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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

The overuse of single patient isolation in hospitals.

Single patient isolation of adults to prevent spread of infection was studied in five high occupancy community hospitals. The acceptable standard was a guideline for isolation in hospitals, published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Overusage of single patient isolation was found to vary between 4% and 96% of physician's isolation orders. Diagnoses of viral hepatitis, surgical wound infections, skin infections and respiratory infections accounted for the majority of overisolated patients. When infection control personnel rather than attending physicians determined the type and duration of isolation, a decrease in overisolation and a saving of patient (or third party payer) charges could be demonstrated. Reduction in overisolation does not bring about savings for hospitals unless bed occupancy is high and few single rooms are available. No evidence of cross-infection was observed in one hospital as a result of implementation of the CDC guidelines.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1992

Replication of patient isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in T cells: a spectrum of rates and efficiencies of entry.

Isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) undergo many different rates of replication, with the time course of replication being determined by the host cell and the virus. Recently, we demonstrated that the permissiveness of four CD4+ T-cell lines for the laboratory strain NL4-3 correlated with the rate and efficiency of virus entry. In this study, we have analyzed the replication of a "slow/low" isolate from the pre-AIDS period of infection and two "rapid/high" isolates from the AIDS period of infection to determine which steps in the virus life cycle determine differences in the growth characteristics of patient isolates. Differences in the growth of the patient isolates correlated with differences in entry but not postentry steps of the virus life cycle. The two rapid/high patient isolates (SF33 and SF216) underwent 50% entry in less than or equal to 0.5 hr in C8166 cells, in less than or equal to 1 hr in mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and in greater than or equal to 2.5 hr in H9 cells. In contrast, a class 3 slow/low patient isolate required 1 hr for 50% entry into C8166 cells, 3 hr for 50% entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and 5-6 hr for 50% entry into H9 cells. Entry efficiency correlated with entry rate, with the rapid/high viruses having a 2-fold higher titer and the slow/low virus having a 5-fold higher titer on C8166 than H9 cells. The laboratory strain NL4-3 displayed intermediate rates and efficiencies of entry. These data demonstrate that entry characteristics are major determinants of the pathogenic potential of patient isolates.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Stability of molluscum contagiosum virus DNA among 184 patient isolates: evidence for variability of sequences in the terminal inverted repeats.

The stability of the Molluscum contagiosum virus Type 1 genome (188 kbp) was studied in 184 DNA isolates from 131 patients. Variability of up to 1.5 kbp at both ends of the genome symmetrically was observed using restriction analysis of the DNA isolates and by Southern Blot experiments using cloned and labeled HindIII terminal DNA fragments of MCV-1 prototype DNA. The variable sequences were mainly confined to the terminal fragments and parts of the MCV-1 terminal repeats. Labeled probes did not detect terminal sequences of MCV Type 2 under the applied stringency. A less marked instability of the central MCV-1 BamHI DNA fragment F was observed within the genome coordinates 0.431 to 0.454 mu. Reiteration of tandem repeats similar to those described for vaccinia virus might explain the variability of the terminal sequences and might be involved in viral replication.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1990

Polymorphic epithelial mucin from the sera of advanced breast cancer patients--isolation and partial characterisation.

The anti-breast carcinoma monoclonal antibody (MAb), NCRC-11 defines a polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM) which is elevated in the circulation of advanced breast carcinoma patients. Here we describe the purification and partial characterisation of this component from patients' sera and its use in the production of a second generation MAb, C568 (IgM). Pooled sera was fractionated by immunoaffinity and size-exclusion chromatography and the purity of preparations assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Serum-derived PEM shows a similar pattern of electrophoretic mobility to PEM isolated from primary breast tumour tissue and migrates as several bands in 4% SDS polyacrylamide gels (Mr greater than 400,000). The epitope expression of PEMs isolated from either source is also similar, with both bearing topographically distinct determinants for several anti-mucin MAbs. The immunoreactivities of antibodies C568 and NCRC-11 were unaffected by boiling, reduction and alkylation, or by enzyme desialylation of PEM. Periodate oxidation and proteolytic digestion have suggested that the antigenic determinant for C568 is carbohydrate in nature whilst that of NCRC-11 is peptidic. In accord with the mucinous nature of the molecule, serum-derived PEM is susceptible to reductive beta-elimination, elutes in the void volume of a Sepharose CL-4B column and has a buoyant density of 1.45 g ml-1.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Choleriform syndrome and production of labile enterotoxin (CT/LT1)-like antigen by species of Salmonella infantis and Salmonella haardt isolated from the same patient.

Isolates of Salmonella infantis from the stool and blood and an isolate of Salmonella haardt from the stool of a patient with choleriform diarrhea produced labile enterotoxin (CT/LT1)-like antigen. Genetic and molecular experiments indicated that the production of CT/LT1-like antigen was chromosomally encoded.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1991

[Clinical effects of nifedipine on blood pressure and left ventricular performance in patients with isolated hypertension].

17 patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and 8 with diastolic hypertension (DH) were treated with 10 mg of nifedipine sublingually. In ISH group the blood pressure decreased on the average from 180.2/87.4 to 166.2/84.2, 161.9/82.6, 163.4/83.7 mmHg after 5.20 and 60 minutes, while in DH group the blood pressure decreased on the average from 139.2/102.0 to 138.0/100.0, 137.6/97.6, 134.4/97.2 mmHg. With pulsed Doppler echocardiography, we found that early diastolic time-velocity integral increased (P less than 0.001) and E time prolonged (P less than 0.01) after 20 and 60 minutes in ISH group; and 1/3 filling fraction increased (P less than 0.05) after 20 minutes in DH group. With M-mode echocardiography we found that cardiac index and ejection fraction were improved in both groups. No obvious side effects were noted. From above-mentioned findings we are of the opinion that sublingual nifedipine is effective in reducing blood pressure and improving left ventricular performance especially in ISH patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[A study on the secondary infection in families in which hepatitis A patients were isolated and treated in hospitals and those in which patients stayed at home].

This study was conducted during the epidemic season in Hang Zhou, zhejiang in the spring of 1988. HAV infection rates were compared between close contacts of the hepatitis A patients isolated in hospitals and those stayed at home. It was found that there was significant difference between the HAV infection rates in the group of close contacts of hepatitis A patients who have been hospitalized within 5 days and those in the group stayed at home or those in other groups. Whereas the HAV infection rates in the group of close contacts of HA patients remained at home were not significantly different from those in other groups. The results showed that HA patients had to be isolated and treated in hospital early. HAV inapparent infection rate was 86.21% in this study. The ratio between HAV apparent infection and inapparent infection was 1:6.25.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Incidence of beta-lactamase production among out patient clinical isolates in Middle Eastern countries and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Middle Eastern Study Group.

In a multicenter survey in seven Middle Eastern countries, 1,827 clinical isolates from patients with community-acquired infections (outpatients) were examined for both production of beta-lactamase and their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Of these isolates, 63% were gram-negative and 37% were gram-positive organisms. beta-lactamase was produced by 65% of all isolates, representing 61 and 75% of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, respectively. Using standardized disk susceptibility testing, high rates of resistance were observed among gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, respectively, for penicillin (86 and 75%), ampicillin (67 and 66%) and amoxicillin (58 and 52%). Resistance to tetracycline and co-trimoxazole were also seen, but to a lesser degree. Susceptibility of these organisms towards the cephalosporins cepharadine, cephalexin and cefadroxil ranged from 30 to 70%, which appears to correlate fairly closely with the prevalence of beta-lactamase production. Cefuroxime inhibited about 94 and 79% of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, respectively, regardless of the production of beta-lactamase. These data are valuable since antibiotic therapy is usually instituted on a best-guess principle against the most likely potential pathogens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗