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PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of a novel partitivirus harboring an additional third dsRNA segment from Trichoderma harzianum.

We report the complete genome sequence of a novel partitivirus identified from Trichoderma harzianum NFCF092 strain, designated Trichoderma harzianum partitivirus 4 (ThPV4). Unlike canonical members of the family Partitiviridae, which possess a bipartite genome consisting of two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and a capsid protein (CP), ThPV4 harbors a third dsRNA segment encoding a protein of unknown function. The complete genome consists of dsRNA1 (1,950 bp; encoding the RdRP), dsRNA2 (1,772 bp; encoding the CP), and dsRNA3 (1,629 bp; encoding a protein with unknown function). Sequence analysis shows that each segment possesses a single open reading frame (ORF). The deduced amino acid sequence of the RdRP shows the highest similarity (90.5% identity) to that of Trichoderma gamsii alphapartitivirus 1. Phylogenetic analyses based on the RdRP indicate that ThPV4 clusters within the genus Alphapartitivirus of the family Partitiviridae. To our knowledge. ThPV4 is the first member of the genus Alphapartitivirus identified from T. harzianum to possess an additional, conserved third dsRNA segment.

Phylogeny↗

PubMed2026

RNA viruses in sylvatic mosquitoes and phlebotomine sand flies from Alto Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil 2019.

The Pantanal biome harbors exceptional biodiversity but has been increasingly impacted by climate change and human activities. This region is considered a high-risk zone for zoonotic spillover, making viral studies in sylvatic mosquitoes and other invertebrates indispensable, as these vectors are involved in the transmission of pathogens of public health concern. This study aimed to describe viral genomes identified in Aedes spp., Ochlerotatus sp., Mansonia sp., Phlebotomus sp., Psorophora spp., and Anopheles spp. dipterans collected in March and June 2019, in Pirizal and Porto São Luiz, Alto Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Diptera specimens were pooled by genera, and nucleic acids were extracted, followed by library preparation and sequencing on the Illumina NextSeq 500/550 platform. A total of 39 putative viral sequences were recovered, including 23 potentially novel viruses. Coding-complete genomes were identified from Virgaviridae (n=1), Rhabdoviridae (n=1), and Metaviridae (n=1), as well as seven coding-complete segments from Partitiviridae (n=4) and Solemoviridae (n=3). Additionally, 29 partial genomes were recovered from Partitiviridae (n=7), Metaviridae (n=6), Chuviridae (n=2), Sedoreoviridae (n=1), Nodaviridae (n=3), Tombusviridae (n=2), Phasmaviridae (n=2), Flaviviridae (n=3), Virgaviridae (n=1), and Solemoviridae (n=2). Viral characterization in Diptera specimens has gained increasing importance with the advancement of metagenomic approaches, which contribute to global One Health initiatives by providing data that may support the prediction and prevention of future viral spillover events.

Animals↗

PubMed2024

Replication of single viruses across the kingdoms, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

It is extremely rare that a single virus crosses host barriers across multiple kingdoms. Based on phylogenetic and paleovirological analyses, it has previously been hypothesized that single members of the family Partitiviridae could cross multiple kingdoms. Partitiviridae accommodates members characterized by their simple bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome; asymptomatic infections of host organisms; the absence of an extracellular route for entry in nature; and collectively broad host range. Herein, we show the replicability of single fungal partitiviruses in three kingdoms of host organisms: Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Betapartitiviruses of the phytopathogenic fungusRosellinia necatrix could replicate in protoplasts of the carrot (Daucus carota), Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum, in some cases reaching a level detectable by agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, betapartitiviruses showed more robust replication than the tested alphapartitiviruses. One of the fungal betapartitiviruses, RnPV18, could persistently and stably infect carrot plants regenerated from virion-transfected protoplasts. Both alpha- and betapartitiviruses, although with different host preference, could replicate in two insect cell lines derived from the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Our results indicate the replicability of single partitiviruses in members of three kingdoms and provide insights into virus adaptation, host jumping, and evolution.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Detection of dsRNA in Soil-Derived Ascomycetes and Characterization of Cladosporium cladosporioides Partitivirus 1 Isolate IPBL11.

Mycoviruses can induce phenotypic and physiological changes in their fungal hosts, making them valuable biological resources. To harness this potential, it is crucial to gather comprehensive information on their distribution patterns, genomic and structural characteristics, and interactions with host fungi. In this study, we screened 64 ascomycete isolates collected from various soil environments in Korea to detect the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) elements. We identified dsRNA bands in three of these isolates. Among them, we determined the complete genome sequence of a bipartite dsRNA virus found in Cladosporium anthropophilum. Phylogenetic analyses based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and capsid protein (CP) sequences indicated that this virus belongs to the genus Gammapartitivirus within the family Partitiviridae. Comparative sequence analyses suggested that this virus is best classified as a new isolate of Cladosporium cladosporioides partitivirus 1, which we designated as Cladosporium cladosporioides partitivirus 1 isolate IPBL11 (CcPV1-IPBL11).

Cladosporium anthropophilum↗

PubMed1988

From interferon induction to fungal viruses.

Viruses of fungi (mycoviruses) were first discovered in diseased mushrooms. However the finding that the antiviral and interferon-inducing activities of extracts of apparently healthy isolates of a number of Penicillium species were due to the presence of double-stranded (ds) RNA arising from mycovirus infections sparked off an explosion of interest in what has now become a distinct area of virology. Two families of dsRNA mycoviruses are now established: the Totiviridae and the Partitiviridae which comprise isometric viruses with genomes of one or two dsRNA segments respectively. Virus isolates in both families often contain additional satellite dsRNAs, which may in some fungi (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis) code for "killer" proteins which are toxic to other sensitive strains of the same or closely related species. In Endothia parasitica, which causes chestnut blight disease, dsRNA is associated with hypovirulence and is enclosed in lipid-rich vesicles. In Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) ulmi, which causes Dutch elm disease, dsRNA is associated with the mitochondria and, in some diseased isolates of the fungus, specific dsRNA segments are associated with reduction of cytochrome oxidase and respiratory deficiency, resulting in slow growth and abnormal morphology.

Fungi↗

PubMed2024

Double-stranded RNA sequencing reveals distinct riboviruses associated with thermoacidophilic bacteria from hot springs in Japan.

Metatranscriptome sequencing expanded the known diversity of the bacterial RNA virome, suggesting that additional riboviruses infecting bacterial hosts remain to be discovered. Here we employed double-stranded RNA sequencing to recover complete genome sequences of two ribovirus groups from acidic hot springs in Japan. One group, denoted hot spring riboviruses (HsRV), consists of viruses with distinct RNA-directed RNA polymerases (RdRPs) that seem to be intermediates between typical ribovirus RdRPs and viral reverse transcriptases. This group forms a distinct phylum, Artimaviricota, or even kingdom within the realm Riboviria. We identified viruses encoding HsRV-like RdRPs in marine water, river sediments and salt marshes, indicating that this group is widespread beyond extreme ecosystems. The second group, denoted hot spring partiti-like viruses (HsPV), forms a distinct branch within the family Partitiviridae. The genome architectures of HsRV and HsPV and their identification in bacteria-dominated habitats suggest that these viruses infect thermoacidophilic bacteria.

Hot Springs↗