PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Parakeratosis”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Granular parakeratosis: pathologic and clinical correlation of 18 cases of granular parakeratosis.

BACKGROUND: Granular parakeratosis (originally termed axillary granular parakeratosis) is an idiopathic, benign, nondisabling cutaneous disease that manifests with intertriginous erythematous, brown or red, scaly or keratotic papules and plaques. It presents in all age groups and has no established clinical associations. OBJECTIVES: We wanted to assess the following: (1) the incidence of granular parakeratosis in biopsy specimens; (2) the differential diagnosis submitted with specimens requisition of granular parakeratosis; and (3) variations in its histopathology. METHODS: Between July 1, 1999 and December 31, 2003, 363,343 specimens were submitted to The Ackerman Institute of Dermatopathology in New York. A computer search was done of these specimen records and cases diagnosed with granular parakeratosis were reviewed. A thickened stratum corneum with retention of keratohyalin granules was considered diagnostic of granular parakeratosis. RESULTS: Eighteen of 363,343 specimens (0.005%) were diagnosed with granular parakeratosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by re-review of specimens. All lesions were located in the axillae. All patients were adults; most were women. In only one instance was the correct clinical diagnosis of granular parakeratosis submitted with a biopsy requisition of it. Granular parakeratosis is rare, if its incidence among biopsy specimens is representative of its true prevalence. The failure to include granular parakeratosis on biopsy requisition forms of granular parakeratosis specimens indicates that dermatologists are not familiar with it. Variations of the histopathology of the 18 cases occurred but did not correlate with the clinical impressions included on biopsy requisition forms.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Parakeratosis in some epidermal tumors: fine structural and immunohistochemical similarity between parakeratosis and "Hornmark" -like structure.

Both parakeratosis and "Hornmark" -like structure are basic histopathologic changes found in a variety of skin lesions. In order to investigate more closely the architecture and components of these two structures, three cases of epidermal tumor which showed both parakeratosis and "Hornmark" -like structure were studied by using routine histology and histochemistry, immunofluorescence technique, and electron microscopy. In the intercellular space of the stratum corneum in these two structures, diastase-resistant PAS-positive substance was found. This substance also showed positive immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrinogen. Electron microscopically, this substance was moderately electron-dense and fine granular, and was located in the intercellular space and in part in the cytoplasm of the horny cells. On the basis of these findings, this substance was judged more likely to be derived from the components of plasma protein than a result of the degeneration of epidermal cells. Only quantitative difference was observed between these two structure. This substance was considered to play an important role on the increased cohesiveness of the horny cells. However, whether this is a product of antigen-antibody reactions, or the result of the process similar to blood coagulation, remains to be elucidated.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Granular parakeratosis: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Granular parakeratosis is suspected to result from an error in epidermal differentiation, leading to variably pruritic, hyperpigmented-to-erythematous patches and plaques. Characteristic histopathologic features include a thickened stratum corneum, compact parakeratosis with retention of keratohyalin granules, vascular proliferation, and ectasia. The pathogenesis of this entity is uncertain. METHODS: We present a case of axillary granular parakeratosis and review the literature. RESULTS: The lesion showed a thickened stratum corneum with compact parakeratosis, slight epidermal hyperplasia, and a sparse perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate. Keratohyalin granules were diffusely present within the parakeratotic stratum corneum, and the retained granular layer showed focal vacuolization. CONCLUSIONS: Granular parakeratosis is a rare form of parakeratosis most often seen in the axilla, although other intertriginous areas may be affected. Unique histopathologic findings allow for a specific diagnosis to be made. Although an irritant contact reaction appears causative, mechanical irritation may also play a role in inducing these skin changes.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Ratio of immature cornified envelopes does not correlate with parakeratosis in inflammatory skin disorders.

We have previously established a non-invasive method to evaluate the maturity of cornified envelopes (CEs), and have reported the appearance of immature CEs in the stratum corneum (SC) with poor barrier function, such as the SC of the face. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate CEs in inflammatory skin disorders, and to clarify the relationship between the appearance of the immature CEs and parakeratosis, which is often used as a marker for defective keratinization in inflammatory skin disorders. Cornified envelopes in the outermost SC of involved areas of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and atopic dermatitis (AD) were strikingly heterogeneous, and consisted of immature CEs stained with anti-involucrin and mature CEs stained with Nile red, whereas CEs of the uninvolved areas were relatively homogeneous, exhibiting mature phenotype. The ratio of immature CEs was significantly higher in the involved areas of PV and AD than that in the corresponding uninvolved areas, suggesting that defective CE maturation may, at least in part, account for the inflammatory disorders. Simultaneous evaluation of CE maturity and parakeratosis was carried out by a combination of involucrin immunostaining and nuclear staining of detergent-dissociated corneocytes. In the involved area of PV, four types of corneocytes in regard to the combination of involucrin staining and nuclear remnant were observed, while both immature CEs and parakeratosis were more often detected in the involved areas of PV than in the uninvolved areas or the upper arm of healthy subjects as a normal control. Thus, corneocytes with involucrin-positive immature CEs were not always associated with parakeratosis at the cellular level. In the involved areas of PV, the ratio of immature CEs and that of parakeratosis were heterogeneous, depending on the cases, and no correlation between the ratios was observed. Inter-individual and intraindividual variations in CE maturity were also suggested by the heterogeneous localization of involucrin in the psoriatic epidermis as examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, in the face of healthy subjects, four types of corneocytes were similarly detected, and the ratio of immature CEs was significantly higher than that of parakeratosis. These results obviously suggest that the maturation of CEs and disappearance of nuclei are differentially regulated in the epidermis.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1995

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma arising from parakeratosis variegata: long-term observation with monitoring of T-cell receptor gene rearrangements.

BACKGROUND: Parakeratosis variegata is a rare skin disease first described in 1890. Even today, the disease entity remains confusing because various names indicating similar skin conditions have been used. Several cases of parakeratosis variegata have been reported to develop into cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, but there have been no reports describing the occurrence of lymphoma after a long-term follow-up period nor have T-cell receptor gene rearrangements been monitored in this disease. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether parakeratosis variegata (long-standing premycotic condition) can develop into cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. METHODS: We analyzed skin specimens from a patient with a 33-year history of parakeratosis variegata by Southern blotting using a T-cell receptor gene probe. RESULTS: We could detect apparent rearranged bands of T-cell receptor gene in the skin specimens taken in 1993 in contrast to the DNA analysis in 1988 which featured no such rearranged band. CONCLUSION: This case represents a critical stage of parakeratosis variegata converting to lymphoma. Our results indicate that parakeratosis variegata generated monoclonality of T cells in its chronic course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Infantile granular parakeratosis: recognition of two clinical patterns.

Granular parakeratosis is an acquired, idiopathic disorder of keratinization typified by retention hyperkeratosis. It usually occurs in women at intertriginous sites. There have been only 2 reports of infants with granular parakeratosis to our knowledge. We describe 3 additional infants with granular parakeratosis. We demonstrate that infantile granular parakeratosis exhibits 2 clinical patterns: bilateral linear plaques in the inguinal folds; and erythematous geometric plaques underlying pressure points from the diaper. A thick, flakelike scale is present in both forms and is characteristic. Diaper wearing appears to play an important role in the genesis of infantile granular parakeratosis but the mechanisms are unclear. Therapeutic responsiveness to topical agents is ambiguous, however, spontaneous clearance after months to 1 year appears to be the rule.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Axillary granular parakeratosis.

BACKGROUND: Granular parakeratosis is a hyperkeratotic eruption of unknown etiology that occurs in the axilla and other intertriginous areas. The histologic features are unique for the retention of keratohyalin granules in the stratum corneum. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to review the clinical manifestations and treatment of granular parakeratosis. METHODS: A case report and literature review are presented. RESULTS: Twenty-six cases of granular parakeratosis now have been reported and reviewed. CONCLUSION: Granular parakeratosis occurs predominantly in middle age women and most frequently in the axilla. A number of treatments have been applied to the 26 cases reported to date, without consistent responses. No evidence-based therapy can be suggested at present.

Adapalene↗
PubMed2004

Parakeratosis.

The diagnostic value of parakeratosis is reviewed, with special emphasis on associated inflammatory tissue reaction patterns and the geometric pattern of the scale. Parakeratosis may also occur in disorders not primarily inflammatory in nature and those associations are addressed. Topics are divided into 6 categories: parakeratosis in the settings of spongiotic and interface dermatitis, disorders in which neutrophils are a prominent feature, "patterned" parakeratosis, parapsoriasis, and disorders of keratinization. The entities considered are diverse and major diagnostic features of each are reviewed.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2004

Axillary granular parakeratosis.

A 71-year-old man developed a pruritic axillary eruption. Histopathologic examination showed laminated orthokeratosis, parakeratosis, and hypergranulosis. There changes were consistent with a diagnosis of axillary granular parakeratosis. Axillary granular parakeratosis is an intertriginous eruption that is usually found in the axillae of middle-aged women and is characterized clinically by pruritic, erythematous, hyperkeratotic plaques and histologically by parakeratosis with retention of keratohyaline granules. Pathophysiology is thought to involve a defective profilaggrin-filaggrin pathway. Evidence-based treatment of this disorder is not available.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

The transformation of pityriasis lichenoides chronica into parakeratosis variegata in an 11-year-old girl.

Parakeratosis variegata is a rare disorder with unknown aetiology. In a few cases it arises from benign skin diseases such as pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (Mucha Habermann disease) or pityriasis lichenoides chronica. However, transformation into malignant diseases such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has been observed. We report an 11-year-old girl with a 10-year history of pityriasis lichenoides chronica now presenting with parakeratosis variegata. Analysis of skin infiltrating T cells showed clonally rearranged T-cell receptor gamma chains occurring with a frequency of more than 2%. This finding is compatible with the clinical observation of parakeratosis variegata transforming into a malignant T-cell disorder. We therefore suggest that patients suffering from parakeratosis variegata and other diseases such as pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta or pityriasis lichenoides chronica should be continuously monitored.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence of patchy parakeratosis in normal-appearing skin in patients with active atopic dermatitis and in patients with healed atopic dermatitis: a cause of impaired barrier function of the atopic skin.

It remains unclear whether an impaired barrier function often seen in areas of normal-appearing skin in patients with active atopic dermatitis (AD) is primary event in nature or secondary to subclinical eczematous change. We then attempted to evaluate the barrier function of normal-appearing skin in both active and healed AD patients, and as well as see whether a subclinical eczematous change exists or not in the normal-appearing skin using a non-invasive method. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement and exfoliative cytology method for corneal layer were applied in 153 AD patients who have active skin lesions and 29 individuals with completely healed AD for at least 5 years and 40 normal individuals. The TEWL of normal-appearing skin in severe, moderate and mild AD cases was 10.5+/-2.9, 8.3+/-2.4 and 7.3+/-2.1 g/m2 per h, respectively. The TEWL values in severe and moderate cases were significantly higher than the normal controls (6.2+/-1.6 g/m2 per h). However, the TEWL was not deranged in patients with completely healed AD. An exfoliative cytology examination of corneal layer disclosed that patchy parakeratosis appeared in normal-appearing skin in severe, moderate and mild AD cases at a rate of 42, 29 and 19%, respectively. However, no patchy parakeratosis was recognized in patients with completely healed AD. The occurrence of patchy parakeratosis in normal-appearing skin in patients with active AD suggests that an impaired barrier function often seen in normal-appearing skin in AD patients is secondary to subclinical eczematous change in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Hereditary nasal parakeratosis in Labrador retrievers: 11 new cases and a retrospective study on the presence of accumulations of serum ('serum lakes') in the epidermis of parakeratotic dermatoses and inflamed nasal plana of dogs.

We report 11 new cases of hereditary nasal parakeratosis in Labrador retrievers. The disease was first observed when the dogs were 6 months to 2 years of age, and affected dogs of either sex and all coat colours. Hyperkeratosis and depigmentation were confined to the nasal planum, and affected dogs were otherwise healthy. The principal histological findings in biopsy specimens were marked diffuse parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, multiple intracorneal serum lakes and superficial interstitial-to-interface lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis. Topical applications of propylene glycol in water or white petrolatum were often effective for treatment of the dermatosis. However, continued applications were required to maintain a beneficial response. A retrospective histological study of parakeratotic inflammatory diseases of canine haired skin and inflammatory diseases of the canine nasal planum was performed. The degree of parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and the number and size of intracorneal serum lakes were evaluated. The degree of parakeratotic hyperkeratosis was greater in hereditary nasal parakeratosis specimens than that seen in discoid lupus erythematosus and Malassezia dermatitis. There were more serum lakes in hereditary nasal parakeratosis specimens than in specimens from dogs with discoid lupus erythematosus, Malassezia dermatitis, primary seborrheic dermatitis or zinc-responsive dermatosis. Significant differences in sizes of serum lakes (if present) were not seen.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Granular parakeratosis in children: case report and review of the literature.

Granular parakeratosis is a cutaneous eruption with erythematous and/or brownish hyperkeratotic papules and plaques which are exclusively localized to intertriginous areas and show histopathologic features of an unusual form of parakeratosis. The etiology is unknown, but the excessive use of various topical preparations (e.g., ointments and deodorants) has been associated with this disease. It has heretofore been reported only in adults. We report two children, ages 3 and 5 months, with characteristic lesions in the groin associated with topical pomades used to prevent diaper rash. This is the first report associating the clinical presentation and the histopathologic diagnosis of granular parakeratosis in children. The literature on this entity is also reviewed and all case reports are summarized.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2002

Granular parakeratosis: resolution with topical tretinoin.

Granular parakeratosis is an unusual acquired dermatosis characterized by intertriginous keratotic papules. Histologic examination shows parakeratosis with large numbers of basophilic keratohyaline granules within the stratum corneum. We report a case of a granular parakeratosis of the axilla that cleared rapidly with topical administration of tretinoin.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

Incidental granular parakeratosis associated with dermatomyositis.

A 43-year-old patient presented with a 4-month history of intermittently occurring symmetrical and slightly scaling erythematous plaques in his zygomatic regions. Because of polymyositis in the patient's history, the skin lesions were thought to be a manifestation of dermatomyositis. The skin biopsy revealed a sparse superficial perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, which was associated with telangiectases and both discrete vacuolar alteration and smudging of the dermal-epidermal junction. These findings were consonant with dermatomyositis. In addition to these features focal granular parakeratosis was present. The histopathologic presence of granular parakeratotic corneocytes above a zone of orthokeratosis and the absence of clinical features of granular parakeratosis indicate the granular parakeratosis is incidental.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The rate of formation of corneocyte layers after stripping the noninvolved psoriatic skin and its relation to parakeratosis and epidermal enzyme levels.

Corneocyte layer formation rate using dansyl chloride as corneocyte marker was followed in noninvolved skin during a period of 2 weeks after that the skin had been subjected to cellophane stripping. The rate increased after stripping in 7 of 9 tested but it was not paralleled by any apparent parakeratosis. In 1 of 9 patients a Koebner reaction occurred. The corneocyte formation rate in the Koebner reaction was 6.1 times that of the noninvolved skin and with a degree of parakeratosis of 41%. In involved skin, a positive correlation, coefficient 0.81, was shown between corneocyte layer formation rate (range 3.9-15.2 layers/day) and degree of parakeratosis (range 24-100%). In the skin 5 to 14 days after stripping the rate of formation of the corneocyte layer varied from 1.6 to 8.2. In the noninvolved and involved skin the mean rate was 2.2 and 9.7, respectively. In the stripped skin epidermal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activities generally were the same as those of the noninvolved skin. In the Koebner reacting epidermis the 2 enzymes were increased 2.2 and 1.1 times the noninvolved levels but were statistically not significantly increased from control values.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Transglutaminase inhibitors induce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis in tissue-engineered skin.

BACKGROUND: The transglutaminase (TG) family consists of eight distinct isoforms. TG types 1, 3 and 5 play a major role in normal skin development, with TG2 also being elevated during dermal wounding. TG1, 3 and 5 are responsible for the cross-linking of keratin precursors and formation of the cornified envelope during keratinocyte differentiation. TG2 may play a role in keratinocyte basement membrane cross-linking. Abnormal TG expression has been demonstrated in Darier disease, Netherton syndrome, psoriasis and lamellar ichthyosis. During a recent investigation of skin contraction in tissue-engineered skin, transglutaminase inhibitors were found to produce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis. OBJECTIVES: Accordingly, this study was designed to study the effect of pan-transglutaminase inhibition on morphology of tissue-engineered skin and expression of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation-associated antigens. METHODS: We used a tissue-engineered model of human skin, based on de-epidermized acellular human dermis, seeded with normal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and cultured at an air-liquid interface. The pan-transglutaminase inhibitors putrescine, NTU283 (1-dimethyl,2-[(oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium) and NTU285 (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-glutaminyl-6-dimethylsulfonium-5-oxo-l-norleucine) were added to the culture medium. After 28 days, histology and immunohistochemistry for collagen IV, involucrin and cytokeratins 6, 10 and 16 were performed. RESULTS: Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and parakeratosis were seen in response to transglutaminase inhibition. Inhibition of transglutaminase also resulted in loss of basement membrane collagen IV. Involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16 were confined to the basal layers in control composites but expressed throughout the epidermis in response to transglutaminase inhibition. A distinct band of expression of cytokeratin 10 was seen in the upper stratum granulosum of control composites but only patchy expression was seen after transglutaminase expression. CONCLUSIONS: Pan-transglutaminase inhibition inhibits terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, leading to a hyperproliferative epidermis with parakeratosis and enhanced expression of involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16. Expression of the differentiation-associated cytokeratin, cytokeratin 10, is reduced. Basement membrane integrity is also lost as a result of transglutaminase inhibition.

Cell Differentiation↗