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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Development and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles.

Following the observation of 51 embryos and human fetuses of between 9 and 190 mm vertex/coccys length, cut transversally, frontally, or sagittally, depending on the case, and coloured with HE, Azan, or by the Bielschowsky method, we studied the development, and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles. We reached a series of conclusions which we put forward in this paper. The m. tensor veli palatini is the one which develops earliest. It derives from the sam blastematic mass as the muscles of mastication, and it is innervated by a branch of the n. mandibularis. The m. levator veli palatini and m. pharyngopalatinus coincide chronologically with the appearance of the m. cephalopharyngeus. They derive from the pharyngeal musculature, and are innervated by fibres proceeding from the n. glossopharyngeus, in the case of the first one, and, in the case of the second, by direct branches from the n. glossopharyngeus and n. vagus, which penetrate the muscle directly, without prior contact with any nerve plexus. The m. uvulae is first formed, at the time the palatine processes close. In the first place, two outlines may be seen; but after 50 mm approximately it is formed by one muscle only, on the medial line; it is innervated by branches which proceed from the posterior n. palatinus. The m. glossopalatinus is the last to appear. It is closely linked to the musculature of the tongue and, therefore, we think that it derives from the hypobranchial musculature, and that is innervated in the body of the tongue itself, by means of the n. hypoglossus.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Respiratory activities in relation to palatal muscle contraction.

This study investigated the activities of the tensor and levator veli palatini muscles related to respiration. During quiet breathing, no activity was observed in either muscle. With either hypercapnic or hypoxemic condition, the tensor veli palatini muscle exhibited phasic activity during inspiration. The levator veli palatini muscle showed phasic activity during expiration with hypoxemia (PaO2 less than 40 mm Hg). NaCN perfused bilaterally through the carotid sinus induced these respiratory activities. The tensor veli palatini muscle was more sensitive than the levator veli palatini muscle to NaCN.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of synthetic hormone implants, singularly or in combinations, on performance, carcass traits, and longissimus muscle palatability of Holstein steers.

Seventy-two Holstein steers averaging 182 kg were assigned randomly to one of six treatment groups: 1) nonimplanted controls (C); 2) implanted with 36 mg of zeranol (Z); 3) implanted with 20 mg of estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of progesterone (EP); 4) implanted with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA); 5) implanted with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate plus 20 mg of estradiol benzoate and 200 mg of progesterone (TBA + EP); and 6) implanted with 140 mg of trenbolone acetate plus 36 mg of zeranol (TBA + Z). Each treatment group consisted of three replications of four animals per pen, which were implanted on d 0, 56, 112, and 168. Masculinity and muscling scores were assigned at 24 h preslaughter. Hide removal difficulty was scored by a plant supervisor. Quality and yield grade data were obtained at 24 h postmortem. Longissimus muscle (LM) steaks were removed and cooked for Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) determinations and sensory panel (SP) evaluations. Over the entire feeding period (249 d), TBA + EP steers had higher (P less than .05) ADG than TBA + Z, TBA, and C steers. All treatments had higher (P less than .05) ADG than C, with the exception of TBA. The only feed efficiency differences were those following the 168-d implant time, when TBA steers were more (P less than .05) efficient than TBA + Z or C steers. The TBA + EP and TBA + Z steers were more (P less than .05) masculine and their hides were more (P less than .05) difficult to remove than those of EP and C steers. Carcass weights of TBA + EP steers were heavier (P less than .05) than those of TBA or C steers. The TBA + EP steers had larger (P less than .05) LM areas than Z, TBA, and C steers. Also, TBA + EP steers tended (P = .07) to have lower numerical yield grades than EP, Z, or C steers. Even though mean marbling scores and quality grades were similar (P greater than .05) among treatment groups, only 50% of TBA + EP carcasses graded low Choice or higher, compared with 100, 75, 82, 90, and 83% for C, TBA, Z, EP, and TBA + Z carcasses, respectively. The only meat palatability differences were that myofibrillar and overall tenderness scores tended to be lower (P = .07) for steaks from EP and TBA + Z than for steaks from Z and C groups.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The efficacy of muscle electrostimulation in the combined treatment of children with congenital cleft palate].

The technique of electrostimulation of the soft palate muscles of children with cleft palate is described. Low-frequency electrostimulation courses were carried out before and after surgery in accordance with the degree of decompensation of the palatopharyngeal junction. This method was effectively used in 30 children with cleft palate. The treatment efficacy was assessed by the morphometric and electromyographic methods, that have confirmed that electrostimulation improved the morphology of soft palatal muscles.

Child↗
PubMed1975

The occult submucous cleft palate.

We have studied 41 patients with classic submucous cleft and 32 cases with occult submucous cleft. Both groups have the same anatomic abnormality that leads to velar dysfunction-the insertion of the palate muscles onto the hard palate rather than onto the midline soft palate raphe. However, the occult submucous cleft palate does not have the classic triad of bifid uvula, hard palate bony notch, and furrow in the midline of the soft palate. Characteristic facial features, cephalmetric x-rays, and cine voice studies can help make a presumptive diagnosis of occult submucous cleft palate. Surgical management includes a diagnostic palate exploration to identify muscle configuration followed by levator muscle sling reconstruction, palate pushback, and pharyngeal flap. Excellent speech results are obtained except with patients having palate paresis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1992

Effects of implanting ram and wether lambs with zeranol at birth and weaning on palatability and muscle collagen characteristics.

Thirty-five zeranol-implanted (I) and nonimplanted (NI) ram and wether lambs representing four treatments (implanted rams [IR], nonimplanted rams [NIR], implanted wethers [IW], and nonimplanted wethers [NIW]) were evaluated for meat palatability and muscle collagen characteristics. Rib (longissimus muscle, LM) chops from I lambs were juicier (P less than .05) than rib chops from NI lambs. Chops from IR lambs had more (P less than .05) detectable connective tissue and lower myofibrillar and overall tenderness scores than chops from NIR, IW, or NIW lambs. Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) values tended to be higher (P = .06) for LM chops from rams than for those from wethers, but WBS values for Biceps femoris (BF) chops were similar (P greater than .05) for rams and wethers. Implanting did not affect (P greater than .05) WBS values. Rams had more (P less than .05) LM heat-labile (soluble, SC), nonheat-labile (insoluble, IC), and total collagen (TC) and a higher (P less than .05) percentage of SC (SC/TC) than did wethers. Soluble collagen, TC, and percentage of SC for the BF were higher (P less than .05) and IC tended (P = .09) to be higher in chops from rams than in those from wethers. Implanting did not affect (P greater than .05) collagen amount or solubility. Serum nonprotein hydroxyproline (NPHP) was higher (P less than .05) in rams than in wethers throughout the feeding period and tended (P = .05) to be higher at slaughter. Implanting did not affect (P greater than .05) serum NPHP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Styloid, velar, and pharyngeal muscles in cleft palate. Anatomical findings in elderly cadaver with unrepaired cleft palate.

Dessection of the musculature of the palate, pharynx, and styloid process was carried out in a cadaver aged 78 years with an unrepaired complete cleft palate. A new muscle named "the accessory stylohyoid" was found to be attached to the styloid process and the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone bilaterally. Anatomical changes in other muscles especially the stylopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus are described. The functions of these muscles are discussed on the basis of the anatomical findings and previous observations of other investigators.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[A case of progressive supranuclear palsy presenting mouth opening difficulty with tonic contraction of the orbicularis oris muscle].

A 72-year-old man developed supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, bradykinesia, rigidity, unsteady gait, dementia, dysphagia, retrocollis, grasp reflex and apraxia of eyelid opening. These findings were compatible with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). At the age of 66, he presented a peculiar phenomenon characterized by simultaneous tonic contraction of the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) and the palatal muscles elicited by pronouncing "pa", which resulted in difficulty of voluntary opening of the mouth and the rhinopharynx. Therefore, the respiration air reciprocated between the lung and the closed mouth. The expiratory pressure puffed out the cheeks, while the lips remained tightly closed. While the respiratory movements and the pressure increased by degree, the OOM contracted more strongly in proportion to the pressure. Sixty to ninety seconds after the elicitation, the pressure overcame the contraction of the OOM and the course of the phenomenon was completed. The electromyograms showed that the OOM activity was prolonged after initial voluntary contraction, remaining thus after a tracheostomy for pneumonia at the age of 72, and that it increased in response to the pressure. Apraxia of eyelid opening, one of the other symptoms, resembled this phenomenon in terms of the aspect of difficulty of voluntary mouth opening. The "holding" phase of grasp reflex, yet another symptom, resembled it in the recruitment of the OOM activity. The phenomenon is not common in patients with PSP. However, we concluded that it may be included among the symptoms of PSP because it has similar characteristics to apraxia of eyelid opening and grasp reflex, which are not uncommon in patients with PSP.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[Experience with Furlow's palatoplasty and its preliminary result].

The palatal muscle reconstruction has become an essential part of cleft palate repair. Sixty-one cases of various cleft palate and velopharyngeal incompetence after palatoplasty repair using the Furlow's double Z-plasty technique have been reported. A description of our surgical procedure along with the follow-up of 40 cases 1/2 to 1 year after operation demonstrate the advantages of the Furlow's palatoplasty. Our preliminary follow-up results show that the palatal competence rates are 90.5% in 21 cases of nasopharyngoscopic examination and 83.7% in 37 cases of still lateral X-ray radiograph. For maintaining adequate muscle reposition and soft palate pushback, the unilateral or bilateral mucoperiosteal flaps from hard palate are recommended in wider cleft palate. The design and some key points in the Furlow's palatoplasty are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Embryogeny of facial, mastication, tongue, palate and neck muscles (author's transl)].

The mesenchymal origin muscular tissues entailing some difficulties in the knowledge of certain muscles embryogeny, two methods are therefore applied: the comparison of the ontogenesis data with those of comparative anatomy and the use as a guide of the functional motor unit with which the muscle combines. In resorting to these methods necessary precautions are precisely defined. The origins of the concerned muscles are, at first, situated among those of the whole musculature subjected to will, which are of two types "somitic" and "branchial". The realities lying under these two misleading terms are analysed. Then the usual data on each of the muscular groups embryogeny reviewed and compared, if necessary, with recent works. For the facial muscles a confusion results from the use of the term platysma both in comparative anatomy and in embryology, in pursuance of transposition, exact on that particular point, of the philogenic development of these muscles in ontogenesis. The development of these muscles comes in the scope of the extensive general character of the superficial hyoïd arch derivatives, and their topographic and functional particularities should be brought together with the disposition of the facial nerve nucleus and its arising fibres. Among the muscles in action in the mastication, a link appears between their precise role in this function and their embryogeny. For the neck muscles, the spinal nerve systematisation and the variations of the sterno-mastoïd muscle in mammals agree in assigning to this muscle an entire somitic origin lying exactly at the junction with the so-called branchial muscles. The somitic origin of the tongue muscles and the sharing between the somitic and branchial origins of those of the soft palate bring to light the place in the organism of these two anatomic structures. Then, the conjunction of muscles proceeding thus from two origins in these anatomic structures carries a particular signification in man by reason of the language.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1979

Surgical management of drooling.

The presence of drooling is an indication of an upset in the coordinated mechanism of facial, tongue, and palate muscles. This upset is particularly common in children with cerebral palsy. After extensive investigation and the establishment of the relative significance of the drooling and the degree of cerebral palsy, positive treatment with physiotherapy is then commenced. Those patients whose conditions fail to improve adequately with positive physiotherapy can be helped by staging surgery. Surgery treatment is carried out as a planned procedure. The submandibular ducts are transposed. Submucosal dissection and redirection of salivary flow from the submandibular glands excludes the necessity for extirpation of the salivary glands.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1978

Prosthetic reconstruction following resection of the hard and soft palate.

The restoration of the soft palate presents a challenge completely different from that of the hard palate. The mobility of the soft palate tends to interfere with velar extensions. The reduction in size of the soft palate extension to prevent impingement upon the mobile margins of the defect will lead to insufficient oronasal separation during functional activities. The solution is to construct a specially designed prosthesis to attain the maximum utilization of the remaining structures and their motility. Although each pharyngeal extension is different in shape, they give the patient an effective functional mechanism that enhances speech and swallowing.

Humans↗