PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Paper”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

[A 3H-thymidine paper strip method for stimulation of lymphocytes. I. Culture conditions for human or murine lymphocytes and reproducibility of the paper strip method].

A simple method for stimulation of human or murine lymphocytes is described. As a possible more rapid test than the standard estimation of [3H]-thymidine uptake after solubilisation of cell sediments, paper strip counting in a liquid scintillation counter was studied in 80 individuals and 20 mice. Counting efficiency approaches 1%, the reproducibility is good within the acceptable 16% range.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A comparison of the performance of three multiple choice question papers in obstetrics and gynaecology over a period of three years administered at five London medical schools.

Four, and later five, of the medical schools in the one multiple choice question (MCQ) paper in Obstertrics and Gynaecology to their students at the end of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology courses. The paper was amended twice after intervals of approximately 12 months. The results showed differences in performance between the five schools on questions and alternatives within questions, which were common to all editions of the paper (the "short" paper). These differences were also shown in the first two editions of the full paper (the "long" paper), but were not apparent in the third. There was a significant improvement in performance from the first to the second paper edition of the long by approximately 11%, but this was reversed from the second to the third edition, where there was a significant decrease in performance by approximately 4%. We cannot here exclude the possibility that this decrease in the third edition has resulted from sample bias. The rank order of the schools may result from differences in methods of teaching. It seems that such relative performance between London medical schools in contributed to by the differences in course legnth and by the occurence of mid-course test. It appears also that student performance in any of the schools has not been uniform over the period of the study, there being a peak during the period when the second edition of the paper was used. Variations in student selection occuring between schools may effect some of these differences. There was also a marked difference in students' performance between Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The short papers appeared easier than the full papers. Whilst this may due to the greater clarity of phrasing for the questions of the short paper, we also believe the subject matter of the short paper may be more relevant. A distinct effect could also be shown, over the period, due to improvements in the wording of the questions. It is possible that students perform better at Obstetrics than at Gynaecology.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2026

Reimagining research papers as interactive and reliable AI agents.

Here we introduce Paper2Agent, an automated framework that converts research papers into artificial intelligence (AI) agents. Paper2Agent transforms research output from passive artefacts into active systems that accelerate use and discovery. Conventional research papers require readers to understand and adapt the paper's code, data and methods to their work, creating barriers to dissemination and reuse. Paper2Agent addresses this challenge by converting a paper into an AI agent that functions as a virtual corresponding author, exposing its manuscript, supplementary materials, datasets, code and workflows as active, agent-native knowledge rather than static text. It analyses the paper and codebase using multiple agents to construct a model context protocol (MCP) server, then generates and runs tests to refine and increase robustness of the MCP. These paper MCPs can be connected to a chat agent (such as Claude Code) to carry out complex scientific queries through natural language while invoking tools and workflows from the paper. We demonstrate Paper2Agent's effectiveness through case studies. Paper2Agent created an agent that leveraged AlphaGenome1 to interpret genomic variants and agents based on Scanpy2 and TISSUE (transcript imputation with spatial single-cell uncertainty estimation)3 to conduct single-cell and spatial transcriptomics analyses. We validate that these agents reproduce the results of the original papers and carry out novel user queries. Paper2Agent created multiple agents that collaborate to prioritize a causal gene for psoriasis. By turning static papers into interactive AI agents, Paper2Agent introduces a paradigm for knowledge dissemination and a collaborative ecosystem of AI co-scientists.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of tablets and paper discs for antibiotic sensitivity testing.

The value of tablets and paper discs as reservoirs of antimicrobial agents for use in sensitivity testing was compared. Antibiotics that were unstable in paper discs showed no demonstrable loss of activity in tablets over a period of 50 days under adverse storage conditions. The antibiotic content of commercially prepared tablets is very high in comparison with the accepted content of paper discs used in Britain, but not all of the agent is released from tablets during tests. Comparison of the size of zones of inhibition around tablets and standard paper discs indicated that the amount of the various agents released from the tablets varied between 2-6% and 69% of the stated content. In tests of the sensitivity of a range of common pathogenic organisms, the results obtained with the tablet method--when interpreted as recommended by the manufacturer--were generally similar to those obtained with a paper disc method commonly used in British laboratories. In 47% of tests with aminoglycoside antibiotics, however, strains sensitive by the disc method were 'intermediate' or resistant by the tablet method. As with paper discs, it was necessary to press the tablets on to the medium. With adjustment of the 'effective antibiotic content of tablets to bring it into line with the accepted content in paper discs, the stability of antibiotics in the tablets might make them an acceptable alternative to paper discs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

A quantitative sampling method for Oncomelania quadrasi by filter paper.

Filter paper was found to attract Oncomelania quadrasi in waters the same way as fallen dried banana leaves, although less number of other species of snails was collected on the former than on the latter. Snails were collected in limited areas using a tube (85 cm2 area at cross-section) and a filter paper (20 X 20 CM) samplers. The sheet of filter paper was placed close to the spot where a tube sample was taken, and recovered after 24 hours. At each sampling, 30 samples were taken by each method in an area and sampling was made four times. The correlation of the number of snails collected by the tube and that by filter paper was studied. The ratio of the snail counts by the tube sampler to those by the filter paper was 1.18. A loose correlation was observed between snail counts of both methods as shown by the correlation coefficient r = 0.6502. The formulas for the regression line were Y = 0.77 X + 1.6 and X = 0.55 Y + 1.35 for 3 experiments where Y is the number of snails collected by tube sampling and X is the number of snails collected in the sheet of filter paper. The type of snail distribution was studied in the 30 samples taken by each method and this was observed to be nearly the same in both sampling methods. All sampling data were found to fit the negative binomial distribution with the values of the constant k varying very much from 0.5775 to 5.9186 in (q -- p)-k. In each experiment, the constant k was always larger in tube sampling than in filter paper sampling. This indicates that the uneven distribution of snails on the soil surface becomes more conspicuous by the filter paper sampling.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Anaplasmosis in Uganda. I. Use of dried blood on filter papers and serum samples for serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis--a comparative study.

The suitability of blood collected on filter papers in comparison with corresponding conventional serum samples in the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis was studied using the complement fixation test, DOT-ELISA, Western immunoblot and rapid card agglutination test. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluted in PBS 0.05% Tween 20 giving an initial dilution of 1:10. The reactivity of the eluted samples in both DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting were similar to those obtained with the corresponding straight serum sample dilutions. Filter paper samples gave lower reactivity in the remaining tests when compared with corresponding serum samples. There was no significant difference in the reactivity between the eluates from filter papers stored at temperatures ranging between 15.5 and 24 degrees C and those kept refrigerated. Storage at 15.5 to 24 degrees C did not significantly affect reactivity for up to six months. Eluates from filter papers stored for six months at 15.5 to 24 degrees C continued to give similar reactivity as those from freshly prepared filter papers in both DOT-ELISA and Western blot, and in the rapid card agglutination test. It is concluded that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large scale seroepidemiological studies on anaplasmosis and offers many advantages in developing countries where transport and cold chain facilities are a major constraint.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

Paper and whey as a feedstuff for ruminants.

Eleven papers were compared for absorption of whey and for digestibility in vitro. Papers were squared, ground, and soaked in whey for 1, 5, and 15 min and for 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. Digestibility in vitro was determined on minimum and maximum whey absorption of each squared and ground paper sample. Whey absorption by squared papers increased with time. Ground samples absorbed more whey than squared ones and maximum quantities were absorbed with 1 to 5 min. Mean percent absorptions for ground telephone book covers, glossy magazines, computer cards, computer printout sheets, daily newsprint, telephone directory yellow pages, cardboard box, feedsacks, brown bags, telephone directory white pages, and coasters were: 31.0, 35.2, 35.4, 36.5, 43.9, 47.9, 51.0, 51.4, 51.7, 55.6, and 67.4. For seven papers, addition of whey increased digestibility. Four papers were either unchanged or decreased in digestibility. This depression of digestibility may have resulted from the high fat content of whey used. Based on in vitro digestibilities, we conclude that it is possible to recycle selected paper/whey combinations through ruminants.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Mutagens in a river heavily polluted with paper recycling wastes: results of field and laboratory mutagen assays.

Paper recycling industries generate considerable quantities of waterborne wastes, and thus water pollution constitutes the greatest environmental problem associated with this industrial activity [Hunt and Franklin, 1973]. Generally the impact of this water pollution is considered in terms of aesthetic blight and deterioration of water quality. We present data that document another aspect of this pollution, the environmental contamination of an aquatic ecosystem with mutagenic materials. A natural population of the fern Osmunda regalis growing in a river heavily polluted with paper recycling wastes had a high incidence of chromosome mutations. This population was monitored for four years for the frequency of two-break chromosome mutations. These mutations were postzygotic in origin and suggested the presence of mutagens in the river water. The fern population is downstream from the outfalls of a paper recycling mill, which was discharging 13.3 X 10(6) liters of untreated paper recycling waste per day. In 1977 a waste-water-treatment facility was constructed to remove the solid waste previously discharged into the river. This facility generates 69,300 kg of solid waste daily, which is taken to a landfill. Periodic samples of this solid waste were collected from the waste-treatment facility in the summer of 1978, extracted with various solvents, and the extracts tested for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test [Ames et al, 1975]. A majority of the solid waste samples contained mutagenic materials, but in all cases S-9 activation was required for mutagenic activity. The samples also were assayed with the soybean mitotic crossing-over assay [Vig, 1975]. Four out of six samples were positive. These results document the presence of mutagens in the solid waste generated by a paper recycling industry and the genetic impact of these mutagens on the local biota.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1978

Effects of paper on performance of antibiotic-impregnated disks.

Grades of paper used in the manufacture and assay of antibiotic susceptibility disks have significant effects on the diffusion of antibiotics from the paper when compared to a control grade of paper. The papers also evoke different microbiological responses to changing concentrations of some antibiotics. Regulatory implications and the need for further standardization of assays among control laboratories are explored. Grades of paper generally used for assay and control of susceptibility disks, on the other hand, appear to be comparable to each other in both respects.

Absorption↗
PubMed1975

Adsorption and selection of rhizobia with ion-exchange papers.

Ion exchange papers were used to study the adsorption of 32P-labelled rhizobia on defined surfaces. Two strains of Rhizobium japonicum and one each of R. leguminosarum and R. lupini were compared with Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The ratio of adsorption to strong and to weak acid papers/strong and weak basic papers was consistantly higher for all rhizobial strains compared to the other bacteria. The process of desorption by increasing the ion-concentration causes about 35% desorption between 0.02 and 0.1 M MgCl2, however, an increase to 1 M does not desorb more labelled Rhizobium japonicum or E. coli cells. The ratio of adsorbed cpm to colony formers, desorbed by 0.1 M NaCl was similar with Rhizobium japonicum for all six ion exchange papers. For E. coli this ratio varied widely for the different papers. The selection of Rhizobium against a more closely related bacterium by this adsorption/desorption procedure was demonstrated with mixed cultures of Rhizobium japonicum and Chromobacterium violaceum giving a more than 80 fold enrichment of the former. Rhizobium japonicum cells, ad/desorbed from all ion exchange papers kept their infectivity and formed nodules on Glycine max with an activity of 20-40 nM C2H4-hr(-1)-mg nodule(-1). A desorption of Rhizobium japonicum from soybean roots also occurred by increasing the ion concentration. 2-3 times as many cells were removed in this way compared to washing with water.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1978

Location by paper chromatography of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) inhibiting activity in acetic acid extracts from bovine pineals.

Acetic acid extracts of bovine pineals and cerebral cortex were separated on Sephadex G-25 columns. Subsequently two low molecular weight fractions, F2 and F3, were ultrafiltered through the membranes UM2 and UM05. The UM05 residues were gel filtered on Sephadex G-15 columns or chromatographed on Dowex W50-X4 columns. Fractions from these columns were tested and those which showed COH-inhibiting activity were separated by preparative paper chromatography in different solvents. The absorption spectra of those fractions were recorded and tested for COH-inhibiting activity were separated by preparative paper chromatography in different solvents. The absorption spectra of those fractions were recorded and tested for COH-inhibition. By these methods, a COH-inhibitor was localized in three different solvents. Some active paper chromatography fractions were studied in high pressure, reverse phase, liquid chromatography. This latter method showed that the active fractions obtained by paper chromatography contain several orthophthlaldehyde (OPT) positive compounds. Key words: acetic acid, bovine pineal extracts, compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH), paper chromatography, high pressure, reverse phase, liquid chromatography.

Acetates↗
PubMed1976

[Experiments to study paper for its suitability as sterile wrapping (author's transl)].

A description is given of experiments for the testing of germ density of paper intended for use as sterile wrapping. The generally used storage tests are unsatisfactory. The following procedure is proposed for the testing: The paper specimen is cut into pieces of about 7 X 7 cm and steam-sterilized at 134 degrees C. A number of samples is placed on the bottom of Petri dishes and each paper sample is sprinkled with 5 drops of a 0.1 ml suspension of Staph. aureus in distilled water. After drying, the paper samples are placed underside down on the surface of a blood agar plate so as to ensure complete contact. After about 5 seconds the paper samples are removed and the plates are incubated for 16 hours at 37 degrees C.

Paper↗
PubMed1979

Carbon and carbonless copy paper.

Proven allergic contact dermatitis from carbon paper is an exceptional rarity; the reported causes are dyes and plasticisers. But carbon paper is gradually being replaced by pressure-sensitive or carbonless copy paper, particularly for business forms. The method depends on mechanical pressure or chemical transfer. For the latter, colour formers are held in microcapsules, which rupture under pressure, and released when they produce the colour. Some office workers have claimed that the handling of used carbonless papers are responsible for symptoms affecting the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract, as well as systemic symptoms including headaches, drowsiness and fatigue. Patch tests are negative. If the symptoms are attributable to carbonless paper it is suggested that the colour former solvents are most likely to be responsible.

Carbon↗
PubMed1978

Reutilization of 125I-labelled anti-IgE antibody and paper discs in PRIST and RAST IgE determination.

In the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST) anti-human IgE coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of total IgE in blood serum: in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) allergen-coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of specific IgE in blood serum. The bound IgE or specific IgE is quantified by a 125I-labelled anti-human IgE. The non-bound 125I-labelled anti-human IgE can be collected and used in new assay. By a 4-h incubation of the used paper discs with 1 M glycine-HCl buffer (pH 2.7) the IgE-labelled anti-IgE complex can largely be removed. The paper discs treated in this manner can be used in a new assay.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed2026

Comparison of summative assessments between simulated electronic health records versus traditional paper-based patient cases: A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Electronic health records are fundamental to contemporary pharmacy practice, yet evidence supporting their use in pharmacy education is lacking. This single-center, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment evaluated whether delivering patient cases via a simulated academic EHR (aEHR) was non-inferior to a traditional paper-based format in student exam performance. METHODS: 53 third-year PharmD students at the University of British Columbia were randomized 1:1 to complete a mock summative examination using either the aEHR or paper-based case delivery, stratified by self-reported EHR comfort level. The primary outcome was mean written exam score (%). Non-inferiority was pre-specified at a margin of 14%. Adjusted linear regression was used for the primary analysis, with a multiple imputation sensitivity analysis. Student perceptions were explored through post-exam focus groups analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: 42 students (21 per group) completed the exam and were included in the primary analysis. Mean scores were 66% (SD 11) in the aEHR group and 68% (SD 10) in the paper group. The adjusted mean difference (paper minus aEHR) was -2.2% (95% CI -9.2% to +4.8%), satisfying non-inferiority but not superiority. Sensitivity analysis (n = 53) yielded consistent results (-2.3%; 95% CI -7.1% to +4.1%). Focus groups revealed initial student anxiety with the aEHR but recognized its alignment with clinical practice. DISCUSSION: These findings support the feasibility of integrating simulated EHRs into summative pharmacy assessments without compromising performance. CONCLUSION: Simulated EHRs are a non-inferior assessment medium compared with paper-based formats and represent a viable step toward technology-driven pharmacy practice environments.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting papers: 1967--1978.

Trends in the types of topics of papers presented at the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists' Midyear Clinical Meetings from 1967 to 1978 are reviewed. A total of 1,210 abstracts of papers presented at the 12 meetings were reviewed. Twenty-three subject categories were identified. Papers were subdivided into four different study types--review, case report, report, and study. Topics such as general hospital pharmacy, management and administration, and drug distribution were emphasized more during the early years of the meeting. Papers on role evaluation, adverse drug reactions and drug use review were presented more frequently in the early 1970s. Therapeutics and general clinical pharmacy were topics consistently emphasized. Case reports increased from 0% in 1967, to 2% in 1972, to 6% in 1978. Review papers decreased from 72% in 1967, to 11% in 1972, to 3% in 1978. Studies increased from 4% in 1967, to 28% in 1972, to 43% in 1978. Concentration on increasing the number of studies presented at the meeting will advance hospital pharmacy and thus improve patient care.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative analysis of specific labelled RNA'S using DNA covalently linked to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper.

Substantial amounts of DNA (at least 25 microgram per cm2) can be stably bound to diazobenzyloxymethyl (DBM)-paper. Complementary RNA will hybridize to the DNA paper almost completely in 24 hours. Using several different conditions of hybridization and washing, the background of RNA bound non-specifically is very low (between 0.01 and 0.02%) and the efficiency of hybridization is very high (75 to 50% of complementary RNA is bound and retained through the washing procedure). Because the DNA is bound to the paper convalently, it is retained through all the washing and elution steps, and the DNA papers can be re-used many times.

Chromatography, Affinity↗