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The antimicrobial action of 21 pharmaceutical preparations has been compared in vitro by testing them against Staph. aureus (Oxford strain) in an identical environment. While a number of chemicals produced a degree of action, which can be considered adequate for clinical purposes, the combination thymol-camphor gave the best results.
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A simple ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of phenytoin in pharmaceutical preparations has been developed. The mean was 100.9% (6 determinations) and the coefficient of variation was 1.2%. The method was applied successfully to the determination of phenytoin in capsules and suspensions.
Orthogonal polynomial functions have been used in the simultaneous determination of mixtures of phenytoin and phenobarbitone in pharmaceutical preparations. The mean recovery (9 determinations) and coefficeint of variation were 100-0 +/- 1-4% for phenobarbitone and 100-0 +/-1-3% for phenytoin. Neither the delta A method of Pannerdan & Fontein nor a delta A modification of Vierordt's method of two-component analysis gave results of the same accuracy and precision as the proposed method.
A method is described for the rapid determination of phenothiazine drugs in a wide variety of pharmaceutical preparations. The drugs are determined by a difference spectrophotometric technique based upon the absorbance of the sulphoxide derivative of the drug relative to the absorbance of a solution of the underivatized drug. The sulphoxide derivatives are formed rapidly and quantitatively at room temperature by the addition of a solution of peroxyacetic acid, prepared by the slow reaction of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid on standing. The difference absorbance of the solutions is proportional to the concentration of the phenothiazine drug in the preparation and is specific for the intact drug in the presence of oxidative and photochemical decomposition products, colouring and flavouring agents, excipients and most co-formulated drugs.
Simple, rapid, and accurate methods have been developed for determining vitamin B1 in pharmaceutical preparations without prior separation of the vitamin. The methods are based on the desulfurization reaction with potassium plumbite and measurement of the unreacted lead(II) ions at 217 nm using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), or by titration with EDTA at pH 4.5 with the lead ion selective electrode and Gran's plot. The results compare favorably with those obtained using the USP fluorometric method. Recoveries of pure vitamin B1 averaged 99.1%, with a standard deviation of 0.8%, and 99.0%, with a standard deviation of 0.7%, for the AAS and ion selective electrode procedures, respectively.
Methods for the determination of organically bound iodine were compared. A preliminary destruction of the sample was preferable. The sample was mineralized using the Schöniger combustion. Since direct potentiometry of the iodide ion was used, further reduction of the sample was necessary. Several reductors were compared, and the best results were obtained with Devarda alloy. The proposed method was amployed for the determination of iodine in X-ray contrast products. Pure compounds and pharmaceutical preparations were investigated. The coefficient of variation of the method was 0.9%.
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The bioavailabilities of two tablet brands carbamazepine (CBZ) (Tegretol, A; Neurotol, B) were compared with two new experimental preparations (C,D). Formulation A showed a more sustained release nature than did the other formulations. The AUCs0 leads to infinity gave no significant differences between treatment A and three other treatments. However, if AUC0 leads to 72 was calculated instead of AUC0 leads to infinity, the preparation A gave the significantly lower bioavailability than the other compounds. Formulations A and B are marketed as generically equivalent preparations in Finland. However, their pharmacokinetic parameters after a single dose were different.
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The bioavailability of phenoxymethylpenicillin (pc V) was determined in children with upper respiratory infection (age 1 month-5 years) following the administration of different commercial preparations of pc V. Administration of potassium pc V in water solution resulted in a significantly higher plasma concentration than the same dose of potassium pc V in an oil vehicle. There was no difference in absorption between tablet and mixture (the water solution) when potassium pc V was given, but with calcium pc V lower plasma levels were found after the oil mixture form than after the tablets. The results indicate that the oil mixture form and not the type of salt is responsible for the decreased absorption observed after some preparations of pc V. The absorption of solutions of potassium and calcium pc V was also examined in two different age groups, 1--5 months and 6 months-5 years. For both preparations the younger children obtained higher plasma levels. In 4 children with coeliac disease a decreased absorption compared to control children was found of potassium pc V in solution and this was most pronounced when the oil vehicle was used.