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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Autoregulation of germ tube formation by Candida albicans.

Germ tube formation by Candida albicans is at least partially controlled by a product(s) of the yeast phase of the organism which is released from cells upon incubation at 37 degrees C in tissue culture medium or fetal calf serum. This germination regulatory substance is stable under conditions of lyophilization and heating of 70 degrees C, but becomes inactivated at pH values of 4.0 and 9.5. A germination regulatory substance was produced by both strains of C. albicans tested and by a strain of C. tropicalis. Production does not appear to be a universal characteristic of yeasts because the factor could not be recovered from either Cryptococcus laurentii or Candida parapsilosis. Previously described C. albicans germination inhibitors such as cysteine, tryptophol, and phenylethyl alcohol appear not to be the substance described here. Because of the ability of the factor to influence C. albicans morphology, we have designated it morphogenic autoregulatory substance.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed2026

Integrated assessment of biocontrol potential and genome analysis of endophytic Bacillus velezensis MGL-B1 against mango stem-end rot.

Mango stem-end rot is a globally significant postharvest disease that severely threatens the mango industry, primarily caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. However, information on biocontrol agents targeting this pathogen in mango remains limited. In this study, we isolated and identified a strain of Bacillus velezensis MGL-B1 from mango leaf tissues for the first time, which exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that MGL-B1 effectively inhibited the growth of B. dothidea, with an in vivo biocontrol efficacy reaching 83.72 ± 5.10%, comparable to that of the commonly used chemical fungicide thiabendazole. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that MGL-B1 acts by directly disrupting the integrity of the pathogen's mycelial cell membrane. In addition, its released volatile organic compounds (VOCs) also displayed significant antifungal activity, with components such as 2-nonanone, 2-nonanol, and phenylethyl alcohol being confirmed to exert antifungal effects in in vitro fumigation assays. qPCR analysis showed that MGL-B1 treatment significantly upregulated the transcriptional levels of genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and antioxidant defense pathways in mango fruits, with upregulation folds of 16.32, 37.19, and 75.93, respectively; meanwhile, the expression of browning-related genes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was markedly suppressed. Whole-genome sequencing further revealed 14 biosynthetic gene clusters for antimicrobial compounds, including five unknown gene clusters. Collectively, B. velezensis MGL-B1 represents a promising biocandidate strain with multiple antifungal mechanisms and excellent control efficacy, providing a valuable resource for green and sustainable management of mango diseases.

Mangifera↗
PubMed1978

On the synthesis of serine and homoserine samples asymmetrically labelled with tritium and deuterium in the hydroxymethylene group.

(1R) [1-3H, 2H1] 3-Phenylpropanol, the key intermediate in the synthesis of (4R) [4-3H, 2H1] D,L-homoserine and of the (4S)-isomer, is obtained from (1S) [1-2H1] 3-phenylpropanol and (1RS) [1-3H] ethanol upon incubation with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+; under similar conditions 2-phenylethanol undergoes very small exchange with [1-2H2] ethanol.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1979

Heat activation of Phycomyces blakesleeanus spores: theromdynamics and effect of alcohols, furfural, and high pressure.

The thermodynamic parameters for the heat activation of the sporangiospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were determined. For the apparent activation enthalpy (DeltaH(#)) a value of 1,151 kJ/mol was found, whereas a value of 3,644 J./ degrees K.mol was calculated for the apparent activation entropy (DeltaS(#)). n-Alcohols (from methanol to octanol), phenethyl alcohol, and furfural lowered the activation temperature of P. blakesleeanus spores. The heat resistance of the spores was lowered concomitantly. The effect of the alcohols was a linear function of the concentration in the range that could be applied. When the log of the concentration needed to produce an equal shift of the activation temperature was plotted for each alochol against the log of the octanol/water partition coefficient, a straight line was obtained. The free energy of adsorption of the n-alcohols to their active sites was calculated to be -2,487 J/mol of CH(2) groups. Although still inconclusive, this points toward an involvement of protein in the activation process. The effect of phenethyl alcohol was similar to the effect of n-alcohols, but furfural produced a greater shift than would be expected from the value of its partition coefficient. When the heat activation of the spores was performed under high pressure, the activation temperature was raised by 2 to 4 degrees K/1,000 atm. However, with pressures higher than 1,000 atm (1.013 x 10(5) kPa) the activation temperature was lowered until the pressure became lethal (more than 2,500 atm). It is known that membrane phase transition temperatures are shifted upward by about 20 degrees K/1,000 atm and that protein conformational changes are shifted upward by 2 to 6 degrees K/1,000 atm. Consequently, heat activation of fungal spores seems to be triggered by a protein conformational change and not by a membrane phase transition. Activation volumes of -54.1 cm(3)/mol at 38 degrees C and -79.3 cm(2)/mol at 40 degrees C were found for the lowering effect of high pressure on the heat activation temperature.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1978

The interaction of short-chain aralkyl alcohols and amines with the erythrocyte membrane.

Erythrocytes in isotonic saline are hemolyzed by benzyl alcohol and by 2-phenylethanol, but not by the corresponding amines nor by the ring-or side-chain-hydroxylated analogs. All these compounds could however interact with the erythrocyte membrane since: a) they facilitated the hemolytic effect of benzyl alcohol and/or of phenylelytic effect of benzyl alcohol and/or of phenylethanol; b) they exerted a protective effect against controlled hypotonic hemolysis.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1975

Effect of phenethyl alcohol and other organic substances on cellulas production.

Cellulase can be produced from growth in noncellulosic substrate if the growth rate of the producing organism is restricted. Phenethyl alcohol (PEA) is a growth inhibitor and was used to control the growth of M. verrucaria in attempts to obtain increased cellulase production. Cellulase yield was found to be increased without a restriction in growth rate when PEA was present in low concentrations (0.03% v/v). The effect was observed for other organisms but notably L. trabea, which produced considerable enzyme from a small quantity of mycelium. Here increased cellulase synthesis was concomitant with restricted growth. Other chemicals with PEA-like structure (e.g. benzyl alcohol) resulted in similar or more extensive cellulase synthesis. Of the substances tried, propyl alcohol was most effective, followed by acetone. PEA causes a swelling of cell walls and inhibits spore formation. This and other data given suggest that PEA affects the cytoplasmic membrane or the cell wall or both. Cellulase synthesis is considered to take place in the membrane and wall region of the cell.

Acetone↗
PubMed1975

The inhibition of phospholipid synthesis in escherichia coli by phenethyl alcohol.

The kinetics of lipid metabolism during phenethyl alcohol treatment of Escherichia coli were examined. Phenethyl alcohol at a non-bacteriostatic concentration reduces the accumulation of [32-P] phosphate into phospholipids and alters the phospholipid composition of the cell membrane. The changes in phospholipid composition are a result of the inhibitory effect of phenethyl alcohol on the rates of synthesis of the individual phospholipids. The inhibition in the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis by phenethyl alcohol was twice the inhibition in the rate of phosphatidyglycerol synthesis. The de novo rate of cardiolipin synthesis was only slightly inhibited. However, net cardiolipin accumulation increased during phenethyl alcohol treatment due to a more rapid turnover of phosphatidylglycerol to cardiolipin. Phenethyl alcohol also altered the fatty acid composition of the cell as a result of its inhibitory effect on the rate of individual fatty acid synthesis. However, the inhibition of phospholipid synthesis was not reversed by fatty acid supplementation of phenethyl alcohol treated cells. This result indicates that phenethyl alcohol does not inhibit phospholipid synthesis solely at the level of fatty acid synthesis.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1977

Pretreatment of hamster cells with phenethyl alcohol alters cell surface glycoproteins and inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus growth.

Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured in the presence of phenethyl alcohol exhibit obvious changes in cell surface galactose and galactosamine glycoproteins as determined by the galactose-oxidase[3H]borohydride technique and SDS gel electrophoresis. Cells pretreated with phenethyl alcohol (drug was removed before infection) were not as effective as hosts for vesicular stomatitis virus as untreated cultures. A minimum pretreatment time with 0.1% phenethyl alcohol of about 8 h was required before a reduction in virus growth was observed. It is proposed that phenethyl alcohol pretreatment as outlined in this report leads to a modification of the host cellular membrane resulting in the inhibition of virus replication.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1977

Inhibition of germ tube formation in Neurospora.

Phenethyl alcohol, m-cresol, and related compounds cause inhibition of germ tube formation in conidia of Neurospora crassa. Conidia continue to swell and form large spherical cells that are capable of multiple germ tube formation upon removal of inhibitor.

Cresols↗
PubMed1977

Induction of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli. Effect of phenethyl alcohol.

Induction of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme located in the periplasmic region of Escherichia coli, was inhibited by phenethyl alcohol, an agent believed to alter the cell membrane structure. Studies to elucidate mechanism of this inhibition showed that while phenethyl alcohol arrested the incorporation of [3H]leucine into active alkaline phosphatase, it did allow substantial incorporation of the label into inactive monomer subunits of the enzyme. These results suggest that phenethyl alcohol may not interfere with the de novo synthesis of monomer subunits of the enzyme but arrest conversion of these into active dimer enzyme presumably by its primary action on the cell membrane structure.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1977

The effect of phenethyl alcohol on in vitro DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli.

The effect of phenethyl alcohol on DNA synthesis was examined using several in vitro systems of Escherichia coli H560; i.e., ether-treated cells, membrane fractions and folded chromosomes fortified with DNA polymerase. In all systems, the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides was much reduced for the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells compared with the non-treated cells. The total activity of DNA polymerases in polA1 cells (mostly DNA polymerase II) was not impaired for the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells and the reduction of the rate of DNA synthesis in vitro was ascribed to the reduction of the chromosomal template activity which was related to trypsin sensitive protein components. The analysis of chromosomes from the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells revealed the remarkable reduction of a protein component of molecular weight approx. 58 000 in contrast with a protein component of molecular weight approx. 30 000.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1976

Suppression of photo-induced sporulation in Trichoderma viride by inhibitors.

The mycelium of Trichoderma viride grown in the dark under submerged conditions and transferred to membrane filters sporulated only after photoinduction. The optimum photoinduction of sporulation was reached when applying daylight for 3 min and near ultraviolet radiation (355 nm) for 10 to 30 sec. After the photoinduction probounced synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein was observed. The photoinduced sporulation was partially or fully inhibited in the presence of phenethyl alcohol, actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, cycloheximide and ethidium bromide. The same inhibitors blocked also the photoinduced sporulation of surface growing colonies of Trichoderma viride. Various inhibitiors of synthesis of nucleic acids and protein, inhibitors impairing the function of membranes and certain other compounds were also effective.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1979

Modification of membrane lipids. Phenethyl alcohol-induced alteration of lipid composition in Tetrahymena membranes.

Tetrahymena pyriformis NT-I cells in the early-logarithmic phase were incubated with phenethyl alcohol (2-phenylethanol) and effects on the lipid composition were examined in various membranes. 1. There was a marked modification in phospholipid head, as well as fatty acyl group composition in pellicles, mitochondria and microsomes of the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells. Compared with membranes of the control cells, the membranes from phenethyl alcohol-treated cells were found to contain a higher level of phosphatidylcholine content with the compensating decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine, while 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid showed only a slight decrease in these membranes. The acyl group profile of membrane phospholipids in the presence of phenethyl alcohol was also modified so that a profound elevation of the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids. The major monounsaturate, palmitoleate decreased. Such lipid alteration is a reversible process, and therefore upon removal of phenethyl alcohol the modified lipid composition returned to normal. 2. By freeze-fracture electron microscopy in combination with temperature quenching, the outer alveolar membrane of the phenethyl alcohol-treated cell was observed to reveal less aggregation of intercalated-membrane particles, as compared with the control membrane. The quantitative analysis of the thermotropic lateral movement of membrane particles provided evidence that the membrane in the phenethyl alcohol-treated cell became more fluid. Such fluidizing effects may result from an increase in the acyl group unsaturation and also in the phosphatidylcholine content. 3. With regard to the mechanism responsible for the marked decrease in palmitoleate in membrane phospholipids, there was found a depressed conversion of the palmitate to palmitoleate in the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells. It was further suggested that the drug may have an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase involving the (16 : 0 leads to 16 : 1) conversion. Also, it was demonstrated that the increase in a precursor-product fashion of phosphatidylcholine with the corresponding decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine was not due to transformation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine through stepwise methylation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of antibiotics on the life cycle of Neurospora crassa.

Some antibiotics and synthetic inhibitors affect, in several ways, the life cycle of Neurospora crassa (germination of conidia leads to myceliar growth leads to formation of conidia). Bikaverin, cyanein, scopathricin and phenethyl alcohol retard the germination of conidia, without inhibiting it completely. 5-Fluorouracil, ramihyphin A and zygosporin A (cytochalasin D) do not inhibit the germination. Bikaverin brings about a thickening of the hyphae of growing mycelium. Ramihyphin A, cyanein, scopathricin and zygosporin A stimulate the ramification of hyphae while 5-fluorouracil and phenethyl alcohol do not affect the myceliar morphology apart from their inhibitory effect on growth. Actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, cycloheximide, ramihyphin A and partially also sodium iodoacetate inhibit to a different degree the photoinduced formation of conidia. The inhibition by 5-fluorouracil is very conspicuous when the agent is present during the photoinduction but considerably weaker when it is applied 2 h after the photoinduction.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1977

Fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli is indirectly inhibited by phenethyl alcohol.

Experiments were performed to determine how phenethyl alcohol inhibits phospholipid synthesis in E. coli. At a nonbacteriostatic concentration, the drug reduces the rate of de novo fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis by 60 to 70%. The inhibition of fatty acid synthesis was found to be a secondary consequence of the inhibition of phospholipid synthesis. Phenethyl alcohol reduces the rate of incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into the phospholipids of a fatty acid auxotroph by 60%. These results indicate that this drug controls phospholipid synthesis beyond the level of fatty acid synthesis. Phenethyl alcohol inhibits the synthesis of phospholipids containing saturated fatty acids to a greater extent than it does the synthesis of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids. It controls the synthesis of phospholipids containing saturated fatty acids at both the level of fatty acid synthesis and the level of incorporation of the saturated fatty acids into phospholipids. The synthesis of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids is inhibited at the level of incorporation of the fatty acids into phospholipids.

Escherichia coli↗