Adhesion of rumen bacteria to alkali-treated plant stems.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animal Feed↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Plant Stems”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
[Karyotypes of the stem eelworms from wild-growing plants].
Unlike the stem eelworms of cultivated plants, which have n = 12, the stem eelworms of wild plants (Picris sp., Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pratense, H. pilosella, Cirsium setosum and Falcaria vulgaris) possess high chromosomal numbers (from n = 19 in the first to n = 28 in the latter). Due to this the stem eelworms of wild plants must be separated from the collective species Ditylenchus dipsaci. Apparently these forms of stem eelworms are distinct species polyploid in their origin.
Animals↗
[Effect of the triazine herbicide herbazine-50 on the nitrate-nitrite concentration of corn].
Studied were the changes in the nitrate-nitrite content of maize grown on areas treated with herbazine-50 and artificial nitrogen fertilizers. The chemical analysis of various parts of the plant (stem. leaves, flowers and grains) revealed that the content of nitrates and nitrites was highest in the ears, and lowest in the leaves. Highest was also the content of nitrates and nitrites in all parts of the plant in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at the rate of 4 kg of a. i. per hectare as well as with artificial nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha), followed by maize obtained from areas where ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha were introduced only. Slightly lower amounts of nitrates and nitrites were found in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at 4 kg/ha only, and lowest was their content in maize from areas that were neither fertilized nor treated with herbazine-50.
Herbicides↗
The cysteine proteinases of the pineapple plant.
The pineapple plant (Ananas comosus) was shown to contain at least four distinct cysteine proteinases, which were purified by a procedure involving active-site-directed affinity chromatography. The major proteinase present in extracts of plant stem was stem bromelain, whilst fruit bromelain was the major proteinase in the fruit. Two additional cysteine proteinases were detected only in the stem: these were ananain and a previously undescribed enzyme that we have called comosain. Stem bromelain, fruit bromelain and ananain were shown to be immunologically distinct. Enzymic characterization revealed differences in both substrate-specificities and inhibition profiles. A study of the cysteine proteinase derived from the related bromeliad Bromelia pinguin (pinguinain) indicated that in many respects it was similar to fruit bromelain, although it was found to be immunologically distinct.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Influence of cow manure and composts on the effects of chlorfenvinphos on field crops.
Cauliflower crops were grown in several regions and seasons (spring and summer). Five days after planting, the plants were treated against the root fly by pouring onto soil around the plant stem an emulsion of chlorfenvinphos [2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethenyl diethyl phosphate] in water. The fields were divided into plots. Onto each plot, one of the organic fertilizers, city refuse compost, mushroom cultivation compost, or cow manure was applied at the rate of 100 tons/ha, 1 or 3.5 months before the insecticide treatment. There were also control plots which were not treated with any of the organic fertilizers. During the first 50 days crop period which followed the insecticide treatment, the chlorfenvinphos soil concentrations were always greater in the organic fertilizer-treated plots, than in the untreated ones (controls). The intensity of the organic fertilizers effect as to the increase of chlorfenvinphos soil persistence was in the following increasing order: city refuse compost less than cow manure less than mushroom cultivation compost. The organic fertilizer effects were greater when they had been soil-incorporated 3.5 months--instead of 1 month--before the chlorfenvinphos soil treatment. The increase of the insecticide soil concentrations--due to the organic fertilizers treatments--should increase the plant protection efficiency during the period of the first 50 days, during which time the young plants are the most sensitive to insects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
Antigenic activity of nonpollen parts (leaves and stems) of allergenic plants (Parietaria judaica and Dactylis glomerata).
In patients with respiratory allergy to pollen it is common to correlate the onset, duration and intensity of clinical symptoms with the count of atmospheric allergenic pollen grains. Pollen counts, however, may not reflect the total airborne allergen exposure since previous data suggest that pollen allergens may also be carried in microaerosol suspensions. These microdroplets may penetrate deeply into the airways, where pollen grains are too large to penetrate, eventually inducing asthma. The origin of these allergenic aerosols is still uncertain. We investigated whether antigenic activity is present in vegetative parts of allergenic plants. We have used extracts from leaves and stems of Parietaria judaica and Dactylis glomerata to evaluate patients with allergic sensitization to pollen allergens of these plants (19 grass-sensitive patients and 23 Parietaria sensitive). By using skin prick testing and RAST to stem and leaf extracts other than pollen extracts we observed that most patients sensitive to grass or Parietaria pollen had small responses to extracts of stem or leaf. We conclude that allergenic components are present throughout most of Parietaria judaica and Dactylis glomerata plants, most highly concentrated in the pollen but present in the leaves with a trace in the stems.
Adolescent↗
A minimum-surface mechanism to account for the organization of cells into columns in the mammalian epidermis.
It has recently been discovered that the stratum corneum and superficial living epidermis of mammalian skin are organized into neat vertical columns of interdigitating cells. The mechanism for this organization has not yet been determined. This study shows that the stacked organization is not unique to the epidermis but also occurs in cork cambium and the pith of woody plant stems. The structural and spatial organization of the stacked cells in these tissues were compared and found to approximate closely the shape of Kelvin's minimum-surface polygon, the tetrakaidecahedron. Paper models of flattened tetrakaidecahedra were constructed and found to stack columns of interdigitating units which are consistent with all of the structural details seen in stacked cells observed under the light and the scanning electron microscopes. Indeed, only polygons of this type are capable of aggregating without interstices in the manner of the stacked cells. A study of stacked arrays of these models has revealed a mechanism by which the epidermis might become organized in columns of stacked and interdigitating cells. The proposed mechanism assumes that cells within an array seek the smallest possible surface-to-volume ratio and, under appropriate conditions, form stacked tetrakaidecahedra.
Animals↗
Quantitative analysis of dendritic branching. I. Simple formulae for the quantitative analysis of dendritic branching.
Dendritic branching of neurons may be quantitatively studied using applications of graph theory. Dendritic ramifications may be considered as 'forests' of planted, stemmed, binary 'trees' with simple mathematical properties. Two fundamental numbers, that of dendritic tips and that of dendritic stems, usually suffice to quantify the dendritic branching of one neuron as, in most cases, they allow the computation of all other numbers of dendritic points and segments.
Animals↗
Microscopic investigation of changes in histology and digestibility in the rumen of a forage grass and a forage legume during the first growth stage.
An Italian "Dalita" ryegrass (Lolium italicum) and a European lucerne (Medicago sativa) were harvested at 5 different growth stages to determine the anatomical factors limiting their digestibility and in particular the effects of lignification of the tissues. In vitro digestibility, cell wall contents of the whole plant and stem of lucerne and of the whole plant, stem and leaf blade of ryegrass were determined. The rate and the extent of degradation in the rumen of the different tissues were observed by scanning electron microscopy. This degradation occurred very rapidly with the lucerne stems; the xylem of lucerne was the only undegradable tissue whatever the stage. The collenchyma was degraded in the rumen although with acid phloroglucinol it stained positive for the presence of phenolic compounds. Ryegrass stems were digested more slowly than lucerne stems, and the sclerenchyma and xylem of ryegrass were indigestible whatever the stage. The parenchyma located close to the sclerenchyma became indigestible as the cell walls lignified progressively from the third stage. These results contribute to the understanding of the decrease in digestibility over the first growth stage and the variation in rate of digestion of lucerne and ryegrass in the rumen.
Animal Feed↗
A probable lipid transfer protein gene is induced by NaCl in stems of tomato plants.
A full-length tomato cDNA clone, TSW12, which is developmentally and environmentally regulated, has been isolated and characterized. TSW12 mRNA is accumulated during tomato seed germination and its level increases after NaCl treatment or heat shock. In mature plants, TSW12 mRNA is only detected upon treatment with NaCl, mannitol or ABA and its expression mainly occurs in stems. The nucleotide sequence of TSW12 includes an open reading frame coding for a basic protein of 114 amino acids; the first 23 amino acids exhibit the sequence characteristic of a signal peptide. The high similarity between the TSW12-deduced amino acid sequence and reported lipid transfer proteins suggests that TSW12 encodes a lipid transfer protein.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Dissecting adult plant resistance to stem rust through multi-model GWAS in a diverse barley germplasm panel.
INTRODUCTION: Stem rust (SR), caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), remains a major threat to global barley production, particularly in regions with conducive environments and evolving pathogen populations. Despite progress in understanding seedling resistance, adult plant resistance (APR) to SR remains underexplored in diverse barley germplasm. This study aimed to dissect the genetic architecture of APR to SR in a panel of diverse origins of two-row spring barley using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). METHODS: A total of 273 barley accessions were evaluated for APR to SR in two distinct environments in Kazakhstan. Phenotypic data were combined with high-density SNP genotyping to perform GWAS using five statistical models (GLM, MLM, MLMM, FarmCPU, and BLINK). Population structure and kinship were accounted for to identify robust marker-trait associations (MTAs), followed by haplotype-based QTL delineation. Transcriptomic data from 16 barley tissues were used to identify candidate genes within major QTL regions. Substantial phenotypic variation in SR severity was observed across environments. RESULTS: A total of 204 MTAs were identified, among which 96 were stable across models, resulting in 19 model-stable QTLs spanning all seven barley chromosomes. Six QTLs co-localized with known SR-resistance QTLs and genes, including Rpg1 and Rpg6. Q_rpg_7H.1 (coinciding with Rpg1) was one of the strongest and most consistent QTL, harboring 42 highly expressed candidate genes. A novel major-effect QTL on chromosome 5H, Q_rpg_5H.1 (3.5 - 9.9 Mb), not previously associated with known resistance loci, contained 10 highly expressed genes grouped into three co-expression clusters, including WRKY transcription factors and PR-5 proteins. CONCLUSION: This study provides new insights into the complex, multilayered genetic control of SR resistance in barley. The discovery of both known and novel QTLs offers valuable targets for marker-assisted selection and lays the foundation for breeding durable SR-resistant barley adapted to diverse agroecological conditions.
Hordeum vulgare L.↗
Trimming galactose side chains of arabinogalactan proteins alters pectin and hemicellulose deposition in secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana floral stem internodes.
Shaping the cell wall composition and structure to meet the requirements of different tissues and developmental stages relies on multiple actors, including arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Although the specific role of these proteins in cell wall dynamics is still under debate, especially in events involving significant remodeling of the cell wall, their carbohydrate motif, type II arabinogalactan (AGII), seems to be crucial for their function. This study aims to investigate the function of AGII, specifically the galactose residues of its side chains, in the structural organization of the cell wall during the cessation of elongation and the transition to secondary growth. To achieve this, we characterized floral stem internodes of Arabidopsis thaliana plants overproducing the chickpea βV-galactosidase protein (35S::βV-Gal plants), an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes the β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-galactosyl residues of AGII. Changes induced in the cell wall by trimming galactose residues of AGII resulted in a noticeable increase in homogalacturonan methyl esterification. Additionally, these neutral galactose side chains may regulate hemicellulose-cellulose interactions and influence xylan distribution through the cellulose network, which in turn affects the deposition of lignin and determines its recalcitrance to enzymatic degradation.
Arabidopsis↗
High-level expression of a sweet potato sporamin gene promoter: beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion gene in the stems of transgenic tobacco plants is conferred by multiple cell type-specific regulatory elements.
Genes coding for sporamin, the most abundant protein of the tuberous root of the sweet potato, are expressed at a high levels in the stems of plantlets cultured axenically on sucrose-containing medium. Their expression is also induced in leaf-petiole explants by high concentrations of sucrose. A fusion gene comprising of the 1 kb 5' upstream region of the gSPO-A1 gene coding for the A-type sporamin and the coding sequence of bacterial beta-glucuronidase (GUS) was introduced into the tobacco genome by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic tobacco plants cultured axenically on sucrose-containing medium expressed GUS activity predominantly in their stems. Histochemical examination of GUS activity using a chromogenic substrate showed a distinct spatial pattern of GUS staining in the stem. Strong GUS activity was detected in the internal phloem of the vascular system and at the node, especially at the base of the axillary bud. Relatively weaker GUS activity was also detected in pith parenchyma. A 5' deletion of the promoter to nucleotide -305, relative to the transcription start site, did not alter significantly the level of GUS activity or the spatial pattern of GUS staining in the stem. However, further deletions to -237 and -192 resulted in a decrease in the level of GUS activity in the stem that occurred simultaneously with the loss of GUS staining in both the internal phloem and at the base of the axillary bud. However, plants with these deletion constructs still exhibited the predominant expression pattern of GUS activity in the stem and GUS staining in the pith parenchyma cells. Deletion to -94 completely abolished the expression of GUS activity. These results indicate that a sequence between -305 and -237 contains a cis-regulatory element(s) that is required for expression of the GUS reporter gene in both the internal phloem and at the base of the axillary bud, while a sequence between -192 and -94 contains a cis-acting element(s) that is required for expression in pith parenchyma cells.
Base Sequence↗
[Biological evaluation of Cuban plants. IV].
Aqueous, alcoholic and ketonic extracts from leaves and stems of plants of the families Malvaceae, Anonaceae, Punicaceae, Verbenaceae and Urticaceae were analyzed in order to prove their antibacterial proprieties. The best results were obtained from Punica granatum extracts which inhibited over a 50% of bacteria.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Integrated assessment of biocontrol potential and genome analysis of endophytic Bacillus velezensis MGL-B1 against mango stem-end rot.
Mango stem-end rot is a globally significant postharvest disease that severely threatens the mango industry, primarily caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. However, information on biocontrol agents targeting this pathogen in mango remains limited. In this study, we isolated and identified a strain of Bacillus velezensis MGL-B1 from mango leaf tissues for the first time, which exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that MGL-B1 effectively inhibited the growth of B. dothidea, with an in vivo biocontrol efficacy reaching 83.72 ± 5.10%, comparable to that of the commonly used chemical fungicide thiabendazole. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that MGL-B1 acts by directly disrupting the integrity of the pathogen's mycelial cell membrane. In addition, its released volatile organic compounds (VOCs) also displayed significant antifungal activity, with components such as 2-nonanone, 2-nonanol, and phenylethyl alcohol being confirmed to exert antifungal effects in in vitro fumigation assays. qPCR analysis showed that MGL-B1 treatment significantly upregulated the transcriptional levels of genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and antioxidant defense pathways in mango fruits, with upregulation folds of 16.32, 37.19, and 75.93, respectively; meanwhile, the expression of browning-related genes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was markedly suppressed. Whole-genome sequencing further revealed 14 biosynthetic gene clusters for antimicrobial compounds, including five unknown gene clusters. Collectively, B. velezensis MGL-B1 represents a promising biocandidate strain with multiple antifungal mechanisms and excellent control efficacy, providing a valuable resource for green and sustainable management of mango diseases.
Mangifera↗
Cryptic floral determination: stem explants from vegetative tobacco plants have the capacity to regenerate floral shoots.
The developmental fates of shoots regenerated in culture and in situ by stem tissues of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38 from different positions along the main axes of plants at different ages have been characterized. It was expected that explants from vegetative plants would not have the capacity to produce floral shoots. Contrary to the expected result, a small percentage (about 0.2%) of the shoots formed from cultured stem explants taken from young, vegetative plants were floral, i.e., produced a small number of nodes and then a flower. A larger percentage (about 2%) of the shoots formed by explants from the same region of plants which had flowered were floral. The largest percentage (76%) of floral shoots arose from explants taken from the inflorescence. Internode cells which were stimulated to divide and undergo organogenesis in situ after decapitation of the plant also produced few-noded, floral shoots with apical internode tissues producing many such floral shoots and basal internode tissues producing few such floral shoots. These results indicate that the capacity to form a flower is a visible expression of a cryptic developmental state which is quantitatively but not qualitatively controlled in time and space.
Plant Development↗
High-level expression of tuberous root storage protein genes of sweet potato in stems of plantlets grown in vitro on sucrose medium.
Sporamin, the tuberous root storage protein of the sweet potato, accounts for about 60 to 80% of the total soluble protein of this organ. The amount of sporamin present in other organs is very low, or even not detectable, in the normal field-grown plants. However, the stem of sweet potato plantlets grown axenically on agar medium containing sucrose was found to accumulate large amounts of sporamin. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic profiles of sporamin precursors synthesized in vitro by poly(A)+ RNA are indistinguishable between tuberous roots of the field-grown plants and stems of the axenically cultured plants, suggesting that an essentially identical set of the members of sporamin multigene family are expressed in these two organs under different growth conditions. Transgenic tobacco plants having a CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) fusion gene with the 5' upstream region of a sporamin A gene, gSPO-A1, show preferential expression of CAT activity in stems when the plants are maintained in axenic culture on sucrose medium as is the case for sporamin in sweet potato. Deletion analysis revealed that the DNA sequence of gSPO-A1 between -94 and -305, relative to the transcription start site, is important for its expression in tobacco. This region contains two of the previously postulated putative regulatory elements conserved between sporamin A and B genes.
Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase↗
[New Caledonia plant. LXI. Alkaloids of leafy stems of Flindersia fournieri Panch. et Seb. (Rutaceae) (author's transl)].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Alkaloids↗