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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

A DRIFT spectroscopic study of potassium acetate intercalated mechanochemically activated kaolinite.

Kaolinite has been mechanochemically activated by dry grinding for periods of time up to 10 h. The kaolinite was then intercalated with potassium acetate and the changes in the structure followed by DRIFT spectroscopy. Intercalation of the kaolinite with potassium acetate is difficult and only the layers, which remain hydrogen bonded, are intercalated. The mechanochemical activation of the kaolinite may be followed by the loss of intensity of the hydroxyl-stretching vibrations. The intensity of the 3695 and 3619 cm(-1) bands reach a minimum after 10 h of grinding. The observation of a band at 3602 cm(-1) is indicative of the intercalation of the kaolinite with potassium acetate. The degree of intercalation decreases with mechanochemical treatment. The effect of exposure of the intercalated mechanochemically activated kaolinite to moist air results in de-intercalation. The effect of the mechanochemical treatment is loss of layer stacking, which prevents the intercalation of the kaolinite.

Hydrogen↗
PubMed2004

Prenatal developmental toxicity study with 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (HMRlignan) in rats.

Plant lignan 7-hydromatairesinol, a novel precursor of the mammalian lignan enterolactone was evaluated in a prenatal developmental toxicity study conducted in the Wistar rat. Mated female rats were fed diets containing 0, 0.25, 1, and 4% (w/w) of 7-hydroxymatairesinol in the form of potassium acetate complex (HMRlignan; potassium acetate level approximately 20% w/w within the preparation) for days 0-21 of gestation. Test substance intake was calculated to be 0.14-0.18, 0.46-0.74, and 1.19-2.93 g/kg body weight/day for the low, mid, and high-dose groups, respectively. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 of the gestation period and examined for standard parameters of reproductive performance (fecundity index, gestation index, number of corpora lutea, number of implantations, pre- and post-implantation loss, number of early- and late resorptions, number of live- and dead fetuses, sex-ration and the weight of the reproductive organs). The fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations. The results from this study showed no effects on reproductive performance or any treatment related findings following external, visceral, and skeletal examination of the fetuses. However, approximately half of the mated dams of the high-dose failed to thrive due to an unexpected large decrease in their food intake, and were sacrificed early. Body weights of the remaining animals of the high-dose group were decreased. Food consumption was decreased in all treatment groups during the first three days of the gestation period as a result of decreased palatability of the feed. In conclusion, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for maternal effects was 1%, whereas the NOEL for fetal development following daily oral HMRlignan administration throughout the gestation was equivalent to 4% in the diet.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Modification of the Kaolinite Hydroxyl Surfaces through Intercalation with Potassium Acetate under Pressure.

Kaolinite hydroxyl surfaces have been modified upon intercalation with potassium acetate under a range of conditions. Modification is observed by changes in the hydroxyl stretching region using Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Upon the intercalation of low defect kaolinite with potassium acetate under a pressure of 20 bars and 220 degreesC, the Raman spectra showed additional bands at 3590, 3603, and 3609 cm-1. The DRIFT spectra of this intercalate showed new bands at 3595 and 3605 cm-1. These bands are attributed to the inner surface hydroxyls hydrogen bonded to the acetate anion. Intercalation under 20 bars pressure at 220 degreesC caused the differentiation of the inner surface hydroxyl groups, resulting in these additional bands. By using milder conditions of 2 bars and at 120 degreesC, additional Raman bands were found at 3592, 3600, and 3606 cm-1. If the kaolinite was intercalated at 1 bar and 100 degreesC, a new broad Raman band was found at 3605 cm-1. It is proposed that the effect of intercalation of the low defect kaolinite under pressure caused the kaolinite to become disordered and this disordering was dependent upon the temperature of intercalation. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Investigations of the inhibitory effect of propranolol, chlorpromazine, quinine, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide on the swelling of yeast mitochondria in potassium acetate. Evidences for indirect effects mediated by the lipid phase.

The mode of action of propranolol, chlorpromazine, and quinine, three cationic drugs inhibiting swelling of yeast mitochondria in potassium acetate, was investigated by looking at their effect on fluorescent probes of the polar heads and of the nonpolar moiety of the membranes, under inhibitory conditions of swelling. As expected, propranolol and chlorpromazine exhibited specificity for anionic phospholipids since they increased the binding of the anionic probe 1-anilino 8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS). Although propranolol did not release 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) from the hydrophobic moiety of the membrane, it increased the excimer/monomer fluorescence ratio of 10-(1-pyrene)decanoate, suggesting that it induced a limitation in the movements of the aliphatic chains of phospholipids. Opposite to propranolol, chlorpromazine removed DPH from the membrane, suggesting that it bound essentially to the hydrophobic moiety. However, chloramphenicol, which was also able to remove DPH but did not increase the binding of ANS, did not inhibit swelling. Inhibition by chlorpromazine therefore appeared to be related to its binding to the hydrophobic moiety of anionic phospholipids. Quinine had no effect on membrane properties: at inhibitory concentrations of swelling in potassium acetate, it did not inhibit swelling in ammonium phosphate (mediated by the phosphate/H+ cotransporter), whereas propranolol and chlorpromazine did, suggesting a more specific effect of quinine on (a) protein(s) involved in the K+/H+ exchange. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), which irreversibly inhibits the swelling in potassium acetate, bound to ethanolamine heads; despite this effect, DCCD had no major consequences on the binding of the probes. Consequently, propranolol and chlorpromazine are of no help for characterizing protein(s) catalyzing the K+/H+ exchange, although their effect on lipids seems to involve limited zones of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Quinine and DCCD, although they also bind to lipids, may inhibit the activity by acting on a limited number of proteins.

Acetates↗
PubMed2001

Transport and degradation of propyleneglycol and potassium acetate in the unsaturated zone.

De-icing chemicals used during the winter season are potential pollutants for the groundwater underneath the new main airport of Norway. Several field experiments examining the transport and degradation of propyleneglycol (PG), potassium acetate (KAc) and non-reactive tracers were performed in a lysimeter trench under natural snowmelting conditions. Chemicals were applied underneath the snow cover and the transport in a heterogeneous coarse sandy soil was examined by extracting soil water from 30 or 40 suction cups placed at five depths between 0.4 and 2.4 m depth. Transport and degradation was analysed by spatial moment calculations. The de-icing chemicals showed the same basic displacement as chemically inactive tracers, an initial fast transport during the melting period followed by a period of stagnation throughout the summer season. PG seemed to be displaced to greater depths compared to non-reactive tracer after the first application. However, computer simulations of transport and degradation in a heterogeneous unsaturated soil showed that decreasing degradation constants with depth can generate a downward movement of the centre of mass without any flow occurring in the system. Potassium acetate showed some adsorption, with calculated retardation factors of approximately 1.3 and 1.2. The degradation rate constant for PG was calculated to be 0.015 day-1 in 1994 and increased to 0.047 day-1 in the second application made in 1995. The degradation rate constant for acetate was estimated to be 0.02 day-1. Increased manganese concentrations seem to be a good indicator of degradation of PG and Ac.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2004

A thirteen week dietary toxicity study with 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (HMRlignan) in rats.

Plant lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol (7-HMR) is a novel precursor of the mammalian lignan enterolactone. A 13 week toxicity study at dietary levels of 0, 0.25, 1, and 4% (w/w) of potassium acetate complex of 7-HMR (HMRlignan) was conducted in the Wistar rat. These dietary levels resulted in an average daily intake of 160, 640, and 2600 mg HMRlignan/kg body weight/day, respectively. A considerable systemic exposure of HMRlignan was verified by dose-related increases in plasma total (conjugated and unconjugated) concentration of 7-HMR and metabolites enterolactone, 7-hydroxyenterolactone, and matairesinol. Enterolactone appeared to be the major metabolite. Most (>96%) of the circulating 7-HMR and enterolactone was in conjugated form as measured from the low-dose rat plasma samples. HMRlignan exposure did not significantly affect clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy or neurobehavioural observations, and motor activity. Transient reductions in food intake and body weight gain in the mid-and high-dose group were ascribed to decreased palatability of the test feed. Only in males of the high-dose group the body weights remained slightly reduced throughout the study. In the high-dose group the number of thrombocytes (females), and total white blood cell count (males) were increased. Plasma triglycerides were dose-dependently depressed in males of all test groups and in females of the mid- and high-dose group, while plasma total cholesterol, and phospholipids were decreased in high-dose males. These changes, which have also been reported for other (flaxseed) lignans, were not considered to represent adverse effects. The relative weight of the kidneys was increased in males of the high-dose group. The weight of the full and empty caecum showed dose-related increases in males of all treatment groups and in females of the high-dose group. Absolute ovary weights were decreased in all treatment groups while decreases in relative ovary weights were confined to the mid- and high-dose group. In addition, a marginal lengthening of the estrus cycle was noted in high-dose females. Apart from prevention of hyaline droplet nephropathy in all high-dose male rats, there were no treatment-related histopathological alterations. It was concluded that HMRlignan showed weak antiestrogen-like activity which may be mediated through enterolactone metabolite. Based on declined ovary weight, the no observed adverse effect level of HMRlignan was set at 0.25% in feed corresponding to 160 mg/kg body weight/day.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed1989

[Isolation of high molecular weight eukaryotic DNA with the use of potassium acetate].

The simple technique for isolation of high-molecular eucaryotic DNA has been proposed. It includes cell or nuclei lysates by sodium dodecylsulfate in the presence of pronase, proteins precipitation by potassium acetate, DNA precipitation by ethanol. The DNA isolated by this technique is easily cleaved by restriction endonucleases and can be used for analysis of the unique genes by blot-hybridization. The yield of DNA is similar or somewhat higher than that in case of using the standard methods including phenol extraction or phenol-chloroform extraction.

Acetates↗
PubMed1998

The Role of Water in the Intercalation of Kaolinite with Potassium Acetate.

Water in intercalated kaolinites is observed first as bands inthe hydroxyl-stretching region at 3300 to 3550 cm-1 and bythe water H-O-H bending vibrations in the 1560 to 1680-cm-1 region. For potassium-acetate-intercalated kaolinite, hydroxyl-stretching bands attributed to water are observed at approximately 3540, approximately 3475, approximately 3430, and approximately 3380 cm-1. Water bending modes areobserved at 1560, 1586, 1610, and 1679 cm-1. These bands are attributed to (a) water molecules adsorbed on the kaolinite surface, (b) zeolitic water, (c) molecular first layer water, and (d) orderedwater on the hydroxyl surface, respectively. The intensities ofthe bands are a function of the method of preparation of the intercalated kaolinite. As the kaolinite was washed for varying time intervals, the 1560 cm-1 band decreased in intensity more rapidly than the 1610 cm-1 band. Even after washing for 24 h significant concentrations of water remained on the kaolinite and only heating removed the water. The 1560, 1586, and 1610 cm-1 bands are attributed (a) to free or non-hydrogen-bonded water held in the interlayer spaces of the kaolinite, (b) to water in the hydration sphere of the potassium ion, and (c) to surface-adsorbed water on the kaolinite layers. In kaolinites intercalated under pressure, an additional band was observed at 1679 cm-1. It is proposed that this band is due to water coordinated to the kaolinite surface. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Modification of Kaolinite Surfaces through Intercalation with Potassium Acetate, II.

The modification of kaolinite hydroxyl surfaces of both ordered and disordered kaolinites has been studied under a range of conditions and intercalating agents. This has been achieved by the study of the kaolinite hydroxyl deformation vibrations by the application of diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Kaolinites showed resolved bands at 940 and 915 cm-1 with an additional band at 923 cm-1. The bands at 940 and 923 cm-1 are assigned to the hydroxyl deformation modes of the inner surface hydroxyl groups, and the 915 cm-1 band is assigned to that of the inner hydroxyl group. When the kaolinite is intercalated with potassium acetate additional bands were found at 909 and 897 cm-1 for the ordered kaolinites. An additional band at 877 cm-1 is observed for the disordered kaolinite and is attributed to the hydroxyl deformation mode of non-hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups. The bands at 909 and 897 cm-1 range are attributed to inner surface hydroxyl groups hydrogen bonded to water or acetate groups. The intensity of these bands reflects the degree of disorder introduced into the kaolinite through intercalation. The intensities of the kaolinite hydroxyl deformation modes are a function of the starting kaolinite order and the method of preparation. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗