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A gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) method for the determination of pesticide residues in fats and oils was subjected to two co-operative trials. Results for organochlorine pesticides (beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, dieldrin, p,p'-DDE and heptachlor) were compared with those obtained using an alumina column clean-up method. No significant differences in the mean values were found between the two techniques using the t-test (5% significance level). Horrat values demonstrated acceptable inter- and intralaboratory precisions for both clean-up techniques. Two organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon and propetamphos) and the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin were also determined using the GPC method. However, these compounds were not recoverable using the alumina column method, so no comparisons between the two methods were possible.
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Two U.S. data collection and dissemination programs, FEEDCON and FOODCONTAM, are described. FEEDCON provides information on contamination levels in animal feeds of toxic chemical residues (pesticides, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, mycotoxins, natural plant toxins, salmonella, and therapeutic drug cross-contaminations). FEEDCON data are collected from approximately 40 state feed regulatory agencies, feed manufacturers, and related groups who subscribe ($100-$200 per year) to the program, which is sponsored by the Association of American Feed Control Officials. FOODCONTAM provides similar information, but is limited to pesticides, heavy metals and industrial chemicals (polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls, etc.) in human foods. Both programs have been developed and initiated under U.S. Food and Drug Administration contracts with the Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory. Program structures of both are outlined conceptually, and FOODCONTAM is described in detail. FOODCONTAM data-sharing program development is essentially complete, but expansion by incorporating FDA data with State Laboratory data is nearing reality.
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Investigations of bound pesticide residues carried out to date involved the detection of residues in commodities, their identification, determination, bioavailability and possible biological effects. The results obtained in this research and the results of other authors who have shown an increasing concern about the levels, bioavailability and biological effects of bound pesticide residues since the late 1980' are presented in this paper. Based on the results obtained, bound pesticide residues were detected in some commodities ranging from trace amounts to over 50% of the dose level applied. The residue content was influenced by the biochemical structure of the commodity, the compound and its application rate, the length of time from the application to residue analysis as well as on some environmental parameters (primarily temperature and humidity). It was also established that the bioavailability to experimental animals may range from medium to significant provoking adverse biological effects. These effects depended on the compound, its application rate and length of administration. Based on the results obtained so far it was established that bound pesticide residues need to be taken into account when determining maximum residue limits (MRL) as well as when assessing the toxicological risks of pesticide application.
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Pesticide residues are usually determined by physical, chemical and biological methods. The simplicity and adaptability of bioassay methods have won their acceptance in the field of residue analysis. Theoretically, any organism that is susceptible to a pesticide may be used for its bioassay in any environmental sample. This means that such organism may serve as a bioindicator for the detection of certain pollutants. The susceptibility of honey bees (Apis melifera L.) to many insecticides commonly used in crop protection led to an attempt to use it as a bioindicator for the determination of residues of some insecticides in plant materials, as well as to detect toxicity hazards to honey bees of some commonly used insecticides. Results of this work which have been recently published may suggest "Yes" to answer the question posed in the title of this subject.
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