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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Personality disorder in transcultural perspective.

Personality disorder constitutes one of the most controversial diagnostic categories within clinical psychiatry. Explosive and antisocial personality disorders in particular are central to this controversy. The difficulties for diagnosis encountered when clinician and patient belong to different socio-economic classes are seen to be magnified in the transcultural situation, when cultural and language variables are superimposed. The diagnosis of personality disorder among Australian Aborigines is reviewed, and the face validity of some prevalence rates is challenged. An examination of the terms for anger and aggression used by a Central Australian tribal Aboriginal group demonstrates that Aborigines differentiate them both quantitatively and qualitatively. This facility is seen as providing psychiatrists with a method for enhancing diagnosis of personality disorder in both clinical and epidemiological settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The clinical characteristics of personality disorder subtypes in Naval service.

The clinical importance of personality disorder subtypes was evaluated through an analysis of the demographic characteristics and outcomes for 11,549 navy enlisted men who received a primary diagnosis of a character and behavior disorder. Men with similar demographic characteristics serving in similar environments and demonstrating grossly similar clinical pictures received different diagnoses and dispositions in the various hospitals studied. Within any 1 hospital over the 4 study years, while demography of character and behavior disorder patients remained stable, diagnostic breakdowns and administrative and outcome characteristics varied markedly. The data are thus consistent with the hypothesis that diagnostic subtypes for personality disorders have limited clinical and prognostic meanings. The label may reflect the idiosyncratic preference of a particular physician at 1 point in time as much as the clinical picture or prognosis of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Automated classification of MMPI profiles into psychotic, neurotic or personality disorder types.

A Fortran program has been developed which can objectively classify Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI) profiles as being psychotic, neurotic, personality disorder, or indeterminate types. The method used is a set of configural rules, 'Henrichs' rules for males'. The only input data required are K-corrected T scores, which are the end product of standard scoring techniques. To automate these rules it was necessary to rewrite them so that all decisions were the result of arithmetic comparisons or logical tests using only and, or and not. In particular, examination of the Welsh code, which many rules required, had to be stimulated by the use of several sorted arrays. The program has been carefully tested and is in the use in our computer lab.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2026

ADCY2 promoter hypomethylation in adolescents with borderline personality disorder: An RRBS study with targeted BSP replication.

BACKGROUND: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and interpersonal instability. Although genetic and environmental contributions to BPD have been investigated, epigenetic correlates in adolescents remain poorly understood. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway is implicated in stress responsivity and emotion regulation, but its epigenetic variation in adolescent BPD remains understudied. METHODS: DNA methylation profiling was performed using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) in buccal epithelial DNA from adolescents with BPD (n = 15) and healthy controls (HC; n = 15). Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified using metilene, a computational tool for detecting DMRs from bisulfite sequencing data, and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Associations between methylation signals and borderline personality features were examined. Adenylate cyclase 2 (ADCY2) promoter methylation was examined using targeted bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) in an independent cohort (BPD n = 5; HC n = 5). RESULTS: RRBS identified 7641 DMRs between BPD and HC, with enrichment in pathways related to neuronal signaling and synaptic organization. A hypomethylated DMR was detected in the ADCY2 promoter, a gene implicated in cAMP signaling. Lower ADCY2 promoter methylation was associated with greater clinical severity, including emotional dysregulation, borderline traits, anxiety symptoms, and self-injury behaviors (r=-0.71 to -0.83; all p < 0.0001). Hypomethylation of the ADCY2 promoter was replicated in the independent cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory two-stage epigenetic study suggests that ADCY2 promoter hypomethylation in peripheral buccal epithelial DNA is associated with core symptom dimensions of adolescent BPD. These findings support a role for cAMP-related epigenetic variation in BPD and warrant replication in longitudinal studies.

ADCY2↗
PubMed2026

Does impulsivity predict treatment outcomes in PTSD with borderline personality disorder features? Results from a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Trauma-focused psychotherapies are first-line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a substantial proportion of clients do not respond adequately or drop out of therapy prematurely. This has sparked interest in identifying individual-level predictors of treatment outcomes, including improvement in PTSD severity and dropout. Impulsivity may be a predictor because it may interfere with key therapeutic processes, such as cognitive restructuring and emotional processing. Consequently, we present a hypothesis-driven secondary analysis of a 15-month randomized clinical trial comparing Dialectical Behavior Therapy for PTSD (DBT-PTSD) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in women with childhood abuse-related PTSD and borderline personality disorder features to test whether impulsivity, assessed at baseline, predicts PTSD improvement and dropout. We further explore whether the dimensions of impulsivity (non-planning, attentional impulsivity, and motor impulsivity) differentially affect the outcomes in DBT-PTSD vs. CPT. METHODS: A total of 193 cis women with PTSD related to childhood abuse and borderline personality disorder features were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-10). Separate probit models and general linear models were applied to predict dropout and pre-to-post changes in PTSD severity (&#x394;CAPS) from total impulsivity and subscale scores, i.e. non-planning, attentional and motor impulsivity. RESULTS: Overall, dropout rates were higher for participants with higher baseline impulsivity scores (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.049), particularly for those with higher non-planning impulsivity (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.012). In participants randomized to CPT improvement in PTSD symptom severity (&#x394;CAPS) was negatively related to baseline total impulsivity (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.021). In participants randomized to DBT-PTSD this relation was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that impulsivity may predict treatment outcomes. Specifically, patients with elevated impulsivity may be less likely to respond adequately to CPT. If replicated, these findings have implications for personalization of treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Neuropsychological analysis of personality disorders in lesions of the frontal lobes of the brain].

The paper concerns some problems of disturbances in the most complicated forms of human behaviour and psyche in local brain lesions. A neuropsychological analysis of personality disturbances determines them as an integrative formation--a product of the work of the whole brain in social human activity. It is directed towards the distinguishing of "components" inside this formation and a study of the brain areas providing their functioning. In 63 patients with lesions of the left and right frontal lobes, as well as of deep areas of the right hemisphere, the authors studied the traits of self-evaluation (its 2 levels - cognitive: the knowledge of oneself, and emotional: feeling oneself) and emotional sphere. The data obtained indicate specific personality disorders with different localizations of brain lesions and, in particular, in lesions of the frontal lobe. Besides consolidated results given in the table, 2 cases (with pathology of the left and right frontal lobe) show principle differences in disorders of the emotional-personality sphere, related most likely to the localization of the pathological focus.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Mesoridazine (Serentil) in personality disorders--a controlled trial in adolescent patients.

A double-blind study vs. placebo was carried out over a 6-week period in thirty adolescent patients to determine the efficacy and safety of mesoridazine, in the form of 10 mg tablets, in the treatment of symptoms associated with various personality disorders. The average daily dose for the 15 patients in the mesoridazine group was 27.3 mg in the first and 44.7 mg in the sixth week. Mesoridazine relieved anxiety to a highly significant degree when compared with placebo and proved significantly more effective than placebo also in terms of mean improvement scores for depression and hostility. Significant reductions were likewise achieved in the overall severity of the disorders and in the severity of nearly all the other symptoms. The incidence of adverse reactions did not differ significantly from that following placebo administration. No extrapyramidal symptoms were noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Lithium carbonate in personality disorders: a case of hysteria.

A growing literature--most uncontrolled--suggests that lithium may be useful in the treatment of some non-manic-depressive personality disorders. The diabolical behavior, conversion symptoms, and diffuse violence and cruelty of a young woman responded remarkably to treatment with lithium. Blind substitution of a placebo confirmed a lithium effect. Patients with the DSM-II diagnosis of explosive, antisocial, and hysterical personalities would appear to be the best candidates for a trial of lithium.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Conservatorship: an involuntary legal status for 'gravely disabled' mentally disordered persons.

Since 1969 in California, conservatorship has been the only form of civil, longterm involuntary psychiatric legal process. It does not require hospital-based treatment. This paper reports a preliminary study of this process through a retrospective analysis of conservatorship records in Sacramento County, California, from 1969 through 1976. There is a steady overall increase in the incidence of conservatorships each year. A dramatic decrease in state hospital admissions preceded this increase. Referrals were predominantly (69 percent) from the private sector. Once the first legal step was taken 87 percent of the patients completed the process and were placed on full conservatorship. Median age was 50; 52 percent were male and 90 percent were white. The relative proportion of single persons was high (45 percent). Diagnoses of schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome accounted for 86 percent of conservatees. About half (52 percent) terminate conservatorship after one year. No data were found which could be related to the character of treatment of conservatees. Future research in this area is urgently needed.

California↗
PubMed1978

[Congenital color vision disorders in persons with mental disorders].

Colour vision was studied in 3000 mental patients (2000 males and 1000 females) with different diseases by means of polychromatic tables and a spectral anomaloscope AH-59. It was established that the frequency of genetically determined pathology of colour vision in patients (9,3% in males and 08,% in females) is similar to the pathology found in the general population and does not depend upon the clinical diagnosis. At the same time there was a large amount of patients with acquired disorders to colour perception (30% of the general pathology of colour vision).

Color Vision Defects↗
PubMed1978

Self-poisoning in Auckland reconsidered.

Data is presented describing 345 self-poisoners presenting at the accident and emergency department and 211 referred to the psychiatric liaison service at Auckland Hospital during the 12 month period between August 1976 and July 1977. Both groups show the age and sex distribution commonly seen in self-poisoning, with a preponderance of young females. Referral rates increased with age and with the implication of anti-depressants, neuroleptics and anticonvulsants. Only 20 percent of the referred patients had a serious psychiatric disorder. Personality disorder, depressive neurosis and transient situational disturbance accounted for 80 percent. The benzodiazepine group of anxiolytics was implicated in 40 percent of incidents and the use of this class of medication is discussed in relation to the problem of self-poisoning. It is suggested that if all Auckland doctors made a decision not to prescribe oral benzodiazepines, the incidence of self-poisoning in the city could be reduced to a half to two thirds of its present proportions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Preliminary validation of a set of content analysis scales applicable to verbal samples for measuring the magnitude of psychological states in children.

Scores on 17 psychological dimensions of the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scales were obtained from 5-minute speech samples of 37 white children hospitalized on the psychiatric service of a general hospital. These content analysis scores were compared to identical scores obtained from a normative sample of 109 white children. Groups of children were classified by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) system as having Healthy Responses (N = 2), Personality Disorders (N = 17), Reactive Disorders (N = 9), Psychoneurotic Disorders (N = 7), and Developmental Deviations (N = 2), and by DSM-III as having Parent-Child Problems (N = 2), Conduct Disorders (N = 26), Anxiety Disorders (N = 7), and Special Developmental Disorders (N = 2). By either classification, these groups of children showed salient differences in their scores in certain psychological dimensions from the same types of scores occurring with the normative group. These findings provide initial construct validation of the Gottshalk-Gleser content analysis scales when applied to speech samples obtained for children. Moreover, the profiles of children's psychological characteristics obtained by this method provide, in themselves, an objective descriptive and dynamic classification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Creatine phosphokinase levels in children with severe developmental disturbances.

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were studied in individuals: 40 psychotic children suffering from childhood autism, atypical personality development, and childhood schizophrenia; five children with childhood aphasia; 22 children with severe personality disorders; 29 normal children and normal siblings of psychotic children; and 14 normal parents of psychotic children. Creatine phosphokinase levels from the entire population of adults and children were normally disturbed, and the mean CPK levels for the eight diagnostic groups were within normal limits. Those 22 children with personality disorders had significantly higher CPK levels than the other diagnostic groups. This relatively higher level of CPK may be related to vulnerability to later development of schizophrenic spectrum disorders. There was no apparent relationship between CPK levels and motor activity, nor was there any change in the level of CPK during a trial of psychoactive medication. Creatine phosphokinase levels remained relatively stable on test-retest determination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Serum cholesterol in antisocial personality.

Serum cholesterol fasting concentrations were measured in 274 subjects with personality disorders, who had committed offences. Of these subjects, 139 were found to possess the antisocial personality (sociopathy or psychopathy). With standardized ages, the group of subjects with antisocial personality had a clearly lower mean level of serum cholesterol than the group with other personality disorders which was used as a control group. The use of a mean male population with standardized ages as a control group further emphasized the low values of the serum cholesterol of the antisocial personality group.

Adolescent↗