No differences were found between the various soak treatments, except that the 15-min water soak was ineffective. The 24-hr water soak was as effective as the 15-min growth regulator treatments.

Butyrates↗

PubMed1979

Percentage binding of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and unbound testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in rabbit maternal and fetal plasma during sexual organogenesis.

The percentages of bound testosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one; T) and dihydrotestosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one; DHT) and their unbound concentrations were determined in pregnant rabbits and their fetuses from the 18th day of gestation to birth. T and DHT were also measured in fetal testes. In the testis, the total T/total DHT ratio, very high at 22 days (73.7 +/- 15.2), decreased until birth (6.7 +/- 0.8). In male fetuses the concentrations of total and unbound circulating T and DHT were always low and did not show any peak during sexual organogenesis. The percent binding of T (from 73.0 +/- 0.5 to 77.6 +/- 0.6) and DHT (from 76.5 to 83.7 +/- 1.1) in fetuses were similar in both sexes and significantly lower than those measured in mothers (T: from 87.2 +/- 0.6 to 91.6 +/- 0.9; DHT: from 87.3 +/- 0.9 to 93.8 +/- 0.9).

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Organogenesis in Cephalopoda: further evidence of blastodisc-bound developmental information.

The basic mechanisms of organ differentiation in the Cephalopod embryo (telolecithal egg, discoidal cleavage) are studied. The results of ligation experiments, performed in early cleavage stages, confirm earlier conclusions of the author, drawn from transplantation/explantation and heat-shock experiments. The developmental information for cellular differentiation is shown to reside in the blastodisc; the yolk syncytium, in which a large part of the original egg cortex is incorporated, acts as as nutritive substrate for the cellular material involved in organogenesis. On the basis of these results, Arnold's induction model supposing an undisplaceable determining informational pattern laid down in the uncleaved egg cortex must be rejected.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[A hypothesis about the organogenesis of the digestive tract].

Our experimental analysis in organogenesis of digestive tract in embryonic chick leads to a following hypothesis. In early embryonic stages, undifferentiated endodermal epithelium is roughly determined and has an autodifferentiation potency. Cytodifferentiation but not morphogenesis like gland formation can take place in vitro in some extent in the absence of the splanchnic mesoderm. The mesoderm of the embryonic digestive tract, however, exerts its regionally specific action on the cytodifferentiation as well as morphogenesis of an indifferent epithelium.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Histochemical localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the trout embryo (Salmo irideus, Gibb) during early organogenesis of the cord and the neural tube].

The histochemical study of the LDH in the Trout embryo during the early organogenesis shows a specific localization in notochord cells, in mesodermic cells of the terminal knob and in some prosencephalic neuroblasts. The role of the LDH in the metabolism of NAD as well as in the energetic metabolism of embryonic cells is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Proliferative activity and the kinetics of the cell populations of chick embryo blastoderm in the period of gastrulation and early organogenesis. I. The proliferative activity and nature of the transition by mitotic cycle cells].

The intensity of entry of cells of different rudiments of the chick embryo in mitosis and S-phase at the stages of gastrulation and early organogenesis was studied by means of statmokinetic method and thymidine autoradiography. Regular changes in the percentage of cells entering mitosis and S-phase during development were found. The fluctuations of one index do not coincide often with those of another. The values of these indices within the limits of one rudiment may be interrelated in different ways. These interrelations change in their turn from one stage to another. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the regular changes found represent a form of expression of parasynchronous proliferation pattern, related to the regular changes of the composition of cell polations due to unequal pasage of cells through the mitotic cycle.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Comparative study of the changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymatic spectra in the course of organogenesis in mice].

The dynamics of changes in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) spectra during organogenesis in CBA mice has been studied by means of ultramicroelectrophoresis. The embryonic period of development is characterized by the predominance of cathodic isozymes (LDH-5 and LDH-4) in all the organs under study. The increase of anodic isozymes (LDH-1 and LDH-2) takes place in the heart, kidneys and brain as the development proceeds. The first reliable differences in the LDH spectra of different organs appear on the 11th day of embryogenesis. On the basis of comparison with the help of criterion gamma, the LDH spectra of the organs under study can be divided into two groups: I--heart, lungs, kidneys and brain (tendency towards the increase of H-subunits) and II--intestine, liver and muscles (tendency towards the increase of of M-subunits). The LDH spectra of adult animals are divided into 4 distinct groups: I--heart and kidneys, II--brain, III--lungs and muscles, IV--liver.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Teratogenic effects of chlorambucil on in vivo and in vitro organogenesis in mice.

Pregnant ICR/DUB mice were each given a single oral injection of chlorambucil (14.2 or 20 mg/kg) on the 10th, 11th, 12th, or 13th day of gestation (plug day = 1st day). Fetuses examined on the 18th day were decreased in weight and had tail, cranial, and limb defects. They type and frequency of malformations differed according to the dosage and day of treatment. Limb defects resulted from treatment on the 11th or 12th days of gestation and tail defects from treatment on all days. Control limb buds from 12th day embryos cultured for 6 days in serum-supplemented BGJ medium containing 0.5-2 mug/ml chlorambucil were retarded in development and had cartilage abnormalities. The extent of the deformities was dose related. Limb buds were also taken from embryos 24 h after in vivo exposure to teratogenic doses of chlorambucil and cultured in control medium. After 6 days in culture these limbs also had growth impairment and cartilage abnormalities. The defects in limbs exposed in vitro were similar to those in limbs exposed in vivo.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1979

A study of gonadal organogenesis, and the factors influencing regeneration following surgical castration in Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata:Limacidae).

At hatching, the hermaphrodite duct of Deroceras reticulatum consists of a single cell type designated the Gonadal Stem Cell (GSC). Proliferation of the GSC leads to the formation of numerous ductules each of which forms one of the acini of the gonad. The germinal and supporting cells are derived entirely from the GSC. The germ cells differentiate first, followed by the Sertoli and follicle cells. At the early sperm stage of gonadal development the hermaphrodite duct differentiates to function as a seminal vesicle. Once the GSC are committed to this change they lose their regenerative ability. The only remaining GSC are the cells of the acinar epithelium, and these retain their germinal potential until the death of the animal. Regeneration will occur from the hermaphrodite duct provided it is in the immature state, i.e., composed of GSC, and is exposed to the hormonal conditions of a young animal. Nervous connections and the presence of an artery are not necessary for this regeneration. The presence of a functional gonad does not inhibit regeneration.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

A stereological approach to the study of neural organogenesis in Xenopus laevis.

Stereological methods are applied to the study of structural changes undergone, during neurulation, by the neuroepithelium of early embryos of Xenopus laevis. In light microscopy, we evaluate: the section area of the neuroepithelium, the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, the volume fraction of the intercellular spaces, of the nuclei and of the cytoplasm. In electron microscopy, the volumetric density and the surface ratio of mitochondria as well as the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum are measured. Occasionally, the data found for Xenopus are compared to those found earlier in a similar study of the chicken embryo.

Animals↗