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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

When practice makes imperfect: debilitating effects of overlearning.

It was hypothesized that as overlearning leads to "mindlessness," the individual components of a task become relatively inaccessible to consciousness and therefore unavailable to serve as evidence of task competence. This may lead to a decrement in performance if circumstances, for example, a label connoting relative inferiority, lead one to question one's ability. This was tested in the first experiment by varying practice on a task (no practice, moderate practice, and overpractice) by label assigned to subjects (no label, assistant, boss). As predicted, performance decrements resulted for the no practice and overpracticed subjects who were assigned the inferior status label but not for the moderate practice subjects for whom the task components were still salient. In a second experiment it was found that the debilitation could be prevented for an overlearned task by making components of the task salient. Implications for the vulnerability of experts to these performance debilitations are explored.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

[Overlearning of a pursuit tracking task and change in pulse rate and finger skin blood flow (author's transl)].

Eight subjects were given overlearning of a pursuit tracking task twice which they experienced once either half or one year previously. Distributed practice was employed in the present experiments. Finger skin blood flow (SBF) and pulse rate (PR) were measured throughout the experiments. SBF was smaller during trials and during intertrial rests than during rest with eyes closed, but the difference between during trials and during intertrial rests was not significant. It was supposed that the reason for this effect of overlearning was that the increase in motivation resulted in a high level of activation during intertrial rests. The changing pattern of SBF during trials became similar to that in adding task of the previous study (1977) because of learning or habituation. In the second half of the trials, however, SBF during trials gradually became smaller.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Lipreading in patients with schizophrenia.

This study was designed to explore whether schizophrenic patients who are able to maintain their gaze with adequate persistence could competently lip-read. Four lipreading tests, designed to assess recognition of syllables, words, and overlearned sentences, were administered to 15 schizophrenic and 15 normal subjects matched for age, sex, and educational level. The patients proved to be competent lip-readers susceptible to the blend illusion and were inferior only in lipreading of overlearned sentences. The latter difficulty may tentatively be attributed to the inadequacy of the patient's premorbid social network for establishing contextual cues that aid in the recognition of overlearned sentences.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Changes in alpha rhythm asymmetry during learning of verbal and visuospatial tasks.

Alpha activity in the two cortical hemispheres was examined during learning and overlearning of a verbal and a visuospatial task. Compared to a pretask baseline condition, the amount of alpha activity during the tasks was decreased. An increase in alpha activity was found from learning to overlearning in both tasks. A greater amount of alpha was found in the right hemisphere for both tasks. In addition, no difference in the degree of alpha asymmetry was found between the tasks. This was discussed in light of prior contrary findings. A significant positive correlation was found between change in learning rate and change in alpha asymmetry during the verbal task. An interpretation of this finding was offered in terms of the level of hemispheric activation reflecting the degree of task engagement.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1992

Letter matching: effects of age, Alzheimer's disease, and major depression.

We compared Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Aged normal, and Young normal controls on a letter-matching task designed to measure the time needed to access overlearned linguistic information in long-term memory. Name identity (NI) and physical identity (PI) reaction time and the NI-PI difference were compared for ADs, MDDs, and Aged normals and separately for Aged and Young normal groups. AD subjects had slower NI and PI reaction times and a bigger NI-PI difference than Aged normal and MDD subjects, suggesting that speed of access to overlearned letter-name information in long-term memory is slowed for ADs. There were no reliable differences between Aged normal and MDD subjects. Aged normals had slower NI and PI reaction times and a bigger NI-PI difference than Young normals, suggesting that the highly practiced operations needed to access letter-name information slow with age. A discriminant analysis was used to evaluate the usefulness of the "easy to perform" letter-matching task for diagnostic purposes. Ninety percent of normal and MDD subjects but only 68% of AD subjects were classified correctly.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The effects of word length and visual complexity on verbal reaction times.

Thirty adult subjects learned to associate nonsense names varying in word length with nonsense visual stimuli varying in visual complexity. Simple reaction times (SRTs), visual duration thresholds (VDTs), matching response latencies (MRLs), and naming response latencies (NRLs) were then obtained from these subjects. The data indicate that SRTs, VDTs, and NRLs are significantly related to word length and that VDTs and NRLs are significantly related to visual complexity. There is also a tendency for MRLs to increase with increases in word length, particularly for "no" responses. However, the effects of word length on VDTs, MRLs, and NRLs may be confounded with the number of trials needed to learn the paired associates or with the number of overlearning trials. The data are consistent with an interpretation that motor planning or some form of implicit speech process may be a part of the total time required for the naming response.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Recognition of inverted photographs of faces by children and adults.

Inverted black-white photographs of the faces of highly familiar peers (classmates, fraternity brothers, etc.) were presented to 350 Ss ranging from 3 to 20 years of age. In an untimed test session, S tried to identify the person in the inverted photograph. Success in this task was positively correlated with age up to approximately 14 years, but performance deteriorated after this age; college-age Ss and preschool Ss' performances were approximately equal. This finding contrasts with the current view that the effects of disorientation on perception becomes less potent with age. A cognitive explanation is offered for the early rise in the performance curve; the subsequent reduction in level of performance is attributed to rigidity of the perceptual mechanism as a function of overlearning of a mono-oriented configuration.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Marijuana influenced changes in GSR activation peaking during paired-associate learning.

Activation Peaking (AP) refers to a patterned physiological response occurring during learning. Marijuana has been found to interfere with both paired-associate learning and phasic GSR activity. Therefore, a study was performed to assess the effects of marijuana intoxication on paired-associate learning and concomitant GSR AP. Two marijuana usage categories were employed--light and heavy usage Ss. Within each category four groups were run in a design to test state-dependent effects. Each S was seen twice with a seven-day inter-session interval. The groups were P-P, P-M, M-M and P-M with P equals placebo and M equals 14 mg delta-9 THC. At each sessions S learned a nine-word paired-associate list to a criterion of one correct recitation, and then received 100 percent overlearning. No usage or group differences were found in level of basal conductance, except lights showed habituation over sessions and heavies did not. Magnitude of phasic GSR activation, aligned for AP, was significantly reduced for both heavy usage and marijuana intoxicated Ss. Also, only on placebo days was an AP effect evident. The results were discussed in terms of marijuana's effects on learning and physiology with emphasis on possible mechanisms of action.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Processing determinants of reading speed.

Two groups of university undergraduates differing in reading ability were tested on a number of reaction-time tasks designed to determine the speed of encoding visual information at several different levels. In addition, the subjects were given tests of sensory functions, verbal and quantitative reasoning ability, short-term auditory memory span, and ability to comprehend spoken text. The groups did not differ on the sensory tests. However, the faster reader group had faster reaction times on all of the reaction-time tasks, and the size of the fast-reader advantage increased with the mean reaction time. Faster readers also performed more accurately in verbal and quantitative reasoning, short-term auditory memory, and speech comprehension. Regression analyses suggested that the ability to comprehend spoken material and speed of accessing overlearned memory codes for visually presented letters represented two important independent correlates of reading ability in our sample of subjects. Two variables reflecting these abilities--the percentage of correct answers to a listening comprehension test and the reaction time for correct responses in a letter-matching task--accounted for nearly all of the variance in reading ability tapped by both of our reading tests. In a second experiment, no reaction-time difference was found between fast and average readers in a matching task requiring no long-term memory code access but considerable visual information processing as indexed by overall mean reaction time. The results supported the conclusion that one skill allowing fast readers to capture more information from each reading fixation is faster access to letter codes from print.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1992

Null effect of mood as a semantic prime.

Semantic tasks, such as lexical decision making and word recognition, have not produced a mood priming effect. Earlier studies have been criticized because they included (a) mood induction techniques that required instruction to feel the mood, and (b) the use of overlearned tasks that did not require controlled processing. In this pair of experiments, the authors attempted to address these criticisms. However, the results of this study did not demonstrate a mood priming effect for happy and sad subjects who appraised sentence content as being happy or sad. The results of this study supported the dissociation of semantic and episodic memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A behavioral approach to obesity.

For many individuals, the practice of overeating is crucial in the development and maintenance of the obese state. Behavior theory views excessive eating leading to obesity as an overlearned habit, strongly conditioned to numerous internal and external cues. A number of studies are reviewed that assess the relationship between emotional arousal and food consumption. Obese persons who successfully lost and maintained a weight loss appeared able to reduce the number of inappropriate stimuli they previously responded to with food intake. The specific behavior modification techniques employed to change eating patterns are discussed, and weight loss maintenance follow-up statistics using these procedures are presented.

Arousal↗
PubMed1992

A comparative analysis of functional status among Spanish- and English-speaking patients with dementia.

The assessment of functional capacity is regarded as an important part of a comprehensive diagnostic work-up for dementia. However, there is a paucity of data regarding comparative functional performance among different ethnic/cultural groups. In this study, we compared Spanish- and English-speaking dementia patients and normal controls on a comprehensive functional assessment battery administered within the clinical setting. Despite equivalent levels of cognitive impairment, Spanish-speaking dementia patients evidenced more difficulties on certain functional tasks relative to their English-speaking counterparts. On the other hand, Spanish- and English-speaking controls did not differ with regards to their functional performance. Results suggest that the extent of deterioration in specific functional subskills may be related to the degree to which they have been overlearned and practiced. Further, they indicate the potential utility of direct functional assessment in both Spanish- and English-speaking populations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Left hemisphere preponderance in trajectorial learning.

The present study examines the organisational principle of a trajectorial storage mechanism for isochronically controlled overlearned movements. 48 right-handed subjects were trained on new ideograms at five different sizes. After the trajectory had been overtrained with one hand, learning transfer to the contralateral hand was analysed. Results indicate a significant transfer of trajectorial information after training with the right hand towards the left hand which points to a preponderance of the dominant left hemisphere in generalizing storage of learned trajectories to either upper extremity. The trajectorial storage system has clear geometrical restraints.

Female↗
PubMed1978

The effect of visual deprivation in the rat on transfer effects after form discrimination training.

In 3 experiments the performances of light-reared (LR) and dark-reared (DR) 90-day-old rats were compared on a variety of transfer tests following acquisition of 3 discriminations involving patterns of small squares (dots). Though no significant difference due to rearing condition was found in acquisition of those discriminations consisting of single lines of dots in various orientations, transfer tests did reveal subtle differences in the way LR and DR rats analyze contour information. Significant differences due to rearing were also observed on the acquisition of a complex dot pattern (gradient vs X) and, in spite of overtraining, on subsequent stimulus equivalence tests. Anomalous transfer effects were not observed in any of these test situations.

Animals↗