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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses. Part IV: Schizophreniform psychoses and brief reactive psychoses: lack of nosological relation to schizophrenia.

Among 30 women suffering from a postpartum psychosis without affective syndrome, and for whom this episode of illness was the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, 19 fulfilled in the long-term course the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophreniform psychosis (SCHF) or brief reactive psychosis (BRP), and 11 fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia (SCH). The two groups were compared in order to investigate their nosological relation. Patients with SCHF or BRP more often had the symptomatology of cycloid psychoses and signs of confusion, the onset of illness was more frequently abrupt and the age at the index delivery tended to be lower (p < 0.07) than in patients with SCH. No case of SCHF or BRP was observed at the index episode that later developed into SCH. These findings, together with the different liability to puerperal decompensations, suggest that SCHF and BRP beginning in the postpartum period are nosologically distinct from SCH.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Heredity and childhood psychoses : histocompatibility antigens (HLA A and B) and early onset childhood psychoses (author's transl)].

We first consider current arguments in favor of a genetic etiology of childhood psychoses. These psychoses have to be separated in early psychoses (before age 5) and late onset ones (between 5 years and adolescence). These late onset psychoses appear to be genetically determined and related to schizophrenia, while early psychoses may be in part genetically related and subject to environmental factors. We also report a study on HLA in early onset psychoses in the North of France, which could not show any association between HLA system and the psychoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Psychoses and epilepsy: are interictal and postictal psychoses distinct clinical entities?

PURPOSE: To evaluate further the relevance of designating psychotic episodes as either postictal or interictal, we compared several biologic variables between epilepsy patients with and without psychosis. METHODS: The study subjects comprised 282 patients with psychosis (36 with postictal psychosis, 224 with interictal psychosis, and 22 with both postictal and interictal psychoses, i.e., bimodal psychosis), and 658 epilepsy patients without psychosis. The clinical characteristics of these patients were reviewed retrospectively by experienced neuropsychiatrists. Factors predicting the development of each type of psychosis were determined by serial multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Factors that were comparable between postictal and interictal psychoses were intellectual function, family history of psychosis, epilepsy type, and the presence of complex partial seizures. In contrast, age at the onset of epilepsy and at the onset of psychosis and the presence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures differed for the three types of psychosis. Patients with bimodal psychosis showed characteristics associated with both postictal and interictal psychoses. CONCLUSIONS: This study documented conditions, including both general factors and epilepsy-related factors, common to epilepsy patients with psychosis, regardless of chronologic distinctions. Certain epileptic processes appear to have equal influence on postictal and interictal psychoses. However, some differences between postictal and interictal psychoses suggest that these chronologic descriptors are valid. Our findings confirmed that psychosis associated with epilepsy should not be defined as a single, simple condition but rather as a complex condition with several possible subcategories.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Carbamazepine for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses.

BACKGROUND: A sizeable minority of people with schizophrenia do not have complete remission of symptoms. A variety of adjunctive treatments have been used to treat schizophrenia, carbamazepine being one. OBJECTIVES: To review the effects of carbamazepine and its derivatives for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses. SEARCH STRATEGY: Biological Abstracts (1980-1998), The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 1998), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of Trials (August 1998), EMBASE (1980-1998), MEDLINE (1966-1998), PsycLIT (1886-1998) and PSYNDEX (1974-1998) were searched. Citations from included trials were also inspected and relevant companies and authors contacted for additional data. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials comparing carbamazepine, or compounds of the carbamazepine family, to placebo or no intervention, whether as sole treatment or as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia and/or schizoaffective psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Citations and, where possible, abstracts were independently inspected by reviewers, papers ordered, re-inspected and quality assessed. Data were extracted independently by at least two reviewers. Dichotomous data were analysed using Peto odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) estimated. Where possible the number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to harm statistics were calculated. MAIN RESULTS: There is no clear effect of carbamazepine as the sole maintenance treatment for those with schizophrenia. Eight trials provided very limited data on the value of carbamazepine as an adjunct to antipsychotics. Studies were small and poorly reported. Currently no published data provides convincing evidence that adjunctive carbamazepine has an effect on global functioning, mental state, side effects or acceptability of treatment. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Based on currently available randomised trial-derived evidence, carbamazepine cannot be recommend for routine clinical use for treatment or augmentation of antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. However, for those with a past history of being responsive to carbamazepine, or for those with associated EEG abnormalities, a trial of the drug may be warranted. More data is expected from trialists and the results of this review may be changed by their inclusion. At present large, simple well designed and reported trials are justified especially if focusing on those with both schizophrenia and EEG abnormalities or violent episodes and people with schizoaffective disorders.

Antimanic Agents↗
PubMed1990

Cycloid psychoses and schizoaffective psychoses--a comparison of different diagnostic classification systems and criteria.

In current psychopathological research there are at least two major groups of concepts in the field of psychoses with good prognosis: the more traditional concepts of 'bouffée délirante', cycloid psychoses and Kasanin's 'schizoaffectives'--on the other hand the modern idea of 'concurrent schizoaffective psychoses' like the operational criteria of Kendell, Welner, RDC, DSM-IIIR and ICD-10. Reviewing previous studies, 'bouffée délirante' and cycloid psychosis were found to form a homogeneous group which is very well delineated from affective and schizophrenic psychosis--to some extent also from the modern criteria of 'concurrent schizoaffective psychoses'.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1994

Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses. Part III: Characteristics of psychoses occurring exclusively in relation to childbirth.

As part of a follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses, this episode of illness being the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, patients with puerperal episodes (PE) and nonpuerperal episodes (NPE) of illness in the long-term course (n = 79) were compared to patients with PE only (n = 40). Few differences were found. Relatives of patients with PE only had a lower morbidity risk for functional psychoses than relatives of patients with PE and NPE. A favourable course of illness in the presence of a low genetic predisposition may be expected, according to the diathesis-stress model of functional psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Sex-dependent differences in endogenous psychoses. A comparison between schizophrenic, schizoaffective and affective psychoses].

Sex differences in 355 patients with functional psychoses were investigated longitudinally (mean observation time more than 25 years). Using narrow criteria, 148 patients were diagnosed as having a schizophrenic disorder, 101 as having a schizoaffective and 106 as having an affective disorder. Similarities and differences between male and female patients in these three diagnostic groups were investigated and compared on four levels (premorbid and sociodemographic features, elements of course, symptomatology and the different aspects of outcome) using international standardised instruments of evaluation. A different sex distribution in the three groups was found. Female schizophrenic patients showed a better premorbid social adjustment and a better long-term psychopathological and social outcome than male patients. Differences between male and female schizoaffective patients were found only regarding premorbid personality and polarity, but not regarding symptomatology and outcome. In affective psychoses female patients showed a better social outcome than male patients, but no relevant differences regarding premorbid adjustment were found. Gender differences were found as an important variable for research in functional psychoses, but interactions with other variables have to be considered.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1975

[Pattern of familial psychoses--systematic and unsystematic schizophrenia and cycloid psychoses].

604 cases were examined, 309 of which were systematic schizophrenics, 191 were unsystematic schizophrenics and 104 cycloid psychotics. With the systematic schizophrenics the average period spent in hospital amounted to 16.9 years, with the unsystematic schizophrenics 13.8 years, with the cycloid psychotics 8.2 years. The systematic schizophrenics were discharged from hospital on average 1.5 times, the unsystematic 2.3 times, the cycloid psychotics 4.1 times. Of the systematic schizophrenics, 37.5% were never discharged after their first admittance to hospital, of the unsystematic 25.7%, of the cycloid psychotics 9.6%. Bipolar fluctuations were detected in 1.6% of the systematic schizophrenics, 49.7% of the unsystematic and 78.8% of the cycloid psychotics. 15.9% of the systematic schizophrenics had occurrences of psychoses in their family compared to 50.8% of the unsystematic and 22.1% of the cycloid psychotics. The systematic schizophrenics had 17.5% of their family ill, the unsystematic 69.6%, the cycloid psychotics 25.0%. Of the parents of the systematic schizophrenics 2.3% were ill, of the parents of the unsystematic schizophrenics 11.6%, of the parents of the cycloid psychotics 5.0%. Of the brothers and sisters of the systematic schizophrenics 2.4% were ill, of the unsystematic schizophrenics 10.9%, of the cycloid psychotics 3.0%. These variations in the pattern and occurrence of psychoses in the family seem to prove that the three groups of endogenous psychoses are genetically separable. There are also differentiating features inside the groups. Periodic catatonia in particular is characterized by the great number of psychotics in the family.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses.

BACKGROUND: Pimozide was first formulated in the late 1960s and marketed for the care of those with schizophrenia or related psychoses such as delusional disorder. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of pimozide for people with schizophrenia, non-affective psychotic mental illness and delusional disorder in terms of clinical, social and economic outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches of Biological Abstracts (1982-1995), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register, EMBASE (1980-1995), Janssen-Cilag UK's register of studies (1999), MEDLINE (1966-1995), PsycLIT (1974-1995), hand-searching the references of all included studies and contacting the manufacturers of the compound. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised trials relating to people with schizophrenia, or similar disorders comparing pimozide to other drug treatments were sought. Studies where randomisation was implied rather than stated were included if they did not change the results. Primary outcomes were clinically significant change in global function, mental state, relapse, hospital admission, death, adverse events and acceptability of treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were selected, rated and data extracted. For dichotomous data Relative Risks (RR) based on a random effects model with the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The number needed to treat statistic (NNT) was calculated where indicated. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. MAIN RESULTS: This review currently includes 34 studies focusing on those with schizophrenia, none on people with delusional disorder. Few people have been randomised to pimozide versus placebo, but data from three longer term studies does suggest that the active drug prevents relapse (RR 0.59 CI 0.4-0.8, NNT 4 CI 2-13). Pimozide has similar efficacy to that of typical antipsychotic drugs for the outcomes of change in global functioning, mental state, relapse and leaving the study early. People allocated to pimozide did not have a higher mortality than those taking other antipsychotics. Pimozide was more likely to cause parkinsonian tremor (RR 1.6 CI 1.1-2.3, NNH 6 CI 3-44) and lead to a requirement for antiparkinsonian medication more frequently (RR 1.8, CI 1.2-2.6, NNH 3 CI 2-5) than other drugs. It was, however, less likely to cause sedation (RR 0.38 CI 0.2-0.7, NNH 6 CI 4-16). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Although there are shortcomings in the data there is enough overall consistency, over different outcomes and time scales, to confirm that pimozide is a drug with similar efficacy to other more commonly used antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine for those with schizophrenia. There are no data to support or refute its use for those with delusional disorder.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2000

Inter-ictal and post-ictal psychoses in frontal lobe epilepsy: a retrospective comparison with psychoses in temporal lobe epilepsy.

There have been few studies of the psychopathology of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The majority of studies of both inter-ictal and post-ictal psychoses have strongly suggested the influence of temporal lobe disturbance on psychoses. Patients with organic brain damage or schizophrenia, however, sometimes show frontal lobe dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to better understand the effect, if any, of frontal lobe disturbance and seizure on psychopathology. Patients were divided into four groups based on epilepsy type and preceding seizures; 8 with FLE/inter-ictal psychosis, 3 with FLE/post-ictal psychosis, 29 with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)/inter-ictal psychosis, and 8 with TLE/post-ictal psychosis. Psychopathologic symptoms were retrospectively reviewed based on case notes, using a modified brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). Psychomotor excitement, hostility, suspiciousness, and hallucinatory behaviour were prominent features in all four groups. Six orthogonal factors were derived by factor analysis from the original data based on the 18 BPRS items. FLE patients with inter-ictal psychosis showed marked hebephrenic characteristics (i.e. emotional withdrawal and blunted effect). Our findings suggest that patients with FLE can exhibit various psychiatric symptoms. However, their psychotic symptoms, hebephrenic symptoms in particular, may often be overlooked.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cis(Z)-clopenthixol and clopenthixol in the treatment of acute psychoses and exacerbations of chronic psychoses. A double-blind clinical investigation.

The clinical effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol has been compared with that of clopenthixol, which is a mixture of the pharmacologically active cis(Z)-isomer and the inactive trans(E)-isomer. In the 4-week double-blind trial were included 20 patients with acute psychoses and exacerbations of chronic psychoses, mainly schizophrenics. Ratings evaluating severity of illness, therapeutic effect, possible interference of side effects with the patient's functioning were done at weeks 0, 2, and 4, at which occasions also the BPRS was filled in. All patients improved, most of them so much that their final BPRS-score was less than half their initial score. In conclusion, the antipsychotic effect of cis(Z)-clopenthixol was found equal to that of clopenthixol whereas the cis(Z)-isomer on a mg/mg basis was twice as active as clopenthixol. Side effects were few, similar, and equally frequent in the two groups, extrapyramidal side effects and drowsiness being the most common.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cycloid psychoses as atypical psychoses: 'concordance' and 'discordance'.

The term 'atypical psychosis' coined by Mitsuda in 1942 describes a group of psychosis that show similarities to schizophrenia as well as manic-depressive diseases. It is controversial whether it refers to a uniform group of diseases exposing typical characteristics. According to Leonhard a typical uniform group of cycloid psychoses can be contrasted with a group of atypical schizophrenias. The position of the so-called atypical psychoses in the sense of a nosological position within the classification systems of different psychiatric schools will be analyzed and discussed.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1994

Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses. Part II: Early versus late onset postpartum psychoses.

Patients suffering from a severe psychiatric postpartum disorder (n = 119) were classified according to early onset (EO) of symptoms, i.e. onset within 2 weeks postpartum, versus late onset (LO) in the 3-month period following delivery. The patients were admitted for the first time in their life to a psychiatric hospital. The EO cases more often had a manic syndrome, the symptomatology of cycloid psychoses, signs of confusion and an abrupt onset of illness. They were also younger at the index delivery and at the first episode of illness. No important difference in the distribution of diagnoses considering the long-term course was found in the two groups. The global psychopathological outcome was also similar. There is no definite evidence that different diseases are provoked in the early and later postpartum period.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concordance of acute and transient psychoses and cycloid psychoses.

OBJECTIVE: We prospectively investigated a sample of 42 patients with acute and transient psychotic disorder (ATPD) as defined by the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10; F23) to determine the clinical and demographic features of this entity and its relationship to cycloid psychoses. METHODS: During a 5-year period, all in-patients with ATPD were identified. We systematically evaluated demographic and clinical features and carried out follow-up investigations on average 2 years after the index episode, using standardised instruments. RESULTS: We found 42 cases of ATPD (4.1%) among 1,036 patients treated for psychotic disorders or a major affective episode. There was a marked female preponderance in ATPD (79%). Fifty-five percent of cases concurrently met the criteria of cycloid psychosis according to Perris and Brockington [in Perris C, Struwe G, Jansson B (eds): Biological Psychiatry. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1981, pp 447-450]. There was no difference in gender distribution between cycloid and non-cycloid ATPD. As expected, abrupt onset and polymorphic features were significantly more common in cycloid than in non- cycloid ATPD. At follow-up, patients with cycloid ATPD showed less persistent alterations and better social functioning. CONCLUSION: ATPD as defined by ICD-10 is a heterogeneous category. A diagnosis of cycloid psychosis is made in half of the cases of ATPD, and in these cases, the prognosis is more favourable.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Mechanisms of development of recurrences in endogenous psychoses. Duration of remission in affective psychoses].

A study was made of 755 remissions in 171 patients suffering from affective psychoses. It has been established that distributions of the duration of complete remissions designed according to small (week and two-week) intervals are of periodic nature. This attests to rhythmical fluctuations of the risk of a relapse. Mathematic methods of analysis of the time series enable one to establish the polyrhythmic structure of the fluctuations, in which the leading rhythms are those with the intervals lengths of the order of 2, 5, 9, 12-13 and 22 weeks. These data well agree on the whole with the findings obtained earlier for schizophrenia remissions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Occurrence of motility psychoses (cycloid psychoses) in childhood].

4 patients (2 female; 2 male) are described having already had motility psychoses at children's age. Hyperkinetic and akinetic periods of different duration are typical for clinical picture. Long-term catamnesis made from to 19 years show the favourable prognosis of that type of psychosis which is being appointed to cycloid psychosis. Analysing these disease processes problems of differential diagnosis and classification of motility psychosis, that is seldom to be found at children's age, are pointed out. The first description made by Wernicke as well as Kleist's and Leonhard's research with differential diagnostical demarcations are mentioned.

Adolescent↗