The subcellular fractionation of plant shoot tissue by zonal rotor centrifugation [proceedings].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Cell Fractionation↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Plant Shoots”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Life forms of Pteridophyta, their origin and evolution.
The following separation of the main growth forms of Pteridophyta is proposed: thin-rhizomatous, creeping-rosetted, ascending-rosetted, vertical-rosetted, and arborescent. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. The most primitive growth form of Pteridophyta is acknowledged as the thin-rhizomatous. In the course of evolution toward polymerization and integration of fronds, the group of arborescent Pteridophyta were transformed into shoot plants, initially of the Cycas type. Water ferns (Salviniaceae) and seed ferns (Pteridospermae) are known as the arbitrary type of Lycopsida which did not reach the state of shot structure of the body. In this respect, Equisetales occupy an intermediate position. It may be assumed that in the evolution of plants, the change in their life forms was of paramount significance.
Biological Evolution↗
Time-course transcriptome and proteomic dynamics during the de novo shoot organogenesis in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata).
De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) enables plants to regenerate shoots from various explants, offering valuable opportunities for research and plant biotechnology applications. While significant progress has been made in understanding regeneration in angiosperms, the regulatory mechanisms in gymnosperms, particularly Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), remain poorly understood, despite its importance as a key timber species in China. This study successfully established an efficient DNSO protocol for Chinese fir, identifying six distinct stages in the process through cellular-level analysis. Time-course transcriptome and proteomics analyses revealed dynamic changes in mRNA and protein levels during regeneration. Notably, proteins showed more significant alterations across a broad range of biological processes, often independent of corresponding mRNA changes. Key pathways associated with ethylene metabolism and abiotic stress responses were enriched, highlighting their critical roles in regeneration. Further experiments confirmed that moderate osmotic stress treatments (150 mm mannitol) and ethylene treatment (100 μm ACC and 5 μm AgNO3) substantially enhanced DNSO efficiency. In summary, this study uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying Chinese fir DNSO, providing valuable insights into improving plant regeneration efficiency in this economically important species. These findings contribute to advancements in plant biotechnology and sustainable forestry practices.
Cunninghamia↗
Maize ZmMYB59 inhibits post-germinative shoot and root elongation through ZmGA2ox3/10-mediated gibberellin catabolism.
Gibberellin (GA) promotes seed germination, but sustained or excessive GA signaling after germination can lead to aberrant root and shoot elongation. How GA homeostasis is transcriptionally restrained during post-germinative seedling development remains unclear. Using overexpression and gene-edited maize materials, we demonstrate that ZmMYB59 inhibits root and shoot elongation during post-germinative growth. Integrated RNA-Seq and CUT&Tag analyses identified the GA catabolism genes ZmGA2ox3 and ZmGA2ox10 as candidate direct targets of ZmMYB59. Hormone profiling analysis showed elevated bioactive GA1 and GA4 levels in the scutellum and aleurone layer cells of zmmyb59 mutants. Dual-luciferase assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and ChIP-qPCR further confirmed that ZmMYB59 directly binds AC8 cis-elements in the ZmGA2ox3/10 promoters and activates their transcription. The zmga2ox3/10 double mutant, but neither single mutant, exhibited enhanced root and shoot elongation, accompanied by GA4 accumulation. This phenotype was suppressed by exogenous application of the GA biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses further revealed enhanced starch degradation, reduced starch content, and increased soluble sugar accumulation in the double mutant. Taken together, these findings reveal that the ZmMYB59-ZmGA2ox3/10 module restrains GA accumulation and starch mobilization after germination, thereby coordinating reserve utilization with post-germinative root and shoot growth in maize.
Gibberellins↗
DfCAD16 controls guaiacyl lignin biosynthesis during shoot development in Dendrocalamus farinosus.
Although bamboo can be an ideal raw material for pulp and paper industry, the depolymerization of its complex polymers needs to be facilitated. The deposition of lignin is influenced by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of monolignol precursors. Here, we identified 18 DfCAD genes in Dendrocalamus farinosus and revealed using bioinformatics methods, DfCAD16 functions as the primary enzyme in the synthesis pathway of guaiacyl (G)-lignin. Phenotypic analysis of plants overexpression DfCAD16 exhibited remarkable increasing in G-lignin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor DfMYB12 could directly bind to the promoter region of DfCAD16 and activate its expression both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings revealed that DfMYB12-DfCAD16 is a key regulatory factor governing G-lignin biosynthesis in D. farinosus. These insights can be used for improving bamboo varieties for pulp production.
Lignin↗
Twisted Sister1: an agravitropic mutant of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) with altered root and shoot architectures.
We identified a mutant of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) with impaired responses to gravity. The mutant, named Twisted Sister1 (TS1), had agravitropic roots that were often twisted along with altered shoot phenotypes. Roots of TS1 were insensitive to externally applied auxin, with the genetics and physiology suggestive of a mutated AUX/IAA transcription factor gene. Hexaploid wheat possesses over 80 AUX/IAA genes, and sequence information did not identify an obvious candidate. Bulked segregant analysis of an F2 population mapped the mutation to chromosome 5A, and subsequent mapping located the mutation to a 41 Mbp region. RNA-seq identified the TraesCS5A03G0149800 gene encoding a TaAUX/IAA protein to be mutated in the highly conserved domain II motif. We confirmed TraesCS5A03G0149800 as underlying the mutant phenotype by generating transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of RNA-seq data suggested broad similarities between Arabidopsis and wheat for the role of AUX/IAA genes in gravity responses, although there were marked differences. Here we show that the sequenced wheat genome, along with previous knowledge of the physiology of gravity responses from other plant species, gene mapping, RNA-seq, and expression in Arabidopsis have enabled the cloning of a key wheat gene that defines plant architecture.
Triticum↗
Morphological, Physiological and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Water Deficit Stress in Brassica napus L.
Yield losses due to water-deficit (WD) conditions, especially during the reproductive stages of plant development, pose a significant threat to global canola (Brassica napus L.) production. Therefore, it is critical to investigate traits contributing to improved productivity under increased WD conditions. Here we present phenotypic, physiological and transcriptomic changes in response to WD across contrasting canola accessions exhibiting variation in drought resistance-related traits. WD significantly reduced shoot biomass, plant height, harvest index, leaf water content, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate, intrinsic water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination. WD caused 49 to 100% of the seed yield reduction: the minimum seed yield reduction (49.66%) was observed in a doubled-haploid (DH) line, 06-5101.137, while the maximum yield reduction (94.1 to 100%) occurred in the late-flowering DH lines (06.5101.088 and 06-5101.306). Seed yield showed a positive correlation (r = 0.29 to 0.95) with shoot biomass and harvest index, leaf water content, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate, intrinsic water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination. However, it showed negative correlations with days to flower, leaf specific weight, root length, root biomass (r = -0.04 to -0.79) across water treatments. The specific leaf transcriptome analysis of the two parental lines of DH population that exhibit variation for effective water use under well-watered and water-deficient conditions revealed different categories of differentially expressed genes (DEGs): WD-responsive DEGs in BC1329 parental line (1116) and BC9102 (1205) with 754 and 853 DEGs unique to BC1329 and BC9102, respectively, WD-responsive DEGs (906), genotype-dependent DEGs (8465) and genotype × treatment interaction DEGs (353). DEG annotations revealed that the WD-treatment-affected genes were involved in stress responses and growth and development. We further located 235 DEGs within the QTL regions underlying agronomic and physiological performance. Our study provides a conceptual framework for the morphological, physiological and molecular determinants involved in water-use efficiency. Seedlings' traits with high heritability values, such as shoot biomass, leaf weight, leaf water content and Δ13C, serve as proxies for trait-based selection for improved seed yield under both water-limited and non-water-limited conditions.
Brassica napus↗
Comparative transcriptomics reveals hormone signaling and MADS-box genes in divergent development of inflorescences and tendrils in grapevine lateral shoots.
Hormone signaling and MADS-box genes regulate grapevine tendril and inflorescence growth divergence, offering molecular insights for managing tendril growth. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) tendrils and inflorescences are homologous organs; however, their divergent development has important agronomic consequences because excessive tendril growth increases vineyard management costs. To explore the regulatory mechanisms, we compared the inflorescence-prone cultivar 'Einset Seedless' (ENT) with the tendril-prone cultivar 'Pinot Noir' (PN) using anatomical observation, transcriptome analysis of specific tendril nodes, and functional characterization of MADS-box genes. ENT exhibited a higher flowering rate at tendril nodes 1-4 than PN. Transcriptome profiling of specific tendril nodes uncovered 549 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through an intersection/exclusion strategy, with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment indicating that hormone and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were the primary candidates driving the divergence. To assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of these DEGs, we performed Mfuzz clustering, which revealed that multiple expression trajectories were highly consistent with the flowering gradient across different ENT and PN nodes. Plant hormone signal transduction was the predominantly enriched pathway across all dynamic clusters, highlighting the centrality of phytohormones in this process. Guided by this transcriptional evidence, we measured endogenous zeatin and gibberellin (GA₃) contents in the nodal tissues. Remarkably, the zeatin-to-GA₃ ratio not only paralleled the flowering gradient but also correlated with the cluster expression trajectories, providing physiological evidence for a cytokinin-gibberellin interaction model governing organ divergence. Additionally, we analyzed the differentially expressed transcription factors among the DEGs and identified a MADS-box gene, FRUITFULL-LIKE (VvFUL-L), which was markedly upregulated in PN tendrils. Heterologous overexpression of VvFUL-L in arabidopsis promoted early flowering and reduced inflorescence branching, suggesting its potential role in regulating lateral meristem development and affecting tendril formation. Collectively, these findings establish that Hormone Signaling, particularly cytokinin-GA crosstalk, and MADS-box regulators, such as VvFUL-L, are key regulators of inflorescence versus tendril growth in grapevines, providing a basis for future molecular and breeding studies.
Vitis↗
A stable transformation platform in pomegranate uncovers PgMYB10 as a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
An efficient genetic transformation platform enables functional validation of PgMYB10, identifying it as a master regulator governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in pomegranate. Limited availability of stable genetic transformation systems restricts functional genomics research in pomegranate. Here, we established efficient in vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation systems for 'Taishanhong' pomegranate using stem segment explants. Optimized medium combinations produced high-frequency regeneration: a 93.3% shoot-induction rate on MS medium with 1.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.6 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 30.0 mg/L adenine sulfate (ADS); a proliferation coefficient of 5.4 on MS medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L BAP and 0.3 mg/L indole‑3‑butyric acid (IBA); effective shoot-strengthening on MS medium containing 1.2 mg/L BAP, 0.3 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA₃); and a rooting rate of 95.3% on half-strength MS medium with 1.5 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L NAA. For transformation, precultured explants were immersed with A. tumefaciens suspension (OD₆₀₀ = 0.8) containing 20.0 mg/L acetosyringone (AS) for 30 min. After four days of dark co-culture, sequential antibiotic screening with 30 mg/L kanamycin and bacteriostatic treatment with 400 mg/L timentin yielded a stable average transformation efficiency of 17.5% in 'Taishanhong' pomegranate. Subsequent functional analysis revealed that overexpression of PgMYB10 induced pigment accumulation in leaves and stems. In three independent transgenic lines, maximum anthocyanin content and PgMYB10 transcript levels were 5.4-fold and 27.2-fold higher than in wild-type plants, respectively. Six anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (PgCHS, PgCHI, PgF3H, PgDFR, PgANS, and PgUFGT) were markedly upregulated, demonstrating that PgMYB10 positively controls anthocyanin biosynthesis. This transformation system provides a reliable technical platform for functional genomic studies in pomegranate, and PgMYB10 represents as a promising candidate gene for molecular breeding aimed at improving fruit pigmentation.
Anthocyanins↗
β-carotene enhances drought tolerance in fenugreek by modulating antioxidant defense and redox homeostasis.
Drought stress is one of the main abiotic factors that modulates the morphology and physiology of crops. This study investigated the effect of foliar application of β-carotene on the growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under drought stress conditions. A pot experiment was conducted using two varieties, Kasuri and Local, under two drought stress levels (control and 50% field capacity), and three β-carotene concentrations (0, 100, and 200 ppm) were applied. Drought stress significantly declined shoot fresh weight up to 35.02% and 58.04%, and shoot length to 17.12% and 17.14%, while increasing the root fresh weight by 133% and 26.2% and the root length to 109.1% and 13.4%, respectively, in the Kasuri methi and Local. Drought stress decreases the total Chl. by 55.4% and 59.3% and carotenoids 42.1% and 59.3% and increased the MDA by 6.35% and 24.2%, respectively, and the content of hydrogen peroxides increased by 12.05% and 44.2% in Kasuri and Local as compared to control. By the application of 200  ppm β-carotene, the shoot fresh weight increased by 95.06% and 66.7%, the shoot length increased by 49.6% and 44.5%, and the total Chl. increased by 194.3% and 144.3%, and carotenoids 71.6% and 63%, and MDA decreased by 14.7% and 15.8%, hydrogen peroxides 26.6% and 27.8%, in Kasuri methi and Local under drought stress conditions. Additionally, with the application of β-carotene, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) and osmoprotectants (total soluble proteins and sugars) improved significantly, indicating enhanced oxidative defense. Overall, foliar β-carotene application, especially at 200 ppm, proved highly effective in improving fenugreek's drought tolerance by enhancing antioxidant capacity, maintaining pigment stability, and supporting metabolic homeostasis, thereby highlighting its potential role in sustainable crop management under water-limited conditions.
beta Carotene↗
Rapid Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and high-efficiency regeneration of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) for crop improvement.
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is a nutritionally important and climate-resilient cereal cultivated in rainfed regions of India and Eastern Africa, yet its genetic improvement has been limited by the lack of efficient and reproducible transformation systems. In this study, we developed a rapid and efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and regeneration system using shoot apical meristem (SAM) explants, enabling direct, callus-free shoot organogenesis. Optimal regeneration and shoot elongation were achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3.5 mg L⁻1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1.5 mg L⁻1 kinetin, 0.1 mg L⁻1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 0.2 mg L⁻1 gibberellic acid (GA₃). Genotype-dependent responses were observed, with PR-202 requiring 2 mg L⁻1 AgNO3 to reduce phenolic browning, whereas VL-376 regenerated efficiently without AgNO3. Transformation efficiencies of 30-32% were achieved in PR-202 and VL-376, respectively, by optimising infection and co-cultivation conditions, including reduced MS salt strength and pre-incubation of Agrobacterium. Molecular analyses, including PCR and Southern blot hybridisation, confirmed stable T-DNA integration in independent lines, while segregation analysis of T₁ progenies demonstrated Mendelian inheritance of the transgene. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 constructs targeting EcCKX2 were successfully introduced via Agrobacterium, demonstrating the suitability of this system for genome engineering applications. Overall, this optimised SAM-based protocol provides a rapid (45-50 days), efficient, and reproducible platform for stable genetic transformation in finger millet and establishes a strong foundation for transgenic research and future genome editing studies in this underutilized crop.
Eleusine↗
[Determination of OFF-SHOOT-T in vegetable substrates (author's transl)].
An analytical method has been developed to determine OFF-SHOOT-T in plant substrates. By this method the OFF-SHOOT-T content is calculated via the octanol-(1)-resp. decanol-(1)-concentrations determined via gas chromatography. The limit for determination of octanol-(1) resp. decanol-(1) in the substrates investigated is at around 0.1 mg/kg. This analytical method can be used for the examination of potato, onion, tabacco and other vegetable substrates.
Alcohols↗
Accumulation of radionuclides by plants as a monitor system.
The accumulation of radionuclides by plants acting as a monitoring system in the environment may occur by two modes; foliar absorption by the leaves and shoot of the plant, or by root uptake from the soil. Data on plant accumulation of radionuclides may be obtained from studies of fission product radionuclides deposited as worldwide fallout, and from tracer studies of plant physiology. The epidermal features of plant foliage may exert an effect upon particle retention by leaves, and subsequent uptake of radionuclides from the surface. The transport of radionuclides across the cuticle and epidermis of plant leaves is determined in part by the anatomy of the leaf, and by physiological factors. The foliar uptake of fallout radionuclides, 99Sr, 131I, and 137Cs, is described with examples from the scientific literature. The environmental half-life of 131I, for example, is considerably shorter than its physical half-life because of physical and biological factors which may produce a half-life as short as 0.23/day. 99Sr and 137Cs are readily taken up by the leaf, but 137Cs undergoes more translocation into fruit and seeds than 99Sr which tends to remain in the plant part in which it was initially absorbed. Soil-root uptake is conditioned primarily by soil chemical and physical factors which may selectively retain a radionuclide, such as 137Cs. The presence of organic matter, inorganic colloids (clay), and competing elements will strongly affect the uptake of 99Sr and 137Cs by plants from the soil. The role of plants as monitors of radionuclides is twofold: as monitors of recent atmospheric releases of radionuclides; and as indicators of the long-term behavior of aged deposits of radionuclides in the soil.
Absorption↗
Identification and fine mapping of a locus controlling multi-main-stem trait in Brassica napus.
BACKGROUND: The main stem is a crucial component determining individual plant yield in rapeseed (Brassica napus). However, the genetic and developmental basis underlying the multi-main-stem trait remains largely unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we identified a multi-main-stem mutant, mms1, which exhibited a significantly increased silique number per plant and abnormal shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the multi-main-stem trait was controlled by a recessive gene. Using bulked segregant analysis combined with a Brassica napus 50 K SNP array and map-based cloning, the locus was mapped to a 340-kb interval on chromosome A09 of the ZS11 reference genome and was designated BnaA09.MMS1. Candidate gene analysis revealed that BnaA09G0254500ZS, which harbors sequence variations in both the promoter and coding regions and shows significantly increased expression in the mutant, was the most likely candidate gene. In addition, phytohormone analysis revealed reduced auxin accumulation in mutant SAMs, together with transcriptomic changes in genes associated with the CLAVATA3 (CLV3)-WUSCHEL (WUS) feedback loop. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide an important foundation for elucidating the genetic basis of the multi-main-stem trait and offer a valuable genetic resource for rapeseed improvement.
Brassica napus↗
[Possible role of ammonium sulfate in inducing invertase biosynthesis in plants].
The induction of invertase from beetroot plants and wheat shoots was studied using the "ageing tissues" technique. It was found that ammonium sulfate at concentration 0.001 M enhances invertase induction. This effect of ammonium sulfate was not revealed when the preparations were pretreated by actidione, puromycin and chloramphenicol. A possibility of activation of invertase induction by ammonium sulfate is discussed.
Ammonium Sulfate↗
Characterization of culturable endophytes and microbial communities in the rhizosphere and pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes khasiana.
Endophytes colonize plant tissues through roots and shoots without causing harm and can move throughout the plant via its vascular system. However, little is known about culturable endophytes, particularly bacteria, in pitcher plants, and their possible entry through pitcher fluid remains unexplored. To address this gap, we isolated endophytes from the pitcher plant Nepenthes khasiana, and performed metagenomic analysis of its rhizospheric soil and pitcher fluid, from which bacteria and fungi were also isolated, to investigate the possible origin of these endophytes. We found that culturable endophytic bacteria were predominantly associated with roots and seeds, whereas endophytic fungi were more abundant across the N. khasiana pitcher. Although most endophytes were restricted to specific tissues, some exhibited a broader distribution across nearly the entire plant. Several OTUs from the rhizospheric soil matched endophytes at the genus level, including some that were also detected in the pitcher fluid. Specifically, three bacterial genera - Enterobacter, Staphylococcus and Bacillus - and one fungal genus, Cladosporium, detected in the pitcher fluid, matched the isolated endophytes. These findings suggest that endophytes in N. khasiana most likely originate from the rhizosphere, with possible migration into the pitcher fluid.
Rhizosphere↗
NAM and CUC3 boundary genes maintain shoot apical meristem viability and suppress the development of axillary shoot in rice seedlings.
Cell division and differentiation within the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are essential for the morphogenesis of aboveground plant organs. This study reveals that the boundary genes OsNAM and OsCUC3 collaboratively maintain SAM activity. Loss of function in both OsNAM and OsCUC3 during the fourth leaf stage reduced SAM size, with the osnam oscuc3 mutant exhibiting abnormal leaf number and morphology. Furthermore, OsNAM and OsCUC3 inhibited the growth of axillary shoots. In the osnam oscuc3 mutant, the number of new leaves decreased, while buds in the coleoptile and the axil of the first leaf developed into tillers. Since OsNAM and OsCUC3 are involved in regulating both SAM activity and the growth of lateral shoots, we examined their expression patterns at the base of the main shoot. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) reporter activity and GFP reporter lines demonstrated that OsNAM and OsCUC3 have distinct expression patterns. Specifically, OsNAM was expressed throughout the SAM, whereas OsCUC3 was expressed only at the base of the SAM, with its expression gradually decreasing as seedlings develop. RNA sequencing analysis showed that the expression of genes related to leaf epidermal cell development, cell wall components, and hormonal signal transduction was altered in response to the loss of function of OsNAM and OsCUC3. Therefore, the boundary genes OsNAM and OsCUC3 not only inhibit the growth of axillary shoots but also regulate the development of aboveground organs, including leaf morphology and number, by maintaining the SAM activity in the main shoot.
Meristem↗
The influence of alachlor, trifluralin, and diazinon on the development of endogenous mycorrhizae in soybeans.
Preplant incorporated treatments of 2 and 4 kg/ha of trifluralin and diazinon had no significant effect on growth, P accumulation or root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi in soybeans planted in an Andover clay loam. At 4 kg/ha, alachlor and trifluralin inhibited root development of 25 day-old plants. The 4 kg/ha alachlor treatment reduced shoot weight of 25 day old plants significantly and suppressed mycorrhizal development of 25 to 60 day old plants. At currently used commercial rates neither alachlor, trifluralin, nor diazinon affected mycorrhizal development under the conditions of the experiment.
Acetanilides↗