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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2002

PEA I and PEA II based implantable haemodynamic monitor: pre clinical studies in sheep.

AIMS: The aims of this study were first, to demonstrate that Peak Endocardial Acceleration during isovolumic systole (PEA I) is related to positive peak LVdP/dt, while Peak Endocardial Acceleration during isovolumic relaxation time (PEA II) is related to aortic diastolic pressure (ADP) and to negative peak LVdP/dt; and second, to test if the simultaneous recording of PEA I and PEA II offers a new chance to monitor indexes of LV systolic and diastolic function. METHODS: An implantable haemodynamic monitor, based on PEA I and PEA II measurements via a microaccelerometer sensor located in the tip of a pacing lead, screwed into the right ventricle, was tested in nine sheep at baseline and during acute haemodynamic interventions: nitrate (0.1 mg/ kg), metaraminol (0.15 mg/kg), dobutamine (5 microg/kg) infusion. ADP, positive and negative peak LVdP/dt were simultaneously recorded by an aortic and left ventricular Millar catheter. RESULTS: PEA I changes were significantly related to positive peak LVdP/dt changes during dobutamine induced inotropic changes (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). PEA II changes were significantly related to both ADP (r = 0.91, P < 0.001) and negative peak LVdP/dt changes (r = 0.92, P < 0.001) during nitrate induced hypotension and metaraminol induced hypertension. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous recording of PEA I and PEA II with an implantable system offers a new chance to monitor indexes of LV systolic and diastolic function.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Optimum inclusion of field peas, faba beans, chick peas and sweet lupins in poultry diets. II. Broiler experiments.

1. Three experiments were undertaken to determine the optimum inclusion rates of field peas, faba beans, chick peas and sweet lupins in broiler starter and finisher diets in amounts up to 360 g/kg. 2. In experiment A chickens in cages grown to 21 d on diets with field peas and faba beans gave better growth rate and feed efficiency than those with sweet lupins and chick peas. Growth rate and Food conversion ratio (FCR) improved with increasing amounts of faba beans in the diet while for chick peas growth rate and FCR declined. Digesta viscosity and excreta stickiness scores were much higher on diets with sweet lupins. Steam pelleting improved growth rate and FCR on all diets. 3. In experiment B birds were in cages and grown from 21 to 42 d. There were no differences between grain legumes (when combined for all inclusions) for growth rate, food intake or FCR. Viscosity was again much higher on the sweet lupin-based diets while the pancreas was significantly enlarged on the diets with chick peas, as observed previously in chickens grown to 21 d. Steam pelleting of diets gave a consistent and positive response for weight gain and FCR. 4. Experiment C was carried out in pens each holding 60 birds under semi-commercial conditions and grown to 42 d on starter and finisher diets with the same grain legumes as used previously but each at 2 rates of inclusion similar to those in commercial practice. Field peas at 200 to 300 g/kg and chick peas at 150 to 220 g/kg gave inferior growth to faba beans (150 to 180 g/kg) and sweet lupins (120 g/kg). 5. The results of these experiments allowed tentative recommendations to be made to industry for inclusion rates of these cultivars of the 4 grain legumes. These were: field peas 300 g/kg; faba beans 200 g/kg, chick peas 100 g/kg and sweet lupins <100 g/kg. Wet droppings and high gut viscosity were serious problems with sweet lupins although these were not so obvious in experiment C.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Response to water deficit and high temperature of transgenic peas (Pisum sativum L.) containing a seed-specific alpha-amylase inhibitor and the subsequent effects on pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.) survival.

The effects of water deficit and high temperature on the production of alpha-amylase inhibitor 1 (alpha-AI-1) were studied in transgenic peas (Pisum sativum L.) that were developed to control the seed-feeding pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L., Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Transgenic and non-transgenic plants were subjected to water-deficit and high-temperature treatments under controlled conditions in the glasshouse and growth cabinet, beginning 1 week after the first pods were formed. In the water-deficit treatments, the peas were either adequately watered (control) or water was withheld after first pod formation. The high-temperature experiments were performed in two growth cabinets, one maintained at 27/22 degrees C (control) and one at 32/27 degrees C day/night temperatures, with the vapour pressure deficit maintained at 1.3 kPa. The plants exposure to high temperatures and water deficit produced 27% and 79% fewer seeds, respectively, than the controls. In the transgenic peas the level of alpha-AI-1 as a percentage of total protein was not influenced by water stress, but was reduced on average by 36.3% (the range in two experiments was 11-50%) in the high-temperature treatment. Transgenic and non-transgenic pods of plants grown at 27/22 degrees C and 32/27 degrees C were inoculated with pea weevil eggs to evaluate whether the reduction in level of alpha-AI-1 in the transgenic pea seeds affected pea weevil development and survival. At the higher temperatures, 39% of adult pea weevil emerged, compared to 1.2% in the transgenic peas grown at the lower temperatures, indicating that high temperature reduced the protective capacity of the transgenic peas.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2003

Emergency echocardiography to detect pericardial effusion in patients in PEA and near-PEA states.

OBJECTIVES: Emergency echocardiography (EM echo) has been proposed to assist in decision-making in patients with pulseless electric activity (PEA) or PEA-like states. We observed the value of EM echo by emergency physicians in detecting pericardial effusion in patients in PEA and near PEA states. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, prospective series at a Level 1 urban ED of patients with non-traumatic PEA or near PEA states who had EM echoes performed by emergency physicians during an 18-month period. Outcomes of patients with EM echoes were established by review of clinical course, formal echocardiography, radiography, operation or autopsy. RESULTS: Twenty patients had EM echo for non-traumatic hemodynamic collapse. Eight of 20 patients (40%) were without cardiac ventricular motion and were refractory to ACLS measures. Twelve of 20 (60%) patients had cardiac kinetic motion observed on echo. Eight of the 12 (67%) patients with cardiac motion had a pericardial effusion observed on EM echo. Formal echocardiography or other imaging studies confirmed all pericardial effusion cases. The following diagnoses were subsequently confirmed in patients with pericardial effusion: one aortic aneurysm, two aortic dissections, two metastatic cancers, one post-dialysis effusion, two minimal effusions. Three patients had tamponade with emergency pericardial drainage or surgery. In two of four patients with cardiac activity without pericardial effusion, EM echo was useful by detecting pacer capture and ROSC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency echocardiography performed by emergency physicians in patients in PEA or near PEA states can detect pericardial effusions with correctable etiologies versus true PEA with ventricular standstill.

Critical Care↗

PubMed1985

Iron availability from peas (Pisum sativum) and bread containing added pea testa in rats.

Iron retention in adult male rats given 3 g dried ground peas, immature and mature (Pisum sativum cv Dark-skin perfection) and leafless (Pisum sativum cv Filby), extrinsically labelled with 0.25 muCi 59Fe, was measured by whole-body counting. The Fe was less well absorbed (P less than 0.01) from the mature peas (0.251 (SE 0.021)) than from the immature (0.384 (SE 0.032] or leafless peas (0.344 (SE 0.026)). The availability of Fe from the leafless peas was compared with that of defatted soya-bean flour by the same technique. Significantly more Fe (P less than 0.005) was retained from the pea flour (0.471 (SE 0.013)) than from the soya-bean flour (0.377 (SE 0.022)). The effect of adding pea testa to bread (97.6 g/kg dry weight), as in the production of high-fibre white bread, on Fe availability was measured and compared with the availability of ferrous sulphate in young and adult male rats. There were no significant differences between the high-fibre and low-fibre breads in either age-group, although the older rats absorbed less Fe from all three sources. Retention from high-fibre bread, low-fibre bread and FeSO4 was as follows (mean with SE): young rats 0.452 (0.037), 0.475 (0.040) 0.541 (0.032); mature rats 0.363 (0.034), 0.366 (0.030), 0.471 (0.028). It was concluded that the addition of pea testa to white bread does not have detrimental effect on Fe availability. Immature and leafless peas appear to be a better source of available Fe than soya-bean flour, despite similar fibre levels, but with maturity the Fe in peas is rendered less available.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Aflatoxin formation and varietal difference of cow pea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars.

Different cultivars of cow pea and garden pea seeds were surveyed for susceptibility or resistance towards the toxigenic and aflatoxin-producing mould (Aspergillus flavus IMI 102135). The results show that aflatoxin production varied among the different cultivars of both cow pea and garden pea. Morphological and histological characters of the different cultivars tested did not show any relation between colour, shape and size of seeds and the amount of aflatoxin produced. The chemical analysis of the different constituents obtained from both seed coats and seed kernels with susceptible, partially resistant and resistant cow pea and garden pea cultivars revealed that the resistant cultivars of cow pea (namely: Balady cultivar) and garden pea (namely: Melting Sugar cultivar) contained lower levels of sodium and higher levels of phosphate and potassium.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2000

Bean alpha-amylase inhibitor 1 in transgenic peas (Pisum sativum) provides complete protection from pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) under field conditions.

Two alpha-amylase inhibitors, called alphaAI-1 and alphaAI-2, that share 78% amino acid sequence identity and have a differential specificity toward mammalian and insect alpha-amylases are present in different accessions of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Using greenhouse-grown transgenic peas (Pisum sativum), we have shown previously that expression of alphaAI-1 in pea seeds can provide complete protection against the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum). Here, we report that alphaAI-1 also protects peas from the weevil under field conditions. The high degree of protection is explained by our finding that alphaAI-1 inhibits pea bruchid alpha-amylase by 80% over a broad pH range (pH 4.5-6.5). alphaAI-2, on the other hand, is a much less effective inhibitor of pea bruchid alpha-amylase, inhibiting the enzyme by only 40%, and only in the pH 4.0-4.5 range. Nevertheless, this inhibitor was still partially effective in protecting field-grown transgenic peas against pea weevils. The primary effect of alphaAI-2 appeared to be a delay in the maturation of the larvae. This contrasts with the effect of alphaAI-1, which results in larval mortality at the first or second instar. These results are discussed in relationship to the use of amylase inhibitors with different specificities to bring about protection of crops from their insect pests or to decrease insect pest populations below the economic injury level.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Plant waxy bloom on peas affects infection of pea aphids by Pandora neoaphidis.

This study examined the effects of the surface wax bloom of pea plants, Pisum sativum, on infection of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, by the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis. In prior field surveys, a higher proportion of P. neoaphidis-killed pea aphids (cadavers) had been observed on a pea line with reduced wax bloom, as compared with a sister line with normal surface wax bloom. Laboratory bioassays were conducted in order to examine the mechanisms. After plants of each line infested with aphids were exposed to similar densities of conidia, the rate of accumulation of cadavers on the reduced wax line was significantly greater than on the normal wax bloom line; at the end of the experiment (13d), the proportion of aphid cadavers on the reduced wax line was approximately four times that on the normal wax bloom line. When plants were exposed to conidia first and then infested with aphids, the rate of accumulation of cadavers was slightly but significantly greater on the reduced wax line, and infection at the end of the experiment (16d) did not differ between the lines. When aphids were exposed first and then released onto the plants, no differences in the proportion of aphid cadavers were observed between the pea lines. Greater infection of pea aphid on reduced wax peas appears to depend upon plants being exposed to inoculum while aphids are settled in typical feeding positions on the plant. Additional experiments demonstrated increased adhesion and germination by P. neoaphidis conidia to leaf surfaces of the reduced wax line as compared with normal wax line, and this could help explain the higher infection rate by P. neoaphidis on the reduced wax line. In bioassays using surface waxes extracted from the two lines, there was no effect of wax source on germination of P. neoaphidis conidia.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Multiple plastid signals regulate the expression of the pea plastocyanin gene in pea and transgenic tobacco plants.

The expression of nuclear genes encoding photosynthesis-related proteins is regulated by signals from plastids. To investigate how the pea PetE gene encoding plastocyanin is regulated by plastid signals, the effects of norflurazon, lincomycin and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), specific inhibitors of plastid-located processes generating plastid signals, have been examined. RNA-gel blot analysis of 7-day-old pea and tobacco seedlings containing the pea PetE gene showed that treatment with norflurazon and lincomycin, but not DCMU, decreased the accumulation of transcripts of pea PetE and endogenous Lhcb1 genes. Analysis of chimeric PetE gene constructs in tobacco seedlings showed that an intact PetE mRNA 5' terminus and elements within the PetE coding region were required to confer sensitivity to norflurazon and lincomycin, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. Analysis of 4-week-old tobacco plants containing chimeric PetE constructs showed that DCMU treatment decreased the accumulation of pea PetE and Lhcb1 transcripts, but had opposite effects on the transcription of the genes in nuclear run-on assays. DCMU upregulated transcription from the pea PetE promoter whereas transcription of tobacco Lhcb1 genes was decreased. These experiments provide evidence for multiple plastid signals operating at different developmental stages and affecting transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes regulating expression of the pea PetE gene.

Diuron↗

PubMed1999

Optimum inclusion of field peas, faba beans, chick peas and sweet lupins in poultry diets. I. Chemical composition and layer experiments.

1. Experiments were undertaken to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of field peas, faba beans, sweet lupins and chick peas and the production of hens when each was included in nutritionally similar diets at 250 g/kg in 2 experiments. 2. Amino acid composition, crude protein and AME agreed well with previously published measurements. Detailed analysis of the non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) showed that sweet lupins were much higher than the other grain legumes in the soluble NSPs and that the NSPs were particularly high in arabinose. The condensed tannin content was highest in field peas followed by faba beans. 3. In the 1st layer experiment over 40 weeks, hen-day egg production was lowest on the faba bean-based diet and egg weight and egg mass were also lowest. Relative viscosity of digesta in the small intestine of hens fed on the sweet lupin-based diet was highest, followed by that of hens fed on field peas. Enlargement of the pancreas was observed in hens consuming chick peas. 4. In experiment 2, in which only sweet lupins and faba beans were used, steam or cold pelleting showed few effects, nor did dehulling of faba beans but egg weight was lower when diets were steam pelleted. Daily food intake was 5.7 g/bird lower on the steam than cold pelleted diets and food conversion ratio tended to be improved (P=0.082). 5. It was concluded that field peas could support good production at 250 g/kg of layer diet. Although chick peas and sweet lupins supported good performance, there was concern about the increased weight of the pancreas and high gut viscosity respectively. Faba beans showed similar hen-d egg production in the 2nd experiment to that of sweet lupins but egg weight tended to be about 0.8 g lower than when on the sweet lupin-based diets.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1984

Pea Xyloglucan and Cellulose : II. Hydrolysis by Pea Endo-1,4-beta-Glucanases.

Two auxin-induced endo-1,4-beta-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) were purified from pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska) epicotyls and used to degrade purified pea xyloglucan. Hydrolysis yielded nonasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose/fucose, 4:3:1:1) and heptasaccharide (glucose/xylose, 4:3) as the products. The progress of hydrolysis, as monitored viscometrically (with amyloid xyloglucan) and by determination of residual xyloglucan-iodine complex (pea) confirmed that both pea glucanases acted as endohydrolases versus xyloglucan. K(m) values for amyloid and pea xyloglucans were approximately the same as those for cellulose derivatives, but V(max) values were lower for the xyloglucans. Auxin treatment of epicotyls in vivo resulted in increases in net deposits of xyloglucan and cellulose in spite of a great increase (induction) of endogenous 1,4-beta-glucanase activity. However, the average degree of polymerization of the resulting xyloglucan was much lower than in controls, and the amount of soluble xyloglucan increased. When macromolecular complexes of xyloglucan and cellulose (cell wall ghosts) were treated in vitro with pea 1,4-beta-glucanase, the xyloglucan component was preferentially hydrolyzed and solubilized. It is concluded that xyloglucan is the main cell wall substrate for pea endo-1,4-beta-glucanase in growing tissue.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, and Hydrogen Oxidation by Pigeon Pea Bradyrhizobium spp. in Symbiotic Association with Pigeon Pea, Cowpea, and Soybean.

The pigeon pea strains of Bradyrhizobium CC-1, CC-8, UASGR(S), and F4 were evaluated for nodulation, effectiveness for N(2) fixation, and H(2) oxidation with homologous and nonhomologous host plants. Strain CC-1 nodulated Macroptilium atropurpureum, Vigna unguiculata, Glycine max, and G. soja but did not nodulate Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Trifolium repens. Strain F4 nodulated G. max cv. Peking and PI 434937 (Malayan), but the symbioses formed were poor. Similarly, G. max cv. Peking, cv. Bragg, PI 434937, PR 13-28-2-8-7, and HM-1 were nodulated by strain CC-1, and symbioses were also poor. G. max cv. Williams and cv. Clark were not nodulated. H(2) uptake activity was expressed with pigeon pea and cowpea, but not with soybean. G. max cv. Bragg grown in Bangalore, India, in local soil not previously exposed to Bradyrhizobium japonicum formed nodules with indigenous Bradyrhizobium spp. Six randomly chosen isolates, each originating from a different nodule, formed effective symbioses with pigeon pea host ICPL-407, nodulated PR 13-28-2-8-7 soybean forming moderately effective symbioses, and did not nodulate Williams soybean. These results indicate the six isolates to be pigeon pea strains although they originated from soybean nodules. Host-determined nodulation of soybean by pigeon pea Bradyrhizobium spp. may depend upon the ancestral backgrounds of the cultivars. The poor symbioses formed by the pigeon pea strains with soybean indicate that this crop should be inoculated with B. japonicum for its cultivation in soils containing only pigeon pea Bradyrhizobium spp.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

The most desirable conformation of phenylethylamine (PEA) moiety stimulating noradrenergic neurons: effects of PEA, methamphetamine, phenelzine, methylphenidate, nomifensine and mazindol on rat spinal reflexes.

1. The effects of phenylethylamine (PEA) and PEA-related substances on the rat spinal monosynaptic reflex (MSR) were examined. According to the flexibility of the PEA moiety in the molecule, these drugs were classified into three groups, i.e. non-rigid, rigid and semi-rigid groups. 2. PEA, methamphetamine and phenelzine (non-rigid group) showed opposite effects on the MSR, an increase at low doses and a decrease at high doses. The former effect was antagonized by pretreatment with the alpha 1-blocker, prazosin. 3. Nomifensine and mazindol (rigid group), which share the similar spatial relationships between the aromatic moiety and nitrogen, increased the MSR, and this effect was blocked by prazosin. 4. In the semi-rigid group the same result was obtained for methylphenidate but not for 1-methyl-2-benzylpiperidine, which might have difficulty in having the similar conformation of PEA moiety as methylphenidate because of its methyl group. 5. From these results, it appears that the effects of PEA and amphetamines on the MSR are determined by the spatial relationships between the amino group and the aromatic moiety and that the enhancement of the MSR might be induced through alpha 1-adrenergic transmission.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Suppression of pea nuclear topoisomerase I enzyme activity by pea PCNA.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a highly conserved DNA polymerase accessory protein of eukary- otic kingdom, has not been studied thoroughly in bio- chemical terms in plants. We describe the isolation of the cDNA encoding PCNA from the pea cDNA library using the PCR approach. The cDNA was used for expression of pea PCNA in bacteria as a fusion protein (GST.PCNA) with the GST tag at the amino terminal end. The GST.PCNA stimulated the partially purified pea DNA polymerases approximately 30-fold. The stimulation was due to the oligomeric form of GST.PCNA. The pea PCNA interacted with the recombinant type I pea topoiso- merase as well as the native pea nuclear topoisomerase I and repressed the DNA relaxation activities. However, the DNA binding activity of Topo I remained undisturbed in the presence of high amounts of PCNA, thereby signify- ing that the catalysis of Topo I was probably affected by PCNA.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

The pea ferredoxin I gene exhibits different light responses in pea and tobacco.

We monitored Fed-1 (encoding ferredoxin I) mRNA levels in etiolated transgenic tobacco seedlings containing the intact pea Fed-1 gene to determine if the characteristic light responses of this gene in pea seedlings are also observed in transgenic tobacco. Fed-1 transcript levels in transgenic tobacco seedlings closely paralleled those of the native gene in pea buds when etiolated seedlings were transferred to white light. However, the response to red light was much smaller in tobacco than in pea and was not efficiently reversed by far-red light. The red light response of endogenous tobacco ferredoxin transcripts is closely comparable to that of the Fed-1 transgene, with a similar lack of photoreversibility. Thus, the pea Fed-1 transgene responds normally to tobacco gene-regulatory factors, but these factors are less influenced by phytochrome in tobacco cotyledons than in pea buds.

Fabaceae↗

PubMed1988

Purification and characterization of ferritins from maize, pea, and soya bean seeds. Distribution in various pea organs.

Ferritins from maize, pea, and soya bean seeds were purified. They contain two polypeptides of 28 and 26.5 kDa. The molecular weight of native pea seed ferritin has been estimated to be 540,000. Pea and maize seed ferritins were compared by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino acid composition, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. They are very similar, although four isoforms of the 28-kDa polypeptide from the pea were observed in contrast to a unique polypeptide in maize. No isoforms of the 26.5-kDa polypeptide were detected. Rabbit antibodies were produced in response to pea seed ferritin. It was shown by Western blot analysis that ferritins of the three plants analyzed share immunological determinants. However, horse spleen ferritin was not recognized by the phytoferritin antibodies. Antibodies were also used to demonstrate that ferritins are not uniformly distributed in different pea organs from 30-day-old iron-unloaded plants. The protein was more abundant in flowers than in fruits and roots, and was not detected in leaves.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2004

An analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of the pea pathogenicity genes of Nectria haematococca MPVI supports the hypothesis of their origin by horizontal transfer and uncovers a potentially new pathogen of garden pea: Neocosmospora boniensis.

The filamentous fungus Nectria haematococca mating population VI (MPVI) contains a cluster of genes required to cause disease on pea. This cluster of pea pathogenicity genes (the PEP cluster) is located on a supernumerary chromosome that is dispensable for normal growth in culture. The genes in the PEP cluster have a different G+C content and codon usage compared with the genes located on the other chromosomes and a non-homogeneous distribution within the species. These features suggest that the PEP cluster may have been acquired by N. haematococca MPVI through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this work, we show that homologues of the PEP genes are present in another pea pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, but are not common among fungi that are phylogenetically closely related to N. haematococca MPVI. This phylogenetic discontinuity supports the hypothesis that the PEP cluster originated by HGT. Our analysis has also determined that homologues for all the PEP genes are present in Neocosmospora boniensis. A molecular characterization of the PEP homologues in this fungus shows that they are organized as a cluster, which has a different physical organization from the PEP cluster in N. haematococca. In addition, although no reports have been found to show that N. boniensis is a naturally occurring pea pathogen, we show here that this species is able to cause disease on pea.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1987

Effect of SO2 on the reproduction of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the impact of SO2 and aphids on the growth and yield of peas.

Pea aphids feeding from birth to maturity on pea plants (Pisum sativum) exposed to SO(2) concentrations of 50 nl litre(-1) or 80 nl litre(-1) showed a significant 19% increase in the rate of nymph production during the reproductive period, compared to control aphids feeding on plants in charcoal-filtered air. The higher nymph production resulted in a mean 4.6% increase in the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm). In longer term glasshouse fumigation experiments pea aphid populations were, on average, 1.8 times greater on pea plants in ambient air plus 45 nl litre(-1) SO(2) than in ambient air alone. Aphid infestation in ambient air caused a 42% reduction in pea yield and affected most plant parameters adversely. Ambient air plus SO(2) had no direct effect on yield, but, in combination with aphid infestation, a further 10% reduction in yield was recorded.

Journal Article↗