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Results for “Periosteum”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1991

Distribution of CGRP-, VIP-, D beta H-, SP-, and NPY-immunoreactive nerves in the periosteum of the rat.

In light of the possible role peripheral nerves may play in bone metabolism, the morphology of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, substance P (SP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H)-immunoreactive nerve fibers was examined in whole-mount preparations of periosteum of membranous bones (calvaria, mandible) and long bones (tibia) from the rat. Periosteum from animals treated to remove selectively either the sympathetic or fine-caliber primary afferent nerves was also examined to determine the origin of the nerve fibers. We found a consistent and often dense innervation of the periosteum. The innervation patterns of the calvaria and mandible were similar, with networks of nerves spread across the surface of the bone. Nerves in the tibial periosteum were oriented in the longitudinal axis and were more numerous at the epiphyses than in the mid-shaft region. CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were widely and densely distributed. The presence of populations of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers of differing calibers and perivascular arrangements suggests that such nerves in bone tissues may serve different functions. SP-immunoreactivity was present in a fine network of varicose fibers in the superficial layers of the periosteum. CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were dramatically reduced in periosteum of capsaicin-treated animals as compared to controls, indicating the sensory origin of these nerves. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in the periosteum of mandible and calvaria as small networks and individual fine varicose fibers. In tibial periosteum, larger networks of these fibers were visible. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the periosteum were associated with both vascular and nonvascular elements within the layers of cells closest to the bone, suggesting that VIP may serve more than one function in periosteal tissues. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were largely confined to vascular elements; occasional fibers were observed among the bone-lining cells. D beta H-immunoreactivity was associated only with blood vessels. VIP-, NPY-, and D beta H-immunoreactivities were dramatically reduced in the periosteum of guanethidine-treated animals, indicating the sympathetic origin of these nerves.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The osteogenic capacity of tubular and membranous bone periosteum. A qualitative and quantitative experimental study in growing rabbits.

A standardized model has been designed to qualitatively and quantitatively study new bone formation from isolated periosteum in situ. A total of 117 operations were performed on the tibia and skull of 92 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Already after two weeks tibial periosteum had formed woven bone. After eight weeks cortical bone and bone marrow of normal amount and almost normal structure had regenerated. The bone formation from the skull periosteum started later and seemed to be lesser in amount and without woven bone as an intermediate stage. After 15 weeks a structurally normal calvarial bone had developed, except for the inner theca. Thus it was found that isolated tibial and skull periosteum in situ give rise to tubular and membranous bone respectively, suggesting an environmental influence. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dried, weighed and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content and this was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. After 6-7 weeks tibial periosteum had produced normal quantities of cortical bone and 7 times more bone than the same area of skull periosteum. Calvarial periosteum was not potent enough to restore a skull defect completely. Surgicel which has been used clinically in periosteal repair of maxillary clefts, quantitatively was found to diminish bone formation considerably. The supposed capacity of bone marrow to promote bone formation was not demonstrated in this study.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Meniscal repair with autogenous periosteum and fibrin adhesive system].

It is well recognized that meniscal tear in the avascular portion is difficult to heal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of periosteum and fibrin adhesive system (FAS) in promoting the meniscal repair in the avascular zone. Full-thickness defects of 1 x 3 mm were created in the avascular portion of lateral menisci in adult mongrels. The control menisci were left without any treatment. The experimental defects were either repaired with autogenous periosteum or the combination of periosteum and FAS. Histologic and ultrastructural evaluation of the reparative tissue were compared at 4, 8, and 16 weeks postoperatively. The reparative tissue in the control group remained fibrous even at week 16, whereas that in the grafted and graft/FAS groups resembled normal adjacent fibrocartilage. Moreover, the regenerated chondrocytes in the graft/FAS group appeared more mature than those in the grafted group. Our results suggest that periosteum is a potential source of primitive cells from which chondrocytes could be differentiated and developed during the reparative process of meniscal fibrocartilage. As to FAS, it not only acted as a hemostatic agent and a fixant, but also could indirectly accelerate the chondrogenesis of periosteum in the meniscal defects. It is sufficient to conclude that the combination of periosteum and FAS in promoting meniscal defects or severe tears in the avascular portion bears its potential in future clinical application.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Osteogenic capacity of periosteal grafts. A qualitative and quantitative study of membranous and tubular bone periosteum in young rabbits.

A standardized model, permitting only periosteal bone formation, has been applied for qualitative and quantitative studies on the osteogeneses from periosteal grafts. The periosteum from the tibia was grafted to the skull and vice versa. The investigation also included the study of periosteal bone formation combined with other osteogenic factors. A total of 78 operations were performed on the tibias and skulls of 43 growing rabbits. For qualitative studies ordinary histological methods were used. Tibial periosteal grafts to skull defects started bone formation already after 2 weeks and, via a very small amount of woven bone, compact bone and bone marrow was formed after 8-10 weeks. Combined epidural and subperiosteal bone formation gave a calvarial bone. Skull periosteal grafts to tibial defects started bone formation somewhat later, but, after more woven bone as an intermediate stage, the defect had healed with thick compact bone and bone marrow after about the same period. For quantitative studies the newly formed periosteal bone was removed, dry-weighted and ashed. The ashes were dissolved in HCl for spectrophotometric determination of total Ca content, which was used as a quantitative measure of bone amount. Tibial periosteum grafted to a calvarial defect halved its bone forming capacity but compared to the in situ skull periosteal potential, the capacity was tripled. This meant that the defect was completely healed. Calvarial periosteum was much less potent than was the tibial periosteum, when both were grafted to skull defects. However, when transplanted to a long bone defect the former increased its bone forming capacity 5 times compared to its original one as an in situ flap. Environmental functional demands seem to influence the type of bone formation and the final structure of the new bone. On the other hand, there are differences between long and membranous bone periosteum regarding the amount of bone formed.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Microscopic study of the rabbit mandibular periosteum and attached structures.

The structure of the mandibular periosteum in rabbits of different ages has been studied by different histological staining techniques and polarization microscopy. The periosteum consisted of two layers. From the inner, cellular layer the functional state could be determined. A reproducible pattern of resorptive and depository areas was found on the bony surface. In the outer, fibrous periosteal layer, collagenous and elastin fibers were running in distinct directions. The masticatory muscles appeared to be attached directly endomysially or indirectly endomysially, via the perimysium or tendinous attachment. From the periosteal structures and the characteristics of muscular fiber attachments to the bone and periosteum, especially in the ramal and condylar areas, it could be concluded that a mechanical influence of the periosteum on condylar growth is very well possible, which will probably vary during life. The masticatory muscles seemed to be only of minor influence in condylar activity.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Features of the femur periosteum and endosteum structure in rodents and hares].

General and some special histologic methods have been used to study the structure of periosteum and endosteum, as well as the morphological peculiarities of their cells in rodents and hares in the early and late postnatal ontogenesis. It is established that the periosteum of animals under study is represented by a two-layer structure: the outer (protective) layer and the inner (osteogenic) one. The outer layer consists of fibroblast-like cells, the inner one of osteogenic cells (pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts). Endosteum is represented only by osteogenic cells and, unlike the periosteum, possesses no independent fibrillar structure; therefore, it appears to be more labile than the periosteum.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Growth of transplants of rat humerus following circumferential division of the periosteum.

The growth of transplants of young rat humeri has been studied following circumferential division of the periosteum at either the proximal or the distal end of the shaft. Periosteal division resulted in bones that were longer than those in which the periosteum was not cut. Following proximal division the experimental bones grew 30% more at both ends than the control bones and 16% more at the proximal end following distal division. There was, however, no difference between the growth of the experimental and control bones at the distal end following distal division of the periosteum. The experimental humeri had less new subperiosteal bone deposited over their diaphyses than the control humeri. These findings support the view that the periosteum is under tension as a result of the activity of the growth plates, and that changes in periosteal tension affect both the growth in length and the deposition of subperiosteal bone.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Histochemical demonstration of adrenergic fibers in the fascia periosteum and retinaculum.

Adrenergic nerve fibers were demonstrated in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum using the formaldehyde method of Falck--Hillarp and the recently developed glyoxylic acid method. A typical adrenergic plexus was seen around the vessels. The arteries and arterioles received a dense adrenergic nerve supply. The veins had a sparse adrenergic innervation and the venules and capillaries were apparently without adrenergic innervation. These distribution patterns of adrenergic fibers were fundamentally similar to those seen in various organs. A difference in the pattern of innervation was seen, however, in the arterioles betweeen the fascia, and periosteum and retinaculum. Furthermore, chemical sympathectomy induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in the disappearance of noradrenaline fluorescence and marked vasodilation in the fascial vascular bed, and a moderate vasodilation in the periosteum and retinaculum. These findings suggest that the role of adrenergic fiber is vasoconstrictor and these fibers regulate the circulation in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum.

Adrenergic Fibers↗

PubMed1979

"Silver dust"--a tool to study growth interrelationships between bone, periosteum and muscle.

A cylinder of gelatin containing silver spongy granules was placed in and lay within the masseter muscle, the periosteum, and the mandible, and terminated in the medial pterygoid muscle of young (3 month-old) growing miniature pigs. On the basis of an animal sacrificed one week after placement of the cylinder, it was found that the suspending gelatin was removed by cellular activity. Nine months later the remaining animals were sacrificed. Periodic X-rays were taken during the course of the experiment. After sacrifice, the mandible and associated tissues were histologically examined. The results of this study suggest that the silver granules in the muscles maintained their location during growth; the silver granules in the mandible moved forward with mandibular growth. "Slippage" appeared to occur external to the fibrous layer of the periosteum; the site of movement was revealed by the trail of the silver granules. The described method should prove of value in studying the growth interrelationships between bone, periosteum, and muscle.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates type II collagen expression in cultured periosteum-derived cells.

Chondrogenesis can occur during a bone repair process, which is related to several growth factors. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) downregulates the expression of type II collagen by chondrocytes in vitro, but injection of TGF-beta 1 into the periosteum in vivo increases type II collagen mRNA levels and initiates chondrogenesis. We examined the effect of TGF-beta 1 on collagen gene expression in a bovine periosteum-derived cell culture system to evaluate its direct effect on the periosteum. Cultured cells expressed alkaline phosphatase and collagen pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(II) mRNAs. A low level of type II collagen synthesis was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. TGF-beta 1 had no effect on periosteal cell proliferation. Expression of collagen pro alpha 1(I) mRNA did not change with TGF-beta 1 treatment, but alkaline phosphatase mRNA showed a dose-dependent decrease. Expression of collagen pro alpha 1(II) mRNA was stimulated 2.7-fold by TGF-beta 1. TGF-beta 1 also caused a 2.6-fold increase in type II collagen synthesis by immunoprecipitation. These findings indicate that TGF-beta 1 is an enhancer of the expression of the chondrocyte phenotype of the periosteal cells and suggest that TGF-beta 1 is important in initiating and promoting cartilage formation in vivo.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Role of periosteum on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts.

Recent studies on the fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts have shown that they remain viable and may be actively involved in the mechanics of bone repair. This communication reports on a series of experiments aimed to clarify the role of periosteum in the survival of pedicle-assisted bone grafts. Osteocutaneous grafts were developed in dogs in such a manner as to isolate the implant from normal recipient bone. Free bone grafts were used as controls and a group of pedicle periosteal grafts were studied as potential sources of bone formation. Specimens were evaluated at regular intervals over a 40-week period. The pedicle bone grafts maintained their viability and developed vigorous osteoneogenesis. The process was progressive and eventually resulted in partial substitution of the original graft by new bone of periosteal origin. The free bone grafts were resorbed and no bone formation was obtained in pedicle periosteum specimens. The study provides clear evidence that under experimental conditions no bone contact is needed to maintain the viability of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts. It also shows that the periosteum has the leading role in the restructuring process of these grafts.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Evidence for preferential effects of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and adenosine on bone and periosteum.

In order to explore the distribution of hormone-responsive cells in skeletal tissues, we have examined the effects of synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone N-terminal peptide (bPTH 1-34) and salmon calcitonin (sCT) on cyclic AMP levels in periosteum-free rat calvaria, segments of periosteum, and in isolated cells dispersed from each tissue by collagenase digestion. Synthetic bovine PTH increased cyclic AMP levels to a greater degree in calvaria and in isolated bone cells than in the periosteal segments and cells, whereas sCT was more effective in the periosteal than in the bone systems. Primary cultures prepared from bone and periosteal cell populations exhibited progressive increases in their responsiveness to bPTH (1-34) and progressive decreases in responsiveness to sCT. After six days in the culture, bone cells failed to respond to sCT, and sCT did not modify their response simultaneously added bPTH (1-34). Six-day periosteal cell cultures exhibited residual sCT responsivity and an additive response upon simultaneous exposure to high concentrations of bPTH (1-34) and sCT suggesting separate sites of hormone action. Adenosine, a known stimulator of bone cell adenylyl cyclase, caused a greater increase in periosteal cell than in bone cell cyclic AMP. bPTH (1-34)-responsive cells which enrich periosteum-free bone may be osteoblasts, in view of their histological prominence in this tissue and in the bone cell isolates. Periosteal cells which responded to sCT and to adenosine preferentially are unidentified. Although periosteal segments contained numerous fibroblast-like cells, skin fibroblasts cultured from the same fetuses were sCT-insensitive. Growth in primary culture appears to alter the number of hormone-responsive cells or responsiveness of existing cells to each hormone, or both.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1978

Quantitative assessment of free gingival grafts with and without periosteum and osseous perforation.

Forty free gingival grafts were performed on 5 adult Rhesus monkeys as follows: 10 grafts were placed on recipient sites with periosteum; 10 grafts on periosteum and perforated cortical plate; 10 grafts on bared bone; and 10 grafts on perforated bared bone. All free autografts (7 X 5 X 1 mm) were taken from the palatal mucosa and were sutured in place. Clinical evaluation and photographs were taken at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks postoperatively. At 24 weeks, a device was used to measure quantitatively the amount of force necessary to pull the graft 2 mm away from the underlying bone. Biopsy of two grafts of each type were taken for histologic examination. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. There was no difference in the survival or healing pattern of grafts placed on periosteum and grafts placed on bared bone.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of oblique closing base wedge osteotomies of the first metatarsal: stripping versus nonstripping of the periosteum.

The authors present a study comparing two methods of performing the oblique closing base wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity. In one group, the periosteum was stripped from the metatarsal prior to performing the osteotomy, and in the other group, the osteotomy was performed through the periosteum. Sixty-five osteotomies are included in the study. This article discusses the closing base wedge osteotomy, fracture healing and the role of the periosteum, the blood supply to the first metatarsal, and the effects of periosteal stripping. Also included is a presentation of the surgical technique used, a statistical review of the procedures performed, a critical discussion summarizing the results, and a discussion of the postoperative complications encountered.

Female↗

PubMed1979

[Tendinous fibers in the periosteum and bone].

The relation of muscles and bony skeleton studied in the work demonstrates a rather complex mechanism of connections existing between tendinous elements and periosteum and bone. Investigation on fixation of muscular tendons to the skeleton has demonstrated that in some cases tendinous filaments plait into the periosteum and terminate in it, while in other cases not all the tendinous filaments terminate at the level of the periosteum, but some of them penetrate into the bone. Thus, it has been demonstrated for the first time that tendinous filaments penetrate into the compact substance of the bone.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Collagen gene expression during chondrogenesis from chick periosteum-derived cells.

Chick periosteum-derived cells, which do not enter the chondrogenic cell lineage during normal bone development and growth, exhibit chondrogenic potential in high cell density culture conditions. In such cultures, collagen gene expression was temporally analyzed at the mRNA level by a reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) procedure, which showed that alpha 1(II) and alpha 1(IX) collagen mRNAs are coordinately increased, coincident with the onset of overt chondrogenesis, and subsequently decreased as chondrocytes exhibited hypertrophic characteristics. alpha 1(X) collagen mRNA was detected well before the onset of chondrogenesis and markedly increased along with the hypertrophic change. For alpha 2(I) collagen, both the bone/tendon form and the cartilage form of mRNA were detected throughout the culture period. This culture system provides an experimental vehicle capable of investigating the molecular events involved in the full range of chondrogenic differentiation starting from uncommitted periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effect of local prostaglandin E2 on periosteum and muscle in rabbits.

We assessed the target tissue for the stimulatory effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on bone formation previously observed during fracture healing. PGE2 was infused into tibial periosteal tissue in the right leg of 7 rabbits and into the anterior tibial muscle in the right leg of 7 other rabbits for 6 weeks. Solvent solution was infused into the left leg. PGE2 infusion at the periosteum caused the formation of primitive woven bone with large amounts of connective tissue; solvent infusion caused small amounts of normal periosteal bone formation. In the neighboring cortical bone, remodeling was increased after PGE2 infusion compared to solvent infusion. In the muscle, PGE2 infusion caused the formation of connective tissue with small amounts of woven bone. Thus, the major effects of PGE2 infusion at the site of the periosteum was the formation of primitive woven bone and in muscles the formation of connective tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Medial canthal tendon reconstruction with nasal periosteum.

Periosteum is a well-known source of tissue used in eyelid and orbital reconstruction. The periosteum medial to the medial canthal tendon, on the lateral wall and bridge of the nose, is an excellent place from which to mobilize this tissue to use as replacement medial canthal tendon. When the medial canthal tendon is lost following cancer extirpation, reconstruction can be accomplished by elevation and rotation of a nasal periosteal flap. Representative cases are presented to demonstrate the technical aspects of the procedure.

Aged↗