HEARING aids accepted by the Council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association. As of April 1, 1950.
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American Medical Association↗
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HEARING aids accepted by the Council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association.
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American Medical Association↗
Physicists are better educated for a career in medical physics if they graduate from a specialized medical physics graduate program rather than from a more traditional physics graduate program. For the Proposition.
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Biophysics↗
Prediction of physical fitness and physical activity level in adulthood by physical performance and physical activity in adolescence--an 18-year follow-up study.
The aim of the study was to investigate relationships between physical fitness and self-reported physical activity in adulthood and to what extent the level of physical fitness and leisure-time physical activity in adulthood can be explained by anthropometric measures, physical performance, physical activity, attitudes to sports activities and socio-demographic characteristics at the age of 16. A group of 157 men and 121 women was tested at the ages of 16 and 34 by means of questionnaires and fitness tests. Physically active men and women had higher estimated VO2 max and performed better in curl ups and bench press than those who were inactive. Performance in physical tests, height, weight and physical activity at the age of 16 contributed best to explain adult physical performance and physical activity. The magnitude of explanation varied between 10% (9-min run test) and 56% (bench press test); it was in general lower in the men than in the women. The various fitness tests and physical activity were explained by different predictors and the predictors also differed between men and women. The findings about attitudes to sports and socio-demographic factors at a young age that influence adult physical activity habits and fitness are very complex and further research is required to identify specific inactivity risks.
Adolescent↗
Prediction of physical activity level in adulthood by physical characteristics, physical performance and physical activity in adolescence: an 11-year follow-up study.
The purpose of the study was to investigate to what extent the physical activity pattern in adulthood can be predicted by physical characteristics, performance and activity in adolescence. A group of 62 men and 43 women completed a questionnaire concerning physical activity during their leisure time at the ages of 16 and 27 years. An activity index produced from the questionnaire. At the age of 16 years, the subjects were also tested for strength (strength test battery) and running performance (9-min run). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was estimated from a submaximal test and a muscle biopsy specimen was taken and analysed for fibre types (percentages of types I, IIA, IIB). The proportion of subjects engaged in some kind of physical activity during their leisure time was approximately 70% among the women and 80% among the men at both ages. The time spent on physical activity (minutes per week) decreased with age for the men but not for the women. The women devoted less time to physical activity than the men both at age 16 and 27 years. The attitude to endurance activities had changed to a more positive attitude among the women and to a less positive attitude among the men at age 27 years. The aerobic potential (VO2max and percentage of type I fibre), running performance, strength performance, physical activity and marks in physical education at age 16 years explained 82% of the physical activity level in adulthood for the women and 47% for the men.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
The effectiveness of worksite physical activity programs on physical activity, physical fitness, and health.
OBJECTIVE: To critically review the literature with respect to the effectiveness of worksite physical activity programs on physical activity, physical fitness, and health. DATA SOURCES: A search for relevant English-written papers published between 1980 and 2000 was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Sportdiscus, CINAHL, and Psychlit. The key words used involved a combination of concepts regarding type of study, study population, intervention, and outcome measure. In addition, a search was performed in our personal databases, as well as a reference search of the studies retrieved. STUDY SELECTION: The following criteria for inclusion were used: 1) randomized, controlled trial or nonrandomized, controlled trial; 2) working population; 3) worksite intervention program to promote employees' physical activity or physical fitness; and 4) physical activity, physical fitness, or health-related outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently evaluated the quality of relevant studies using a predefined set of nine methodological criteria. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a worksite physical activity programs were based on a rating system consisting of five levels of evidence. DATA SYNTHESIS: Fifteen randomized, controlled trials and 11 nonrandomized, controlled trials met the criteria for inclusion and were reviewed. Six randomized, controlled trials and none of the nonrandomized, controlled trials were of high methodological quality. Strong evidence was found for a positive effect of a worksite physical activity program on physical activity and musculoskeletal disorders. Limited evidence was found for a positive effect on fatigue. For physical fitness, general health, blood serum lipids, and blood pressure, inconclusive or no evidence was found for a positive effect. CONCLUSIONS: To increase the level of physical activity and to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, we support implementation of worksite physical activity programs. For the other outcome measures, scientific evidence of the effectiveness of such a program is still limited or inconclusive, which is mainly the result of the small number of high-quality trials. Therefore, we recommend performing more randomized, controlled trials of high methodological quality, taking into account criteria such as randomization, blinding, and compliance.
Health Promotion↗
Relationships of perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity, physical activity participation and physical fitness in Hong Kong female adolescents.
AIM: Previous studies that examined participation in physical activity suggested that female adolescents were less active compared with males. However, the relationship between physical fitness, physical activity participation, and perceived benefits and barriers for physical activity to adolescents, irrespective of gender, has not been made clear. This study examines the association of these factors in female adolescents. METHODS: Physical activity participation and perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity were determined in 206 secondary school female subjects (aged 11 to 18) using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Subjects with a correct concept about optimal physical activity participation to maintain health engaged in an activity level higher than the group without a correct concept (t=2.37, p=0.02). A significant correlation was established between the physical activity participation with "health" (r=0.22, p<0.001) and "body image" (r=0.17, p=0.02) in the perceived benefit category. The individual factor, "make me feel better in general" in the "health" category (p=0.04) and the intention to participate (p<0.001) were shown to be significant predictors for physical activity participation. The combined effects of the regression model explained 35.9% of the variance in participation in physical activity. CONCLUSION: Policies to support regular physical activity participation at school and out-of-school should be strategically developed and promoted, highlighting the promotion of health benefits in exercise and the reinforcement of initial intent towards exercise.
Adolescent↗
HEARING aids accepted by the council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association, October 1, 1952.
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American Medical Association↗
Physical activity and school recess time: differences between the sexes and the relationship between children's playground physical activity and habitual physical activity.
The aims of this study were: (1) to observe participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during school recess periods; (2) to determine the relative importance of physical activity during recesses to overall daily physical activity; and (3) to examine differences in physical activity between the sexes during unstructured recess periods. The participants were 22 school children (10 boys, 12 girls) aged 8 - 10 years (mean = 8.9, s = 0.7) in the third and fourth grades. Daily totals for the physical activity variables were calculated by summing the values for each hour of 14 h of physical activity measurements (08:00 to 22:00 h). Recess times (minutes) were as follows: morning 10:30 to 11:00 h and afternoon 15:30 to 16:00 h. We did not differences between boys and girls in daily total accelerometer counts or the overall time spent in MVPA. However, girls were significantly (P < 0.05) more involved (38%) in MVPA during recess time than boys (31%). Participation in MVPA during recess contributes significantly more (P < 0.05) for girls (19%) than boys (15%) to the total amount of physical activity suggested by international health-related physical activity guidelines, while the percentage of time engaged in MVPA during recess time at school accounts for a small amount of the daily MVPA (6% for boys and 8% for girls). The results of this study suggest that school recess time is an important setting to promote MVPA and contributes to daily physical activity in young children, especially in girls.
Body Size↗
'Physical education makes you fit and healthy'. Physical education's contribution to young people's physical activity levels.
The purpose of this study was to assess physical activity levels during high school physical education lessons. The data were considered in relation to recommended levels of physical activity to ascertain whether or not physical education can be effective in helping young people meet health-related goals. Sixty-two boys and 60 girls (aged 11-14 years) wore heart rate telemeters during physical education lessons. Percentages of lesson time spent in moderate-and-vigorous (MVPA) and vigorous intensity physical activity (VPA) were recorded for each student. Students engaged in MVPA and VPA for 34.3 +/- 21.8 and 8.3 +/- 11.1% of lesson time, respectively. This equated to 17.5 +/- 12.9 (MVPA) and 3.9 +/- 5.3 (VPA) min. Boys participated in MVPA for 39.4 +/- 19.1% of lesson time compared to the girls (29.1 +/- 23.4%; P < 0.01). High-ability students were more active than the average- and low-ability students. Students participated in most MVPA during team games (43.2 +/- 19.5%; P < 0.01), while the least MVPA was observed during movement activities (22.2 +/- 20.0%). Physical education may make a more significant contribution to young people's regular physical activity participation if lessons are planned and delivered with MVPA goals in mind.
Adolescent↗
Physical activity and nutritional behaviors of women with physical disabilities: physical, psychological, social, and environmental influences.
INTRODUCTION: We examined predictors of 2 important health behaviors, namely, physical activity and nutritional behaviors, in a sample of community-living women with physical disabilities (N = 386). METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional survey with regression analysis. RESULTS: Our regression model accounted for 33.5% of the variance in physical activity. Women with joint problems or multiple sclerosis tended to engage in less physical activity than those with stroke-related disabilities. Those who had lived with their disability longer and those experiencing greater pain tended to report less physical activity. Consistent with the literature, women with greater self-efficacy for physical activity tended to engage in more physical activity. The regression model for nutritional behaviors accounted for 37.9% of the variance. Women with better mobility, greater self-efficacy for nutrition, and more vitality had better nutritional behaviors while those who needed assistance with activities of daily living, had lower social functioning scores, and were engaged in more productive activities reported poorer nutritional behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of self-efficacy for improving health behaviors. Further research is needed to develop a new paradigm for the measurement of health behaviors, one that focuses on individual improvement rather than comparison to a norm, and health promoting interventions that are responsive to the needs and life circumstances of women with physical disabilities.
Adult↗
[Studies on differences in the preventive effects of habitual physical activity in occupation versus leisure time. II. Effects of physical activity in occupation versus leisure time on physical working capacity (author's transl)].
One hundred and twenty men, aged 23--60 years and having various professions participated in studies on relationships between daily physical activity and physical performance capacity (PPC). The determination of daily physical activity at work and of the habitual leisure time activities has been described earlier (Ilmarinen et al. 1980). The determination of physical performance capacity was based on W170, W85% and on predicted VO2 max measured with continuously increasing work load on a bicycle ergometer. The W85% modification corresponds to the working capacity at a heart rate level of 85% of maximal heart rate. Workers with a combination of heavy physical work and active leisure time showed systematically the highest absolute and relative values of PPC. However, although the results indicated that the effect of work activity on PPC was not significant, the effects of leisure time activities on W85% and on VO2 max related to lean body mass were significant. It is concluded that the leisure time sport activities are more important than the physical activity at work in maintaining or increasing the PPC. Aerobic sport activities in leisure time are recommended both for persons with physically heavy and light work.
Adult↗
Protection against ischemic heart disease in the Belgian Physical Fitness Study: physical fitness rather than physical activity?
Occupational and leisure time physical activity and conventional risk factors were determined in the Belgian Physical Fitness Study, a prospective study of 2,363 healthy male factory workers who were aged 40-55 years at entry in 1976-1978 and who were followed for five years. Physical fitness, defined as the interpolated physical working capacity at heart rate 150 beats per minute, was measured in 2,109 subjects. In this subgroup, there were 31 myocardial infarctions and sudden deaths. Smoking, physical fitness, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) were independent risk indicators for subsequent ischemic heart disease, while both physical activity scores were not. It is concluded that in this healthy, predominantly sedentary population, the fitness level, but not the physical activity pattern, is an independent protective factor against ischemic heart disease.
Adult↗
Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed "Physical Stress Theory" to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research.
The purpose of this perspective is to present a general theory--the Physical Stress Theory (PST). The basic premise of the PST is that changes in the relative level of physical stress cause a predictable adaptive response in all biological tissue. Specific thresholds define the upper and lower stress levels for each characteristic tissue response. Qualitatively, the 5 tissue responses to physical stress are decreased stress tolerance (eg, atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (eg, hypertrophy), injury, and death. Fundamental principles of tissue adaptation to physical stress are described that, in the authors' opinion, can be used to help guide physical therapy practice, education, and research. The description of fundamental principles is followed by a review of selected literature describing adaptation to physical stress for each of the 4 main organ systems described in the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice (ie, cardiovascular/pulmonary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular). Limitations and implications of the PST for practice, research, and education are presented.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
The provision of consultative physics services as commodities undermines the professionalism of medical physics. For the proposition.
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Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
Methodologic issues in measuring physical activity and physical fitness when evaluating the role of dietary supplements for physically active people.
Physical activity and physical fitness are complex entities comprising numerous diverse components that present a challenge in terms of accurate, reliable measurement. Physical activity can be classified by its mechanical (static or dynamic) or metabolic (aerobic or anaerobic) characteristics and its intensity (absolute or relative to the person's capacity). Habitual physical activity can be assessed by using a variety of questionnaires, diaries, or logs and by monitoring body movement or physiologic responses. Selection of a measurement method depends on the purpose of the evaluation, the nature of the study population, and the resources available. The various components of physical fitness can be assessed accurately in the laboratory and, in many cases, in the field by using a composite of performance tests. Most coaches and high-level athletes would accept as very beneficial a dietary supplement that would increase performance in a competitive event by even 3%; for example, lowering a runner's time of 3 min, 43 s in the 1500 m by 6.7 s. To establish that such small changes are caused by the dietary supplement requires carefully conducted research that involves randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies designed to maximize statistical power. Statistical power can be increased by enlarging sample size, selecting tests with high reliability, selecting a potent but safe supplement, and maximizing adherence. Failure to design studies with adequate statistical power will produce results that are unreliable and will increase the likelihood that a true effect will be missed.
Data Collection↗
Skeletal muscle fibre types, physical performance, physical activity and attitude to physical activity in women and men. A follow-up from age 16 to 27.
Fifty-five men and 28 women were tested at age 16 and retested at age 27. Muscle biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis to analyse fibre types, fibre areas and enzyme contents. A cycle ergometer test to was used to estimate the maximal oxygen uptake. Physical performance was assessed in an endurance test, where the subjects had to run as far as possible in 9 min on a 400-m track, and in three strength tests designed to test maximal dynamic strength (Sargent jump) and maximal static strength (handgrip test, two-hand lift). The subjects answered a questionnaire concerning physical activity during their leisure time and an activity index was calculated from the answers. The relative proportion of type I fibres (type I%) tended to increase with age in women and decreased in men. At age 27, the type I% was higher in women than in men. Multiple regression analysis indicated that sex per se could explain some of the interindividual variation in the type I% at age 27 and in the changes with age in the type I%, but also factors as physical activity (increase in type I%) and smoking (decrease in type I%) probably contributed to the variation. VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1) increased with age in women and was unchanged in men so that there was no significant sex difference in VO2max at age 27. Running performance remained unchanged from age 16 to age 27 in both sexes and men performed better than women at both ages. Running performance was directly related to the type I% for both women and men at age 27, a relationship which existed also for men at age 16, but not for women at that age. It seems that the age related changes in relationship between running performance and type I% may be related to the altered choice of physical activity from speed and strength to more endurance demanding activities and the increased VO2max in the women. This may allow an adaptation of the skeletal muscle towards type I fibres in the active ones. The sex differences in strength increased from age 16 to age 27. The relationship between strength and the type II% in the women changed with age from a positive correlation (Sargent jump only, partiell correlation after body dimensions were considered) to negative correlations for all the strength tests, i.e. the more type I fibres the stronger. A positive correlation between strength and activity index was revealed in the women at both ages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Physical activity intervention studies: what we know and what we need to know: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity); Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research.
In this review, our first purpose is to provide an overview of existing physical activity intervention research, focusing on subpopulations and intervention modalities. Our reviews within each area are not exhaustive or quantitative, as each area has been reviewed in more depth in numerous other reports. Instead, our goal is to provide a single document that provides a qualitative overview of intervention research that emphasizes selected topics of particular importance for improving the population-wide impact of interventions. Therefore, in synthesizing this vast literature, we begin with existing reviews of physical activity research in each area and incorporate in our discussions recent reports of well-designed individual physical activity intervention studies that expand the existing research base and/or target new areas of research. Our second purpose is to offer new ideas and recommendations to improve the state of the science within each area and, where possible, to propose ideas to help bridge the gaps between these existing categories of research.
Adolescent↗