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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Chloroplast DNA diversity among trees, populations and species in the California closed-cone pines (Pinus radiata, Pinus muricata and Pinus attenuata).

The amount, distribution and mutational nature of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms were studied via analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in three closely related species of conifers, the California closed-cone pines-knobcone pine: Pinus attenuata Lemm.; bishop pine: Pinus muricata D. Don; and Monterey pine: Pinus radiata D. Don. Genomic DNA from 384 trees representing 19 populations were digested with 9-20 restriction enzymes and probed with cloned cpDNA fragments from Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] that comprise 82% chloroplast genome. Up to 313 restriction sites were surveyed, and 25 of these were observed to be polymorphic among or within species. Differences among species accounted for the majority of genetic (haplotypic) diversity observed [Gst = 84(+/- 13)%]; nucleotide diversity among species was estimated to be 0.3(+/- 0.1)%. Knobcone pine and Monterey pine displayed almost no genetic variation within or among populations. Bishop pine also showed little variability within populations, but did display strong population differences [Gst = 87(+/- 8)%] that were a result of three distinct geographic groups. Mean nucleotide diversity within populations was 0.003(+/- 0.002)%; intrapopulation polymorphisms were found in only five populations. This pattern of genetic variation contrasts strongly with findings from study of nuclear genes (allozymes) in the group, where most genetic diversity resides within populations rather than among populations or species. Regions of the genome subject to frequent length mutations were identified; estimates of subdivision based on length variant frequencies in one region differed strikingly from those based on site mutations or allozymes. Two trees were identified with a major chloroplast DNA inversion that closely resembled one documented between Pinus and Pseudotsuga.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed2001

Chloroplast microsatellites and mitochondrial nad1 intron 2 sequences indicate congruent phylogenetic relationships among Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra), Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica), and Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila).

We studied the phylogenetic relationships among the three stone pine species, Pinus cembra, P. sibirica, and P. pumila, using chloroplast microsatellites and mitochondrial nad1 intron 2 sequences. The three chloroplast microsatellite loci combined into a total of 18 haplotypes. Fourteen haplotypes were detected in 15 populations of P. cembra and one population of P. sibirica, five of which were shared between the two species, and the two populations of P. pumila comprised four species-specific haplotypes. Mitochondrial intron sequences confirmed this grouping of species. Sequences of P. cembra and P. sibirica were identical, but P. pumila differed by several nucleotide substitutions and insertions/deletions. A repeat region found in the former two species showed no intraspecific variation. These results indicate a relatively recent evolutionary separation of P. cembra and P. sibirica, despite their currently disjunct distributions. The species-specific chloroplast and mitochondrial markers of P. sibirica and P. pumila should help to trace the hybridization in their overlapping distribution area and to identify fossil remains with respect to the still unresolved postglacial re-colonization history of these two species.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1989

[Studies on the constituents of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. leaves. II. On the ethanol-extractable amino acids compared with Pinus thunbergii Parl. leaves].

In order to identify the constituents of ethanol-extractable amino acids (free amino acids) from Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and Pinus thunbergii Parl. leaves, analytical studies were performed by the use of high performance liquid chromatography. According to the results obtained, 29 amino acids in Pinus densiflora (the tree aged 3), 27 amino acids in Pinus thunbergii (the tree aged 3) and 25 amino acids in both pine (the tree aged 25) were confirmed. The total amounts of free amino acids in Pinus densiflora were found to be more rich than in Pinus thunbergii. The peaks of many free amino acids in Pinus densiflora (the tree aged 3) were found in February, but in Pinus thunbergii (the tree aged 3) the peaks of free amino acids were observed in May and from February to April. The mode of occurrence of asparagine at germination of buds explains clearly the distinction between Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

[Soil biochemical characters of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis plantations under different elevated CO2 concentration].

The aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of soil microbial biomass C, cellulose decomposition rate and catalase activity in Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis plantations exposed to elevated CO2 (700 mg x L(-1) and 500 mg x L(-1)) during the growth season. The five years results indicated that in Autumn, the soil microbial biomass C of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis plantations was in the order of ambient CO2-chamber > 500 mg x L(-1) CO2-chamber > 700 mg x L(-1) CO2-chamber. The monthly dynamics of cellulose decomposition rate in 5 and 10 cm depth soils showed that for both Pinus sylvestriformis and Pinus koraiensis plantations, it was always higher under 500 mg x L(-1) CO2 than under 700 mg x L(-1) CO2 in growth season. Between different CO2 concentration treatments, soil catalase activity of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis plantations displayed a definite pattern of its monthly dynamics.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2005

'Candidatus Phytoplasma pini', a novel taxon from Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis.

Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis trees grown in Germany and Spain, respectively, showing abnormal shoot branching, dwarfed needles and other symptoms were examined for the presence of plant-pathogenic mollicutes (phytoplasmas). While phytoplasmas could not be detected unambiguously with microscopical methods, PCR amplification using universal phytoplasma primers yielded positive results. Samples collected from symptomatic and non-symptomatic plant parts of both symptomatic Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis trees tested positive. Also, surrounding non-symptomatic trees proved to be phytoplasma-infected. Comparisons revealed that the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the phytoplasmas identified in Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis were nearly identical. However, the pine phytoplasma is only distantly related to other phytoplasmas. The closest relatives are members of the palm lethal yellowing and rice yellow dwarf groups and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma castaneae', which share between 94.5 and 96.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. From these data it can be concluded that the phytoplasmas identified in the two Pinus species represent a coherent but discrete taxon; it is proposed that this taxon be distinguished at putative species level under the name 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pini'.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2002

Changes in whole-tree water relations during ontogeny of Pinus flexilis and Pinus ponderosa in a high-elevation meadow.

We measured sap flux in Pinus ponderosa Laws. and Pinus flexilis James trees in a high-elevation meadow in northern Arizona that has been invaded by conifers over the last 150 years. Sap flux and environmental data were collected from July 1 to September 1, 2000, and used to estimate leaf specific transpiration rate (El), canopy conductance (Gc) and whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Kh). Leaf area to sapwood area ratio (LA/SA) increased with increasing tree size in P. flexilis, but decreased with increasing tree size in P. ponderosa. Both Gc and Kh decreased with increasing tree size in P. flexilis, and showed no clear trends with tree size in P. ponderosa. For both species, Gc was lower in the summer dry season than in the summer rainy season, but El did not change between wet and dry summer seasons. Midday water potential (Psi(mid)) did not change across seasons for either species, whereas predawn water potential (Psi(pre)) tracked variation in soil water content across seasons. Pinus flexilis showed greater stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and maintained higher Psi(mid) than P. ponderosa. Both species showed greater sensitivity to VPD at high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; > 2500 micromol m-2 s-1) than at low PAR (< 2500 micromol m-2 s-1). We conclude that the direction of change in Gc and Kh with increasing tree size differed between co-occurring Pinus species, and was influenced by changes in LA/SA. Whole-tree water use and El were similar between wet and dry summer seasons, possibly because of tight stomatal control over water loss.

Altitude↗
PubMed1976

[Studies on the physiological behavior of Pinus merkusii Jungh. and Pinus massoniana Lamb].

The formation and the function of the resin channels result from processes in the history of development; differences between various pine varieties must be traced to differentiation processes in the history of development. Longer flowing duration, higher reformation speed and reduced crystallization are properties which make Pinus merkusii especially suited for systematic resin production. Pinus merkusii does not react to treatment with weak acids or biologically effective stimulants, like yeast extract solution, which can be used to increase the yield of Pinus massoniana up to 30%. This means specific stimulants for Pinus merkusii still have to be found.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2003

Organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in dividing cells of the gymnosperms Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra, and of the pterophyte Asplenium nidus.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organization in the dividing cells of the pterophyte Asplenium nidus and of the gymnosperms Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra has been studied by immunolocalization techniques using the monoclonal antibody 2E7, which recognizes luminar ER resident proteins containing C-terminal HDEL sequences. In the pterophyte, the ER reorganization during cell cycle is similar to that in angiosperms. Among others, prominent ER gatherings were found at the mitotic spindle poles and in the phragmoplast during cytokinesis. However, in the gymnosperms examined, the ER displays a unique pattern of reorganization not described so far. In both the Pinus species, well-defined ER patterns are successively formed during cell cycle. They are the preprophase ER-band, the prophase- metaphase- and anaphase ER-spindle, the interzonal ER-system, the ER-phragmoplast and an ER-system lining the daughter cell wall. The ER patterns are closely similar to that of the correspondent microtubule (MT) arrangements with which they are co-organized. Observations made on P. nigra root-cells affected by oryzalin, colchicine and cytochalasin D favour the conclusion that the pattern of ER organization is controlled during mitosis and cytokinesis by the MT cytoskeleton.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1999

Effects of Pinus pinaster and Pinus koraiensis seed oil supplementation on lipoprotein metabolism in the rat.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of vegetal oils obtained from Pinus pinaster and P. koraiensis seeds on plasma lipoprotein levels and apolipoprotein (apo) gene expression in rats. These oils contain two particular fatty acids of the delta5-unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acid (delta5-UPIFA) family: all-cis-5,9,12-1 8:3 (pinolenic) and/or all-cis-5,11,14-20:3 (sciadonic) acids. Rats were fed for 28 d a diet containing 5% (w/w) oil supplement. Two control diets were prepared to match the fatty acid composition of P. pinaster or P. koraiensis oils with the exception of delta5-UPIFA, which were replaced by oleic acid. Pinus pinaster seed oil decreased serum triglycerides by 30% (P < 0.02), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglycerides by 40% (P < 0.01), and VLDL-cholesterol by 33% (P < 0.03). Pinus koraiensis seed oil decreased serum triglycerides by 16% [not statistically significant (ns)] and VLDL-triglycerides by 21% (ns). Gel permeation chromatography and nondenaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a tendency of high density lipoprotein to shift toward larger particles in pine seed oil-supplemented rats. Finally, P. pinaster seed oil treatment was associated with a small decrease of liver apoC-III (P < 0.02) but not in apoE, apoA-I, or apoA-II mRNA levels. The levels of circulating apo were not affected by pine seed oil supplementation. In conclusion, P. pinaster seed oil has a triglyceride-lowering effect in rats, an effect that is due to a reduction in circulating VLDL.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of tree size on shoot structure and physiology of Pinus contorta and Pinus aristata.

This study examined the morphological and physiological characteristics of shoots of large and small mature trees of two pine species with different growth patterns and tree longevities: Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata Bailey) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ssp. latifolia Bailey). Large trees of P. aristata had 21% less annual shoot growth but retained more total foliar biomass per shoot than small trees because of a 95% longer leaf life span. Large trees of P. contorta had 69% less annual shoot growth and less foliage production per shoot, and even with a 23% longer leaf life span, they retained leass total foliar biomass per shoot than small trees. Needles of both species and sizes did not begin to abscise until they reached approximately 40-45% of their expected maximum life span. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, N(mass) and P(mass), of 1-year-old P. aristata leaves were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in the large than in the small trees. In P. contorta, N(mass) and P(mass) of 1-year-old leaves were similar in large and small trees. Pinus aristata also had a more consistent N(mass) with leaf age than P. contorta, and the pattern differed for small and large trees. Photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance of 1-year-old leaves of P. aristata were less in large trees than in small trees. The increased plasticity in leaf life span with tree size in P. aristata compared with P. contorta enabled an increase in foliar biomass per shoot in P. aristata that may offset the decrease in photosynthetic performance and contribute to the smaller reduction in shoot growth with tree size in P. aristata compared with P. contorta. Similarities in needle biomass distribution between species and tree sizes suggest that relative needle age may be of greater importance to the retention of the leaves than their chronological age. The magnitude of the changes in shoot characteristics with increasing tree size differed between the species and may reflect alternative strategies of resource allocation and use.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Comparing EST-based genetic maps between Pinus sylvestris and Pinus taeda.

A genetic map of Pinus sylvestris was constructed using ESTP (expressed sequence tag polymorphism) markers and other gene-based markers, AFLP markers and microsatellites. Part of the ESTP markers (40) were developed and mapped earlier in Pinus taeda, and additional markers were generated based on P. sylvestris sequences or sequences from other pine species. The mapping in P. sylvestris was based on 94 F(1) progeny from a cross between plus-tree parents E635C and E1101. AFLP framework maps for the parent trees were first constructed. The ESTP and other gene sequence-based markers were added to the framework maps, as well as five published microsatellite loci. The separate maps were then integrated with the aid of AFLPs segregating in both trees (dominant segregation ratios 3:1) as well as gene markers and microsatellites segregating in both parent trees (segregation ratios 1:1:1:1 or 1:2:1). The integrated map consisted of 12 groups corresponding to the P. taeda linkage groups, and additionally three and six smaller groups for E1101 and E635C, respectively. The number of framework AFLP markers in the integrated map is altogether 194 and the number of gene markers 61. The total length of the integrated map was 1,314 cM. The set of markers developed for P. sylvestris was also added to existing maps of two P. taeda pedigrees. Starting with a mapped marker from one pedigree in the source species resulted in a mapped marker in a pedigree of the other species in more than 40% of the cases, with about equal success in both directions. The maps of the two species are largely colinear, even if the species have diverged more than 70 MYA. Most cases of different locations were probably due to problems in identifying the orthologous members of gene families. These data provide a first ESTP-containing map of P. sylvestris, which can also be used for comparing this species to additional species mapped with the same markers.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S region of nuclear ribosomal DNA in Pinus taeda L. and Pinus echinata Mill.

The 615-bp nucleotide sequences of the first partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1), 5.8S rDNA and ITS-2 region from Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) and Pinus echinata Mill. (shortleaf pine) are reported. The two pine species show the same nucleotide sequences in this region, which indicates their close phylogenetic relationship. However, our reported nucleotide sequence in this region from shortleaf pine is different from the previous report for shortleaf pine in GenBank (accession number: AF037016). Our PCR-RFLP analysis of this region confirms our sequencing data. This correction is important for pine phylogenetic studies because it is located in the conserved 5.8S rDNA region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on rhizosphere soil microbes under Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis seedlings].

The study showed that under Pinus sylvestriformis seedlings, the amount of rhizosphere soil bacteria, but not fungi and actinomyces, increased significantly (P < or = 0. 001) with CO2 enrichment (700 and 500 micromol x mol(-1)), and the same (P < or = 0.001) was under Pinus koraiensis seedlings, with the exceptions of 700 micromol CO2 x mol(-1) in August and 500 micromol CO2 x mol(-1) in July, compared to the ambient chamber and the ambient in each month. No significant effect of elevated CO2 was found on the amount of rhizosphere soil fungi except in September ( P < or = 0.001), and the response of actinomyces to elevated CO2 was also insignificant.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2003

Postfire regeneration in Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster aiton in Andalucia (Spain).

The objective of this study was to examine postfire regeneration of tree, shrub, and dwarf shrub species, in relation to levels of damage in four planted pine forests (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster) in Andalusia. A prefire vegetation map was used for detailing species composition, vertical structure, and density and another for detailing the extent and intensity of fire damage. Between 3 and 7 years after the fires, an inventory was made of the vegetation in each area, using the step-point method. The information thus obtained was used to determine the amount of cover in the dwarf/shrub and tree layers, the frequency of species in each of the layers, floristic richness, and diversity (Shannon index). The botanical composition of the dwarf and shrub layer was analyzed using TWINSPAN. Variables were poorly correlated with level of fire damage, which suggests that the forests in this study followed the autosuccession model. Because of the artificial origin or seminatural condition, regeneration of the dominant tree species is poor, and it seems unlikely that forests will recover to their prefire state. Therefore action is recommended to restore these ecosystems.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2005

Morphological and physiological damage by surfactant-polluted seaspray on Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis.

This paper reports morphological and physiological damage caused by polluted seaspray to coastal pine forests in Liguria (Northern Italy) and suggests the most reliable parameters for surfactant-pollution biomonitoring. Concentrations of surfactants in surface seawater, seaspray, and that deposited on Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea needles were determined in samples from five sites. Decline of the pines in the Western part of Liguria was greater than in the East, and was associated with higher surfactant levels deposited on the crowns. Chloride content of needles was higher in damaged pines, even if it did not reach toxic levels. Stomata micromorphologies did not differ between species in the crown parts facing the sea, while differences were significant in the back crown parts that were not directly exposed to polluted sea breezes. Water content and noon water potential indicated interference in water relations of damaged trees. In conclusion, none of the investigated parameters was by itself a comprehensive index of surfactant damage. A simultaneous survey of several parameters is suggested to investigate the impact of surfactants on coastal vegetation. The most useful parameters were: directionality of crown damage, surfactant depositions on the needles, chloride accumulation in the needles, structural injury to epistomatal chambers, needle water content and potential.

Chlorides↗