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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale in Ixodidae infesting livestock in northwestern Iran.

BACKGROUND: Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma ovis are tick-borne obligate intracellular bacteria causing anaplasmosis in cattle and small ruminants, respectively, with considerable economic losses worldwide. Given the favorable ecological conditions for tick survival and the limitation of data on Anaplasma spp. in local tick populations in northwestern Iran, this study aimed to molecular and phylogenetic analysis of A. ovis and A. marginale in Ixodidae infesting livestock in northwestern Iran. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 780 ixodid ticks were collected from livestock across 198 herds in 11 counties of Ardabil Province during 2025. Ticks were morphologically identified and grouped into pools based on species and host type. Genomic DNA was extracted using a commercial kit and molecular detection of A. ovis and A. marginale was performed using PCR assays targeting the 16&#xa0;S rRNA and groEL genes. Positive samples were submitted for Sanger sequencing to confirm the identity of Anaplasma spp., phylogenetic analysis was conducted using reference sequences from GenBank (NCBI) using MEGA software (version 12). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 25), and associations between categorical variables were assessed using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Eight tick species belonging to three genera were identified. Among the hosts, sheep exhibited the highest infestation rate (49.3%). Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was the most prevalent species (25.3%) and was present in all sampled counties. Tick distribution varied significantly among host species (p = 0.003) and geographic locations (p = 0.002). PCR analysis detected A. ovis DNA in 16.6% (4/24) and A. marginale DNA in 8.3% (2/24) of tick pools. Positive pools were primarily associated with Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor marginatus. According to the results of the statistical analysis a significant association was found between tick species and host type (&#x3c7;&#xb2; = 13.87, p = 0.0031), with Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum more prevalent in sheep (p = 0.001). Tick abundance varied across counties (&#x3c7;&#xb2; = 16.42, p = 0.002), with highest densities in Nir, Khalkhal, and Kowsar (&#x3c7;&#xb2; = 14.21, p = 0.0028). No significant association was observed between Anaplasma positivity and tick species (p = 0.21) or host type (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The detection of A. ovis and A. marginale DNA in ixodid tick pools indicates their circulation in Ardabil Province. However, due to pooled sampling and the limited number of positive samples, the infection rate at the individual tick level could not be determined. These findings also highlight the importance of a One Health approach, considering the interconnected roles of animal health, tick vectors, and the environment in the transmission and control of tick-borne diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Amorphophallus gigas.

We sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of Amorphophallus gigas, a perennial monocotyledonous herb in Araceae, using HiFi technology. The genome is 173,034 bp in length with a GC content of 34.96%. It exhibits a typical quadripartite structure: a large single-copy (LSC) region of 95,283 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 15,675 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 31,038 bp each. It encodes 130 genes (85 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. gigas is closely related to A. titanum, forming a distinct clade. This study provides valuable genomic resources for understanding the evolution of Amorphophallus and Araceae.

Complete chloroplast genome↗
PubMed2026

Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis of three Malvaceae species on the basis of chloroplast genomes.

INTRODUCTION: The Malvaceae family shows rich species diversity and has substantial economic and medicinal value. However, the frequent interspecific hybridization among members of this family has resulted in confused phylogenetic relationships among the groups, limiting the usefulness of traditional classification methods. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among selected taxa of Malvaceae by evaluating 23 chloroplast (CP) genomes, including three newly assembled CP genomes. Among these three genomes, the CP genome of Hibiscus schizopetalus L. was reported for the first time, while the CP genomes of Alcea rosea L. and Hibiscus grewiifolius L., which have been deposited in NCBI, were re-analyzed here alongside newly generated data for comparative purposes. In addition, 20 downloaded CP genomes encompassing 13 genera were analyzed using SNPs in whole CP genomes data. RESULTS: The results showed that the genomes ranged from 160,403 to 161,978 base pairs in length and consisted of small single copies (SSCs) and large single copies (LSCs) separated by two inverted repeat sequences (IRs), forming a typical quadripartite circular structure. The entire genome sequence showed relative conservation across species in terms of structure, GC content, codon usage, and gene composition. The mutation sites were mainly located in the LSC and SSC regions, and the variability in the non-coding regions was higher than that in the coding regions. The nucleotide polymorphism (Pi) analysis identified the non-coding regions such as ndhF-rpl32 and psbZ-trnG as high variable hotspots. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed based on SNPs in whole CP genomes data. The phylogenetic analysis divided these 23 species into five highly supported clades. It also revealed a close sister-group relationship between Abelmoschus and Hibiscus species, suggesting that Hibiscus may have a separate lineage from okra species. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, the increasing availability of CP genome resources will enhance our understanding of the classification and evolutionary patterns of the Malvaceae family. The development of molecular markers will provide important molecular evidence for precise identification and classification revision of plants in this family.

Malvaceae↗
PubMed2026

Insights Into the Structural Features, Codon Usage Patterns, and Phylogenetic Analysis in Neoniphon argenteus (Teleostei: Holocentriformes) Based on Complete Mitochondrial Genome.

Neoniphon argenteus, a widely distributed nocturnal coral reef fish in the family Holocentridae, plays an important role in maintaining coral reef ecosystem health, yet its phylogenetic position remains poorly resolved. To bridge this gap, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of a specimen from the South China Sea to characterize its structural features, codon usage patterns, and phylogenetic relationships. The 16,569&#x2009;bp mitogenome (GenBank: PP190474.1) encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and two non-coding regions, exhibiting a distinct A&#x2009;+&#x2009;T bias. All tRNAs fold into typical cloverleaf secondary structures except tRNA-Ser (AGN), which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The control region contains palindromic motifs (TACAT/ATGTA) capable of forming hairpin structures and five conserved sequence blocks, whereas the OL region harbors a conserved 5'-GCCGG-3' motif. RSCU analysis revealed 31 frequently used codons (RSCU >&#x2009;1) with a pronounced preference for A/C-ending codons. The &#x394;RSCU method identified 10 candidate optimal codons (GCA, CAA, GAA, GGA, AUU, CUA, CCA, CGA, ACA, and GUC). Selection pressure analysis using EasyCodeML and site-specific models indicated that all PCGs are predominantly under purifying selection, with no significant evidence of pervasive positive selection. ND6 exhibited elevated pairwise Ka/Ks ratios (mean&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.209&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.047), consistent with reduced selective constraint rather than adaptive evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 Holocentriformes species using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference with partitioned models based on 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes (12S and 16S) assigned all taxa to two well-supported subfamilies (Holocentrinae and Myripristinae). Within Holocentrinae, Neoniphon species form a monophyletic clade nested within a paraphyletic Sargocentron, suggesting that the genus Sargocentron as currently defined is not monophyletic. This study provides useful baseline molecular data for further exploration of the evolutionary history of N. argenteus and other members of Holocentriformes.

Holocentridae↗
PubMed2026

Epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of anthrax in Kazakhstan in 2024.

BACKGROUND: Anthrax remains an important zoonotic disease in Kazakhstan due to the persistence of environmental reservoirs and long-standing endemic foci. Despite ongoing surveillance, the epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity of circulating Bacillus anthracis strains in the country remain incompletely understood. METHODS: A retrospective epidemiological and phylogenetic investigation of anthrax outbreaks reported in Kazakhstan during 2024 was conducted. Epidemiological data were collected for all laboratory-confirmed human cases and associated outbreak foci. Confirmation of infection was performed by PCR, and B. anthracis isolates were obtained from clinical, environmental and animal-associated samples. Whole-genome sequencing and core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis were used to characterize the genetic relationships among isolates and to determine their phylogenetic placement. RESULTS: Nine anthrax outbreaks were identified across four regions of Kazakhstan (Almaty, Zhambyl, Atyrau, and West Kazakhstan), resulting in 20 confirmed human cases. All patients were male, with the highest proportion occurring among individuals aged 36-55&#xa0;years (45%). The mean patient age was 43.9&#xa0;years (range: 16-64&#xa0;years). Most infections were associated with slaughtering infected livestock (65%), followed by handling contaminated meat (15%). PCR confirmed infection in all 20 human cases. Culture yielded 17 human-derived B. anthracis isolates from 14 patients and 17 environmental/animal-derived isolates, resulting in 34 isolates in total. Of these, 22 representative isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of two major lineages. Isolates from Atyrau and West Kazakhstan clustered within the Trans-Eurasian (TEA/STI) lineage. Atyrau isolates formed a tight cluster differing by only 21-32 cgSNPs, consistent with a shared epidemiolocal source, whereas the West Kazakhstan isolate was highly divergent. Zhambyl and Almaty region belonged to the A.Br.Ames lineage but diverged into two distinct sublineages. Zhambyl region isolates demonstrated minimal divergence from the global reference genome Ames Ancestor, differing by only 16-31 SNPs. Almaty region isolates formed an endemic subclone, separated from the reference group by approximately 114 SNPs. Comparison with the Ames Ancestor and Sterne reference strains demonstrated substantial genetic divergence. CONCLUSION: Anthrax outbreaks in Kazakhstan during 2024 were primarily associated with livestock exposure and occurred within established endemic regions. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the coexistence of distinct TEA and Ames lineages, including evidence of persistent local transmission and long-term evolutionary stability of endemic B. anthracis populations. These findings enhance understanding of anthrax epidemiology in Central Asia and support the integration of genomic surveillance into national outbreak investigation programs.

Anthrax↗
PubMed2026

The first two complete mitochondrial genomes for the genus Neotrichoporoides (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and their phylogenetic analysis.

Neotrichoporoides belongs to the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). As a group of parasitic wasps, it plays an indispensable role in the biological control of agricultural and forest pests and in maintaining ecosystem balance. To date, only nine complete mitochondrial genomes of Eulophidae have been sequenced worldwide, including the two newly sequenced species in this study. To enrich our understanding of the mitochondrial genomic diversity of Eulophidae and to provide preliminary insights into its phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced and comparatively analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of two Neotrichoporoides species. The mitogenomes of N. nyemitawus (GenBank: PZ188956; 15,164 bp) and N. viridimaculatus (GenBank: PX794932; 15,297 bp) contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one control region (CR), and exhibit a strong AT bias, with AT contents of 85.5% and 85.0%, respectively. We further analyzed mitochondrial gene rearrangements across 17 species from Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae and summarized family-specific rearrangement characteristics. tRNA rearrangements were detected in all three families. Eulophidae harbors conserved PCGs, while the inverse transposition of trnA and transposition of trnV are likely reported for the first time within this family. The two Neotrichoporoides species differ only in the arrangement of several tRNAs. Comparative analysis of PCGs revealed differences in molecular evolutionary rates among genes, with ATP8, ND2 and ND4 evolving faster than the others. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genome sequences showed that species from two subfamilies formed a monophyletic group, and congeneric species clustered into a single clade. This study contributes to resolving phylogenetic relationships within Eulophidae and further deepens our understanding of this family.

Eulophidae↗
PubMed2026

Mitochondrial genomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Cunninghamella elegans (Mucorales: Cunninghamellaceae).

Cunninghamella, a filamentous fungal genus with important biomedical and biochemical value, lacks any fully annotated mitochondrial genome to date. Herein, we presented the first complete mitogenome of Cunninghamella elegans, a circular 41,552 bp molecule (GC 27.86%) encoding 14 conserved protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 24 tRNA genes, and 6 non-conserved ORFs. Structural comparison with related species (Absidia glauca and Gongronella sp. w5) revealed dynamic evolution in intron and repeat elements. Phylogenetics places C. elegans within Cunninghamellaceae, with Gongronella as its closest relative. This reference mitogenome will underpin future evolutionary and taxonomic investigations of this industrially and medically significant lineage.

Cunninghamella elegans↗
PubMed2026

The complete chloroplast genome of Cynanchum hemsleyanum and its phylogenetic analysis.

C. hemsleyanum chloroplast genome is 157,356 bp with a quadripartite structure, 37.99% GC, and 132 genes (87 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA). Phylogenomic analysis places it as sister to C. thesioides with 100% bootstrap support. This resource aids molecular identification, genetic diversity, and evolutionary studies in Apocynaceae.

Cynanchum hemsleyanum↗
PubMed2026

Mitochondrial genome characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Ramaria longispora.

This study, for the first time, assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of R.&#xa0;longispora using high-throughput sequencing technology. The genome is a circular molecule with a total length of 157,712&#x2009;bp and a GC content of 31.55%. It encodes 71 genes, including 15 core protein-coding genes (PCGs), 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 5 free-stranding open reading frames (ORFs), and 24 intronic ORFs. Among these, most free-stranding ORFs have unknown functions but include a DNA polymerase gene, while the intronic ORFs primarily encode LAGLIDADG and GIY-YIG endonucleases. The mitochondrial genome contains 39 introns. Phylogenetic analyses based on 15 core PCGs using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods revealed that this R. longispora is most closely related to Ramaria flavescens and Ramaria ichnusensis. This study provides foundational data for mitochondrial genome research in the Ramaria genus and offers important references for taxonomic and evolutionary studies of this group.

Mitochondrial genome↗
PubMed2026

Complete genome characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and capsid P2 variation of a goose astrovirus genotype 2 isolate from Guizhou, China.

Goose astrovirus genotype 2 (GAstV-2) is associated with gout and renal disease in goslings, but its occurrence in Guizhou Province remains poorly documented. We isolated a GAstV-2 strain, designated GZJP2024, from goslings with visceral gout on a farm in Jinping County, Guizhou Province, China. PCR detected GAstV-2 but not goose parvovirus, goose reovirus, Tembusu virus, fowl adenovirus, or goose astrovirus genotype 1. Serial passage in goose embryos produced mortality and hemorrhagic lesions during the third passage. Whole-genome sequencing yielded a 7,251-nt genome containing three overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2). Sequence identity and phylogenetic analyses assigned GZJP2024 to the GAstV-2 lineage. ORF1b was the most conserved coding region, whereas ORF2 was more variable. Comparison with consensus sequences from representative GAstV-2 strains identified five amino acid substitutions in ORF1a and ten in ORF2. Four ORF2 substitutions (E456D, L540Q, S608T, and A614T) occurred in the capsid P2 domain and overlapped or neighbored predicted B-cell epitope-rich regions. Template-based mapping placed E456D, S608T, and A614T on exposed regions of a spike-like capsid structure. These findings document a GAstV-2 isolate from a gout-affected goose farm in Guizhou and provide sequence data for future regional surveillance.

Capsid P2↗
PubMed2025

The Complete Chloroplast Genome and the Phylogenetic Analysis of Panicum bisulcatum (Thumb.) (Poaceae).

The chloroplast (cp) genome of Panicum bisulcatum (Thumb.), a significant agricultural weed, was sequenced and characterized to elucidate its genomic architecture, evolutionary dynamics, and phylogenetic relationships. The complete cp genome was assembled as a circular DNA molecule of 138,489 bp, exhibiting a typical quadripartite structure comprising a large single-copy (LSC, 82,260 bp), a small single-copy (SSC, 12,569 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IR, 21,830 bp each) regions. It encodes 135 genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 49 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. Functional annotation revealed that most genes are involved in photosynthesis and genetic system. A total of 51 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 62 long repeats (LRs) were identified, providing potential molecular markers. Comparative analysis of IR boundaries highlighted both conserved features and species-specific expansion/contraction events among Panicum species. Phylogenomic analysis robustly placed P. bisulcatum within the genus Panicum, showing a closest relationship with P. incomtum and confirming the monophyly of the genus. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis with its closest relative, P. incomtum, revealed 4659 SNPs, with a dominance of synonymous substitutions, indicating the action of purifying selection. This study provides the first comprehensive cp genomic resource for P. bisulcatum, which will facilitate future studies in species identification, phylogenetic reconstruction, population genetics, and the development of sustainable management strategies for this weed.

Phylogeny↗
PubMed2026

Complete mitochondrial genomes of eight cyclophyllidean tapeworms: genome pattern and phylogenetic analysis.

Cyclophyllidean tapeworms are widespread parasites of significant medical and veterinary importance. However, mitochondrial (mt) genomic resources for cyclophyllideans from China, particularly those recovered from wildlife hosts, remain comparatively limited. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mt genomes of eight cyclophyllidean isolates collected from diverse wild and domestic hosts in China, including two Hymenolepis sp. isolates and two Raillietina sp. isolates from China, and four additional isolates of previously sequenced Taenia species. The circular mt genomes ranged from 13,387 to 14,021&#xa0;bp in length, encoding 36 typical genes with variable non-coding regions. Comparative analysis revealed highly conserved gene composition and mostly conserved mt architecture, with localized rearrangement patterns detected among the cyclophyllidean lineages examined. In particular, all sampled Taeniidae exhibited a consistent trnL1-trnS2 arrangement, whereas the examined non-Taeniidae families showed the trnS2-trnL1 arrangement, confirming and extending, across additional wildlife-associated isolates, a previously proposed family-associated gene-order marker within Cyclophyllidea. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of the 12 protein-coding genes placed the eight isolates within their expected families, in topologies broadly consistent with previous mitogenomic studies. These data provide additional Chinese mitogenomic references, especially for underrepresented wildlife-associated isolates, and support family-associated gene-order patterns in Cyclophyllidea.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A New Species of Eucnemidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) with Its Complete Mitogenome and Mitogenome-Based Phylogenetic Analysis.

We describe Microrhagus ziwulingensis Muona & Meng, sp. nov., from China. The genus Microrhagus Dejean, 1833, was previously represented in China by only two species. We sequenced and assembled the complete mitogenome of M. ziwulingensis (GenBank accession OK143440), which encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a putative control region with a total length of 15,843 bp. Overall, 36 species of Elateroidea were collected as the ingroup (for six of these species, two sequences of the same species submitted by different submitters were used). Eight species of Buprestoidea served as the outgroup. We constructed phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods based on 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) from mitochondrial genomes. The phylogenetic trees showed that all families within the superfamily Elateroidea, which was used as the ingroup, formed monophyletic groups. The topology differed from previous studies, showing that Rhagophthalmidae and Lampyridae formed a sister clade, and that Phengodidae + Lycidae, with Cantharidae, formed a sister clade. These discrepancies should be attributed to the use of a single type of molecular marker and the intense shortage of available sampling. This also indicates that mitochondrial genomic research on Eucnemidae, and even on the superfamily Elateroidea, still needs further expansion.

Microrhagus↗
PubMed2025

Genome-Wide Identification, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Polyamine Biosynthesis Gene Family in Pepper.

Polyamines (PAs), including putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and thermospermine, play essential roles in plant growth, development, and responses to stress. However, the structure and function of PA biosynthetic genes in pepper remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to identify PA biosynthesis genes in the pepper genome using bioinformatics approaches and to assess their expression under various stress conditions. A total of 16 PA biosynthesis-related genes were identified, representing members of the arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), agmatine iminohydrolase (AIH), N-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase (CPA), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), spermidine synthase (SPDS), spermine synthase (SPMS), and ACAULIS5 (ACL5) gene families. These genes encode proteins with an average molecular weight of approximately 40 kDa, primarily localized in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Promoter analysis revealed multiple cis-acting elements associated with stress and phytohormone responsiveness. Gene expression was induced by various abiotic stresses, including saline-alkaline, drought, heat, cold, and hydrogen peroxide, as well as by phytohormones such as abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, auxin, and gibberellin. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of PA biosynthesis genes in pepper and highlights their potential roles in stress adaptation and hormone signalling, offering a foundation for further exploration of PA-mediated stress tolerance mechanisms.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2026

Complete mitochondrial genomes and phylogenetic analysis of three species of Indo-Pacific freshwater gobies, Stiphodon (Gobiiformes,Oxudercidae).

Stiphodon is a genus of gobioid fishes found primarily in freshwater streams on islands throughout the Indo-Pacific region. It is the most speciose genus of Sicydiinae, with more than three dozen named species. Complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) sequences were determined for three species, namely Stapledon atropurpureus, Stapledon elegans, and Stapledon semoni. Maximum likelihood and Bayes inference inferences from 13 protein-coding genes (11,433 bp) or the COXI gene (1,551 bp) alone were made on these three together with four mitogenomes previously available. S. percnopterygionus and S. tuivi formed an outgroup to the other five Stiphodon species, meanwhile Stapledon atropurpureus and S. semoni were recovered as sister species. The ratios of the non-synonymous to the synonymous ubstitution rates for all PCGs were in the range 0\ (Ka/Ks) \1, which suggests they have been subject to purifying selection.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Molecular Evolution and Zoonotic Potential of Muju Virus (Orthohantavirus puumalaense) in Craseomys regulus, Republic of Korea.

Orthohantavirus puumalaense causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe, with Puumala virus (PUUV) as its primary representative. Muju virus (MUJV), harbored by Craseomys regulus, an Arvicolinae rodent species endemic to the Republic of Korea (ROK), is also a genotype of O. puumalaense. However, their genomic diversity and zoonotic potential remain largely unknown. To investigate their prevalence, 185 voles were collected from 23 regions of the ROK between 2012 and 2023. Serological assays detected anti-PUUV immunoglobulin G antibodies in five samples (3.1%), whereas reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed MUJV RNA in identical specimens (2.7%). Amplicon-based nanopore sequencing facilitates near-complete genome recovery, enabling high-resolution comparative analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct genetic lineages in Gangwon and Jeollabuk Provinces. Evolutionary rate estimates indicated greater sequence divergence in the S and L segments than in the M segment. A zoonotic risk assessment revealed that most MUJV variants exhibited moderate-to-high spillover potential. The molecular detection of MUJV in Cheorwon, Gangwon Province, expands its known geographic range and provides the first molecular evidence of MUJV circulation in this region. These findings highlight the need for continued surveillance and seroprevalence studies of MUJV to assess its potential for human exposure and public health relevance in the ROK.

Animals↗