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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Phytosterols and cholesterol in malignant and benign breast tumors.

Tissue phytosterol and cholesterol levels in 10 benign and 8 malignant breast tumors were quantitated to reexamine the hypothesis that malignant tumors had distinctive phytosterol content. Phytosterols were present in 9 of 10 benign and 7 of 8 malignant breast tumors. Mean (+/- S.E.) cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol in malignant and benign tumors (microgram/g wet weight) did not significantly differ (p greater than 0.1): (formula: see text) In the malignant tumors, tissue cholesterol correlated with campesterol (r = 0.97) and beta-sitosterol (r = 0.97) (p less than 0.01), but not stigmasterol (r = -0.06). In benign tumors, tissue cholesterol correlated with campesterol (r = 0.43), stigmasterol (r = 0.64), and beta-sitosterol (r = 0.94), with p less than 0.01 for the latter two. Phytosterols were present in four samples of normal breast tissue with mean (+/- S.E.) campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol (2 +/- 0.8, 15 +/- 9, 7 +/- 5 microgram/g wet weight) slightly but not significantly lower than in benign and malignant breast tumors, p greater than 0.1. The comparability of tissue phytosterols in benign and malignant breast tumors and in normal breast tissue appears to render unlikely and putative etiological relationship between phytosterols and breast carcinoma.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1976

Plasma and dietary phytosterols in children.

Plasma phytosterol (plant sterol) levels were studied in 26 infants on various commercial formulas, in 36 infants on breast or cow's milk formulas, in 101 normal and 22 hypercholesterolemic children on a free diet, and in 32 hypercholesterolemic children on a low-cholesterol diet. Commercial formulas, poor in animal fats and enriched with vegetable oils, and low-cholesterol, phytosterol-rich diets generally elevated total plasma phytosterol levels in infants and hypercholesterolemic children from normal mean levels of 2 mg/100 ml to about 9 mg/100 ml. The implications of long-term three- to five-fold elevations of the plasma phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol) in infancy and childhood are unknown. Watchful prospective analysis of plasma phytosterol levels may be useful, particularly in regards to otherwise unanticipated long-term effects of cholesterol-poor, phytosterol rich diets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Phytosterols in aortic tissue in adults and infants.

Relationships between aortic tissue phytosterols and cholesterol in five adults, five infants, two neonates, and one 30 week abortus were studied. In the normal aortic tissue of the abortus and two neonates, tissue cholesterol levels were 0.67, 0.08, and 0.89 mg. per gram of wet weight, respectively; tissue phytosterol levels were as follows: compesterol (0.94, 0.62. 1.8), stigmasterol (0.18, 0.54, 0.80) and beta-sitosterol (0.78, 1.84, 2.80) mug per gram of wet weight. In 11 aortic tissue samples from five infants studied at 3, 4, 6, 6, and 36 months of age, all having been on phytosterol-rich formulas, mean aortic cholesterol was 0.66 mg. per gram, campesterol 3.57, stigmasterol 9.22, and beta-sitosterol 8.93 mug per gram. In the 11 aortic samples from five infants, mean (+/-S.E.) tissue stigmasterol (9.2+/-2.7) and beta-sitosterol ((8.9+/-1.3) were greater than mean levels (0.51+/-0.18 and 1.8+/-0.6) in the four aortic sections from the abortus and two neonates. Mean (+/-S.E.) cholesterol in the 11 aortic sections from five infants (0.66+/-0.11) was not significantly higher than cholesterol (0.55+/-0.24 mg. per gram) in the four aortic sections from the abortus and two neonates, but was considerably higher than the tissue cholesterol level of 0.08 mg. per gram in one of the two neonates. Mean (+/-S.E.) cholesterol in 11 normal aortic tissue sections from five adults (3.4+/-0.7 mg. per gram) was higher than in the five infants, whereas mean compesterol, stigmasterol, and beta sitosterol, respectively 14, 13, and 16 mug per gram, were somewhat higher but generally comparable to infant levels. In five aortic tissue samples from mature atheromatous plaques in two adults, cholesterol was 54 mg. per gram and mean campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol were, respectively, 112, 167, and 236 mug per gram. In 15 aortic tissue samples from five adults, cholesterol correlated closely with stigmasterol, r=0.865, beta-sitosterol, r=0.918, and with total phytosterols, r=0.938, p less than 0.01, but not with campesterol, r=0.448. In 11 aortic tissue samples from five infants, cholesterol did not correlate with campesterol, r=0.005, stigmasterol, r=0.006, beta-sitosterol, r=-0.099, or total phytosterols, r=-0.045. Prior to birth some phystosterols apparently cross the placenta. In the first several months of life, vegetable-oil formula-fed infants accrue plant sterols in their aortic tissues. Moderate amounts of phytosterols are present in mature atheromatous lesions in adults. The implications of these findings are unknown and their relationship to deposition of cholesterol in atheromatous and in normal aortic tissues remains to be elucidated.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Unveiling the inequivalent biochemical functions of OsSMO2-1 and OsSMO2-2 in rice phytosterol biosynthesis using a customized sterol standards mixture.

Phytosterols, natural active components widely distributed in plants, commonly include β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. However, identifying their synthesis intermediates can be challenging because access to corresponding commercial standard compounds is not always possible. To overcome these limitations, we synthesized phytosterol intermediates by co-infecting Nicotiana benthamiana with verified phytosterol synthases and identified them via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Then, we mixed the identified intermediates, re-analyzed them by GC-MS to get a customized standard mixture, and established the corresponding standard spectrum library and characteristic ion database. To prove the usability of this standard mixture, we analyzed sterol intermediate types and contents in OsSMO2-1 and OsSMO2-2 rice mutants with this tool. Using the standard mixture, we analyzed sterolomics in wild-type rice buds at different germination days. As buds grew, detectable sterol intermediates decreased; only campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol were found at the 9-day-old bud. When we compared mutants (ossmo2-1/ossmo2-2) with the wild type, we noted an obvious peak of 24-ethylidenelophenol accumulation in the ossmo2-1 mutant, indicating non-equivalent functions of OsSMO2-1 and OsSMO2-2 in sterol synthesis. OsSMO2-1 is more crucial for stigmasterol and sitosterol synthesis. This validates the standard mixture's utility.

Oryza↗
PubMed2026

Effects of phytosterols supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and metabolic outcomes in obese rodent models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to synthesize and quantitatively assess the available evidence on the effects of phytosterol supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and obesity-related metabolic outcomes in obese rodent models, integrating biochemical, histological, and molecular evidence. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science). Data on study design, population, intervention, outcomes, and risk of bias were extracted and analyzed. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed. Meta-analysis showed reductions in body weight, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, glucose, liver weight, hepatic cholesterol, hepatic triglycerides, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. No significant changes were observed for adiposity index, HDL-C, insulin, or hepatic expression of PPARα, FAS, and SREBP1c. Conversely, CPT1A expression was significantly increased following PS supplementation. Subgroup analyses indicated that the beneficial effects on lipid and hepatic outcomes were generally consistent across rodent species (mice, rats, and hamsters), obesity induction models, and routes of administration, although the magnitude of responses varied between strains, with C57BL/6 mice showing more pronounced metabolic improvements. Additional analyses suggested that treatment duration and phytosterol composition may modulate specific outcomes, whereas dose-response meta-regression identified dose-dependent associations for serum and hepatic cholesterol, and PPARα expression in dietary supplementation studies. Overall, the available preclinical evidence suggests that phytosterol supplementation may improve several metabolic and hepatic outcomes in rodent models of obesity. However, the substantial heterogeneity across studies highlights the need for standardized experimental protocols and future clinical studies before these findings can be translated to human health.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Colestipol, clofibrate, and phytosterols in combined therapy of hyperlipidemia.

Studies were carried out to determine effects of combined chemotherapy in patients with hyperlipidemia. In one study, 14 patients were treated first with colestipol and then with the combination of colestipol and clofibrate. In a second study, six patients were given clofibrate followed by addition of phytosterols. The following measurements were made in most patients: (1) plasma lipid concentrations, (2) fecal excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids, and (3) lipid composition of gallbladder bile. In six patients of the first study, hepatic secretion rates of biliary lipids and pool sizes of bile acids were also estimated. In the first study, colestipol alone caused a marked increase in fecal bile acids that resulted in a sizable decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations (average 21 percent). In several patients, however, triglycerides were increased somewhat by colestipol. Despite interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the bile acid pool was not reduced, since a compensatory increase took place in bile acid synthesis. Also, except in one patient who developed gallstones following institution of colestipol, saturation of gallbladder bile with cholesterol was not markedly increased by this drug alone. Addition of clofibrate frequently produced a further decrement in plasma cholesterol, and the mild hypertriglyceridemia induced by colestipol was reversed. However, colestipol plus clofibrate usually caused a striking increase in saturation of gallbladder bile. Previous studies have shown that clofibrate causes a flux of cholesterol from tissue pools by simultaneously decreasing cholesterol synthesis and increasing its excretion. To further increase cholesterol excretion, phytosterols, which block cholesterol absorption, were added to clofibrate in the second study. Although phytosterols did not cause a further reduction in plasma cholesterol in these particular patients, they nevertheless greatly enhanced cholesterol excretion.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Enhancing phytosterol tolerance and Repeated-Batch androstenedione production in Mycolicibacterium by modulating global acylation levels.

Global protein lysine acylation, driven by intracellular acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) accumulation during phytosterol catabolism, has emerged as a potential regulatory mechanism in steroid biotransformation, yet its role in androstenedione (AD) production by Mycolicibacterium remains unexplored. Here, we identified and functionally characterized two antagonistic enzymes in Mycobacterium sp. LZ2 (Msp): MpKat, a GNAT-family acyltransferase catalyzing lysine succinylation, and MpSir, an NAD+-dependent Sirtuin-family deacylase. Genome-wide prediction indicated that 21.56% of lysine residues in the Msp proteome are potential acylation sites, underscoring the broad regulatory impact of this modification. Targeted genetic manipulation revealed that MpSir overexpression increased AD yield by 13.28% (to 83.24%), and MpKat knockout improved yield by 8.86%, while MpKat overexpression decreased yield by 8.69%. Reducing global acylation levels alleviated oxidative stress, elevated NAD+/NADH ratios, enhanced phytosterol tolerance, and improved cell viability. In repeated-batch fermentation, the MpSir-overexpressing strain achieved an average AD yield of 76.5% with a 51% reduction in fermentation time compared to the wild type. This work demonstrates for the first time that modulation of protein acylation via the MpKat/MpSir regulatory axis is a viable and effective strategy to enhance steroid bioconversion in mycobacteria, offering a new dimension for metabolic engineering beyond conventional pathway optimization.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1977

Sterol composition and phytosterol utilization and metabolism in the milkweed bug.

Analysis of the sterols of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) and dietary sunflowerseeds revealed that there is little, if any, conversion of dietary C28 OR C29 phytosterols to cholesterol in this phytophagous insect. The dietary sterols are apparently utilized with little alteration both during development to the adult stage and egg production, and cholesterol comprises less than 1% of the sterols in either adult males and females or in the eggs. The significance of these findings are discussed in light of the recent discovery that the C28-ecdysone, makisterone A, is the predominant molting hormone inthe embryonated egg of the milkweed bug.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The phytosterol 24(S)-saringosterol alters lipid homeostasis and inflammatory pathways in a cell-specific manner.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation and disrupted cholesterol metabolism in microglia are key contributors to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Liver X receptors (LXRα/β) regulate lipid metabolism and inflammation. Synthetic pan-LXR agonists, such as T0901317 and GW3965, exert neuroprotective effects by modulating lipid metabolism, making them promising therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, their clinical use is limited by hepatic side effects, including hypertriglyceridemia and steatosis. PURPOSE: To overcome these limitations, we investigated 24(S)-saringosterol, a phytosterol from Sargassum fusiforme, and its potential dissociating effect as a LXR agonist on myeloid cells vs hepatocytes. METHOD: Using primary cultures of myeloid cells (microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages) and hepatocytes, we performed transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses to assess the impact of 24(S)-saringosterol on lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways. RESULTS: 24(S)-saringosterol strongly activated LXR-regulated genes, upregulating cholesterol efflux transporter Abca1 in a dose-dependent manner. In myeloid cells, it reduced the expression of interferon-β pathway genes and promoted cholesterol efflux, mirroring GW3965's anti-inflammatory effects. Notably, 24(S)-saringosterol downregulated cholesterol biosynthesis (Dhcr24) and influx (Ldlr) via Srebp2 in both cell types, contrasting with GW3965, which increased lipid synthesis genes via Srebp1. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest 24(S)-saringosterol acts as a selective LXR agonist in a cell-specific manner, retaining beneficial effects while minimizing hepatic risks. This compound represents a promising candidate for AD and other metabolic or inflammatory disorders.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical study of a phytosterol extract of Prunus arborea and 3 amino acids: glycine, alanine and glutamic acid].

We have carried out a therapeutic study on "Tebetane compuesto", by applying it to one hundred patients, whose pathologies, prostatic adenoma, prostatitis and postadenomectomy sequelas, come within the field of action of the product, as shown by other authors. The particular feature of "Tebetane compuesto" is that it is a non-hormonal product, which contributes to the fact that it may be used in high doses without producing harmful effects on the patient. We have found no cases of intolerance or side effects, which we feel makes it superior to other similar products. To be specific, in the case of prostatitis, "Tebetane compuesto" has proved to be effective in 94 per 100 of the patients treated, making it a highly reliable product for use by the specialist or general practitioner. We feel, on the other hand, that the inclusion in the formula of "Tebetane compuesto" of the three aminoacids has led to a considerable reduction in the duration of the treatments of these patients, with the resulting financial saving involved.

Aged↗