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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Watershed-based point sources permitting strategy and dynamic permit-trading analysis.

Permit-trading policy in a total maximum daily load (TMDL) program may provide an additional avenue to produce environmental benefit, which closely approximates what would be achieved through a command and control approach, with relatively lower costs. One of the important considerations that might affect the effective trading mechanism is to determine the dynamic transaction prices and trading ratios in response to seasonal changes of assimilative capacity in the river. Advanced studies associated with multi-temporal spatially varied trading ratios among point sources to manage water pollution hold considerable potential for industries and policy makers alike. This paper aims to present an integrated simulation and optimization analysis for generating spatially varied trading ratios and evaluating seasonal transaction prices accordingly. It is designed to configure a permit-trading structure basin-wide and provide decision makers with a wealth of cost-effective, technology-oriented, risk-informed, and community-based management strategies. The case study, seamlessly integrating a QUAL2E simulation model with an optimal waste load allocation (WLA) scheme in a designated TMDL study area, helps understand the complexity of varying environmental resources values over space and time. The pollutants of concern in this region, which are eligible for trading, mainly include both biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). The problem solution, as a consequence, suggests an array of waste load reduction targets in a well-defined WLA scheme and exhibits a dynamic permit-trading framework among different sub-watersheds in the study area. Research findings gained in this paper may extend to any transferable dynamic-discharge permit (TDDP) program worldwide.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

Tradable permits without legislative targets: a review of the potential for a permit scheme for sterilized clinical waste in the UK.

Tradable-permit schemes are becoming an increasingly popular technique for encouraging materials recovery and the diversion of waste from landfill. Such schemes operate using various forms of market-based trading of waste permits between polluters but usually rely on mandatory recycling targets to provide an incentive for trading. Using the UK's Packaging Recovery Note (PRN) scheme as a template, this paper examines the potential for permit trading where mandatory targets are absent and schemes must be driven solely by the financial benefits of reduced landfill costs and permit/material sales. The case examined is sterilized clinical waste, which has considerable recycling potential but suffers from health concerns and a poor public image. Interviews with healthcare and waste-management representatives indicate that although elements of the PRN scheme might prove appropriate for encouraging materials recovery, the absence of government targets and uncertain end markets for sterilized clinical waste present major obstacles to trading. Alternative incentives would therefore be required to catalyse schemes and develop recycling infrastructure. In the final analysis, thermal processing may be a more practical alternative to landfill than materials recovery for this particular waste stream.

Commerce↗
PubMed2005

Phase-in of nonpoint sources in a transferable discharge permit system for water quality management: setting permit prices.

The composite market design is a proposal for a transferable discharge permit system that specifically includes agricultural non-point-source dischargers and addresses both property rights and transaction cost problems. The first step to implementation of a composite market scheme is the estimation of a supply curve for abatement measures in the catchment area. Estimation is performed by combining costs with modeled loss reductions from selected best management practices and then using this information to estimate the supply curve for abatement, which in turn can then be used to set permit prices. The Rönneå catchment in southern Sweden is used as a pilot study area for making this type of estimate. Costs for existing measures that reduce nutrient losses from farmland (catch crops and spring planting) are based on existing programs financed by the Swedish Agricultural Board. A set of supply curves is calculated for these measures using retention estimates for seven subcatchments and three soil types in the area. Although existing information is sufficient to calculate partial supply curves and may be used to set permit prices, additional measures should be included as well as an increased number of variables for differentiating site specific reduction costs.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1982

Hazardous waste management system standards for owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities and EPA administered permit programs; hazardous waste permit program. Environmental Protection Agency. Interim final amendments to rule.

On May 19, 1980, EPA promulgated regulations applicable to owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities which prohibited the landfill disposal of most containerized liquid waste or waste containing free liquid on and after November 19, 1981. Further on June 29, 1981, EPA amended its hazardous waste management regulations so as to extend the compliance date of the restriction on the landfill disposal of containerized liquid ignitable wastes to coincide with the compliance data of the general restriction on landfill disposal of liquids. The Agency is today extending the compliance date on both these requirements until May 26, 1982, and, in a separate action, is proposing amendments to these restrictions. This extension of compliance dates is provided for the sole purpose of allowing time to complete the rulemaking action on today's proposed amendments. The Agency is also today exempting from the requirements of the hazardous waste management regulations, the acts of adding absorbent material to hazardous waste in containers and adding hazardous waste to absorbent material in a container, at the time waste is first placed in the container, in order to reduce the free liquids in a container.

Refuse Disposal↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between work permits, injury, and safety training among working teenagers.

BACKGROUND: No information exists on the differences between teenagers with work permits and teenagers without work permits in regards to workplace injury, near-miss incidents, and safety training. METHODS: In May 2003, an anonymous questionnaire was administered to 7,506 teens attending high school throughout the five public health regions of Wisconsin. All students in the participating school districts were invited to respond. The questionnaire included questions about employment, injury, safety and health training, and school performance. RESULTS: Overall, 6,382 teens participated in the survey and 49% reported working during the school year. Seventy percent of all working teens reported having a permit. Females were more likely to have work permits compared with males (71% vs. 68%, P = 0.018). The percentages of teens with permits varied by job and ranged from 55% for teens working in tree-trimming/cutting to 85% for teens working in restaurants or fast food establishments. Teens with work permits were no less likely to be injured than those without permits (AOR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.85-1.33) and no less likely to have a near-miss incident (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.99-1.63). However, teens with permits were significantly more likely to be given safety training than teens without permits (AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 2.21-3.10). CONCLUSIONS: Although teens with work permits were more likely to report receiving safety training than teens without permits, the occurrence of injury was no different among the groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Impact of diabetes on crash risks of truck-permit holders and commercial drivers.

OBJECTIVE: The U.S. and some Canadian government agencies have waived commercial license restrictions for some insulin-using diabetic drivers. However, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration is no longer giving waivers. Scientific evidence to support such regulations has been sparse. This article presents detailed analyses of crash risks for users and nonusers of insulin among diabetic truck-permit holders in Québec, Canada. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Diabetic truck-permit holders were group-matched by age to a random sample of healthy permit holders. Data on permits, medical conditions, and crashes involving 13,453 permit holder-years in 1987-1990 were extracted from the files of the public insurer for automobile injuries in Québec. Additional health status data were obtained from the provincial public health insurer. A telephone survey was conducted to collect data on driving patterns and exposure. Risk ratios were estimated using negative binomial regression models. RESULTS: Risk ratios for crashes vary by category of diabetes. Permit holders for single-unit trucks (STs) who are diabetic without complications and not using insulin have an increased crash risk of 1.68 when compared with healthy permit holders of the same permit class. When controlling for risk exposure, commercial drivers with an ST permit and the same diabetic condition have an increased risk of 1.76. Insulin use is not associated with higher crash risk. CONCLUSIONS: The increased crash risk for the group with uncomplicated diabetes not using insulin is a new finding. The lack of consistent increases in crash risks among diabetic commercial drivers with complications or who use insulin may be a "healthy worker effect" masking the real risk, because these licensees have a lower participation rate as professional drivers.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Role of work permits in teen workers' experiences.

BACKGROUND: Work permits are required for working teenagers under 18 in 41 US states, but little is known about the work experience of those with work permits compared with those without such permits. This study examines job hazards, training, and knowledge of child labor laws reported by students in a predominantly Latino high school in Los Angeles and compares the responses of those who obtained work permits with those who did not. METHODS: Student responses to a 60 item questionnaire were supplemented with information from focus groups and a survey of work permits issued by the school. RESULTS: Students without work permits were more likely to perform hazardous tasks and to use certain types of dangerous equipment and less likely to receive health and safety training than those with permits. CONCLUSION: Possible explanations for the findings and suggested areas in need of policy change or research are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Shall-issue policy and criminal activity among applicants for permits to carry concealed firearms.

Permits to carry concealed firearms in public (CCW permits) remain controversial. A small scale natural experiment with shall-issue CCW permit policy in California, a may-issue state, is reported. During the mid-1990s, the chief of police of the Sacramento County town of Isleton issued permits to all county residents who applied and passed a standard background check. This program received national publicity. The incidence of subsequent criminal activity among 691 persons applying for CCW permits through Isleton's program in 1995 and that in a statewide sample of 965 CCW applicants from 1993-94 were compared. Subjects were followed up for three years from their application dates. The arrest rates for violent crime among Isleton and statewide applicants were 291 and 104 per 100 000 person-years, respectively (relative risk 2.8, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 11.2, p = 0.18). This suggests that a shall-issue policy for CCW permits may result in higher rates of violent crime among permit holders, but the results do not reach statistical significance; larger studies are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inter-zonal tradable discharge permit system to control water pollution in Tianjin, China.

In recent years, Chinese environmental authorities have expressed interest in the use of Tradable Discharge Permits (TDP) as a regulatory instrument to control pollutant emissions. Environmental professionals still have not had enough experience, however, in designing and managing TDP systems, especially for non-uniformly dispersed pollutants. As an empirical study, this paper proposes an interzonal TDP system and analyzes its effectiveness in cost savings and environmental protection for reducing water pollutant COD (chemical oxygen demand) in Tianjin, China. Zonal permit system (ZPS) and emission permit system (EPS) are discussed for comparison. The inter-zonal TDP system is demonstrated to improve cost efficiency by allowing permit trades between zones, as long as water quality constraints are satisfied. The transactions are assumed to proceed in a multilateral sequential way and are simulated with a circularly running linear programming (LP) model. The simulation of permit transactions among 20 firms shows that to reach the same COD removal target, ZPS, interzonal TDP system, and EPS lowered the total reduction cost by 12.8%, 14.6%, and 15.8%, respectively. EPS, however, brought about "hot spots" problem. Finally, the transaction costs and the sensitivity of the three TDP systems to changes in both COD reduction rate and the initial permit allocation are discussed, and policy implications are addressed.

China↗
PubMed1988

Decree No. 43 of 1988 on Conditions for granting work permits for foreigners, 8 March 1988.

This Decree provides that foreigners are not to be permitted to work in Egypt until they have obtained a work permit from the Office of Manpower and Training. In deciding whether to grant a work permit, the Office is to consider the following principles: 1) a foreigner should not be competing with Egyptian citizens who are equally or better qualified; 2) a foreigner must comply with regulations relating to skills and experience established by Egyptian law; and 3) a foreigner born and permanently resident in Egypt is to be given priority over other foreigners. The Office is also to consider the need of the Egyptian economy and of the specific place of work for the foreigner's work. The total number of foreigners employed is not to exceed 10% of the work force of any establishment, although exceptions can be made to this rule in the interests of the Egyptian economy. Exceptions to the provisions of this Decree can also be made for foreigners married to Egyptian citizens. In addition, persons of indeterminate nationality residing in Egypt at least 15 years and political refugees certified as such are to be given priority in employment. Under the Decree, employers are to keep a register of foreigners employed. Further provisions of the Decree relate to fees charged for work permits and the circumstances under which work permits can be withdrawn or forfeited.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Section 404 wetland mitigation and permit success criteria in Pennsylvania, USA, 1986-1999.

Twenty-three Section 404 permits in central Pennsylvania (covering a wetland age range of 1-14 years) were examined to determine the type of mitigation wetland permitted, how the sites were built, and what success criteria were used for evaluation. Most permits allowed for mitigation out-of-kind, either vegetatively or through hydrogeomorphic class. The mitigation process has resulted in a shift from impacted wetlands dominated by woody species to less vegetated mitigation wetlands, a trend that appears to be occurring nationwide. An estimate of the percent cover of emergent vegetation was the only success criterion specified in the majority of permits. About 60% of the mitigation wetlands were judged as meeting their originally defined success criteria, some after more than 10 years. The permit process appears to have resulted in a net gain of almost 0.05 ha of wetlands per mitigation project. However, due to the replacement of emergent, scrub-shrub, and forested wetlands with open water ponds or uplands, mitigation practices probably led to a net loss of vegetated wetlands.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2003

Permitted and forbidden sets in symmetric threshold-linear networks.

The richness and complexity of recurrent cortical circuits is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for thinking about high-level biological computation. In past theoretical studies, constraints on the synaptic connection patterns of threshold-linear networks were found that guaranteed bounded network dynamics, convergence to attractive fixed points, and multistability, all fundamental aspects of cortical information processing. However, these conditions were only sufficient, and it remained unclear which were the minimal (necessary) conditions for convergence and multistability. We show that symmetric threshold-linear networks converge to a set of attractive fixed points if and only if the network matrix is copositive. Furthermore, the set of attractive fixed points is nonconnected (the network is multiattractive) if and only if the network matrix is not positive semidefinite. There are permitted sets of neurons that can be coactive at a stable steady state and forbidden sets that cannot. Permitted sets are clustered in the sense that subsets of permitted sets are permitted and supersets of forbidden sets are forbidden. By viewing permitted sets as memories stored in the synaptic connections, we provide a formulation of long-term memory that is more general than the traditional perspective of fixed-point attractor networks. There is a close correspondence between threshold-linear networks and networks defined by the generalized Lotka-Volterra equations.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Finding the right approach. What do you mean, this is a non-permit required confined space?

While not a big fan of the non-permit confined space designation, I have come to believe the approach can work if done properly. However, it is this author's opinion that the designation of a confined space as non-permit required in any work environment should be the exception rather than the rule. The up-front determination that a space is "non-permit-required" should necessarily consume more time and resources than assuming the space is "permit-required" because so fewer controls are in place. Most certainly, this decision must be based on the knowledge that no hazards are present or have the potential to develop, rather than on "convenience" or "resource limitations"; assumptions should never play a part in the decision. Attention to proper evaluation of confined spaces, documentation of actual conditions over time, and communication to those entering the spaces are all critical components of a safe confined space entry program, whether the space be permit-required or not.

Guideline Adherence↗
PubMed1988

Resolution on procedures for applying for work permits to undertake professional training, 10 October 1988.

This Resolution contains procedures for applying for professional training work permits. It provides that those foreigners who wish to come to Spain for a limited period of time in order to become fully qualified in Spanish commercial and professional customs while occupying a training work position are eligible to apply for this permit. The permit is not valid for more than 12 months, although in exceptional cases the permit will be extended for an additional six months. After the period of training has ended, the workers may not remain in Spain in order to exercise another activity. Further provisions of the Resolution deal with when and where applications are to be presented, the form of applications and documentation accompanying applications, and notification of decisions on applications, among other things.

Demography↗
PubMed1993

cAMP and/or acetylcholine permit an insulin response to fuel nutrients in chicken.

1. The possibility that 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) or acetylcholine (ACh) potentiates insulin release in chicken pancreas in response to D-glyceraldehyde (D-GA, a weak insulinotropic fuel), and permits an insulin release in response to D-mannose or alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (alpha-KIC) (two non-insulinotropic fuels in chicken pancreas) is examined. 2. 8-Br-cAMP (1 mM) or ACh (1 microM) permitted a sustained although delayed insulin release in response to D-GA (5 and 15 mM). 3. The resistance to D-mannose (50 mM) or alpha-KIC (10 mM) persisted in the presence of 8-Br-cAMP. 4. At 1 or 100 microM, ACh permitted a slight, immediate and transient insulin output in response to alpha-KIC but not to D-mannose (with one unexplained exception). 5. The simultaneous perfusion of 8-Br-cAMP + ACh increased the basal rate of insulin release, and permitted a large and sustained response to D-mannose. It also greatly increased the immediate response to alpha-KIC + ACh. 6. In conclusion, in chicken pancreas fuel nutrients require the activation of cAMP- and/or ACh-dependent pathways to induce insulin release. Whether this peculiarity is related to the high glycemia of chickens awaits further investigation.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of intake and committed dose equivalent permitted by radiation protection systems based on annual dose equivalent and committed dose equivalent for a nuclide of intermediate effective half-life.

Comparison of the 226Ra ingestion permitted by a radiation protection system that limits dose equivalent, with that permitted by the ICRP system and by the ICRP system modified through the use of the Norris retention function in place of the ICRP alkaline earth model, shows that the total ingested activity and the total committed dose equivalent to bone-surface tissues are approximately the same under the three protection systems when exposure occurs at the maximum permissible level for 50 y. Under the dose-equivalent-limitation system, annual ingestion decreases from 451 kBq during the first year to 36 kBq during the fiftieth year. The total ingestion equals 3.45 MBq. Annual committed dose equivalent decreases from 3.6 Sv during the first year to 0.3 Sv during the fiftieth year. The total committed dose equivalent equals 27 Sv. Under the ICRP system and its modified version, the annual limits on intake are constant with time at 70 kBq and 63 kBq, respectively. The total intakes are 3.50 MBq and 3.15 MBq. The annual committed dose equivalent is also constant with time at 0.5 Sv for both versions. The total committed dose equivalent is 25 Sv. These results suggest that a pure dose equivalent limitation system similar to that which has evolved at U.S. defense-related facilities permits lifetime exposures similar to those permitted by a committed dose limitation system for radionuclides of intermediate effective half-life. Lifetime cancer risk for the maximally-exposed individual may be greater under the dose equivalent-limitation system due to the more rapid increase in committed dose equivalent which occurs with time compared to the increase under the ICRP system or its modified version.

Body Burden↗