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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2004

CCR5 chemokine receptor gene evolution in New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): implication on resistance to lentiviruses.

The CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene of primates encodes a transmembrane protein involved in cellular signaling of some cell types of the immune system. Numerous studies have shown that this peptide is used by lentiviruses in conjunction with the CD4 receptor to mediate binding and entry in target cells of human and non-human primates. New World monkeys (NWM), differently from their African counterparts, have no description of in natura lentivirus infection. Some evidences suggest that a blockage occurs at the viral entry step of infection. To investigate this possibility, we have cloned and sequenced CCR5 genes from several representatives of Platyrrhini, and compared their sequences with those of other Platyrrhini and Catarrhini species available at public databases. Platyrrhini CCR5 genes were shown to be more genetically diverse than their Catarrhini correlates, and their phylogenetic relationships based on that locus were in agreement with previous studies. Comparison of Platyrrhini and Catarrhini CCR5 consensus sequences evidenced several amino acid residues that differ between both groups, some of which have been experimentally associated with lentiviral interaction. A codon-based positive selection analysis showed that some of these sites seem to be under strong selection for variation among the Platyrrhini but not among Catarrhini species. These results suggest the potential involvement of those sites in the apparent refraction of some NWM to lentiviruses. The high ccr5 genetic diversity observed in Platyrrhini, however, argues for a more extensive infection analysis of diverse NWM species to evaluate this resistance and the potential use of those primates as HIV/AIDS animal models.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1998

beta2-Microglobulin in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini).

Nucleotide sequences for the three exons of the beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) gene (B2m) were determined for 135 animals representing 37 species and all 16 genera of neotropical primates (Platyrrhini). Twenty-eight different nucleotide sequences, encoding for 26 different proteins, were obtained. In comparison with those of other primate species, the beta2-microglobulins of the Platyrrhini form a distinct clade. Individual genera of neotropical primates have distinctive B2m sequences, but within a genera species can have either the same or different B2m sequences. B2m polymorphism was found within three of the species sampled: Callicebus personatus, Saguinus midas, and Aotus azarae. Of these only the polymorphism in A. azarae has an effect upon the mature, functional beta2m protein: residue 4 being either alanine or threonine. The A. azarae B2m allele encoding alanine at position 4 is shared with another species of Aotus (A. infulatus). In pairwise comparison the mature beta2m proteins of neotropical primates differ by 1-9 amino acid substitutions which can occur at 18 positions within the sequence. The substitutions are distributed throughout the primary structure but are more commonly found in loops rather than beta strands of the tertiary structure. Of 17 residues of beta2m which hydrogen-bond with the class I heavy chain in human MHC class I molecules, 13 are conserved in the neotropical primates. The overall pattern of sequence variation in the B2m genes of the Platyrrhini is consistent with an evolution by successive selectively neutral events.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

A new subclass of the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor lacking exon 10 messenger RNA in the New World monkey (Platyrrhini) lineage.

The luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) plays an essential role as a mediator of LH and CG action during embryonic sexual differentiation and in gametogenesis. In a hypogonadal male patient, we recently demonstrated that a genomic deletion of exon 10, located in the hinge region of the extracellular domain, results in discrimination of LH and hCG action. In the common marmoset (Calltithrix jacchus), exon 10 of the LHR is naturally missing at the mRNA level. In order to investigate whether this is an isolated species-specific phenomenon, we performed a phylogenetic screening, searching for the presence of LHR exon 10 mRNA in a number of primate species representative for the major lineages of primate evolution. The expressed LHR region encompassing exon 10 was amplified from testicular tissue by RT-PCR, cloned, and sequenced. In addition, we performed Southern blot analysis of the LHR of selected New World and Old World primates. The results revealed that exon 10 mRNA is lacking in the complete New World monkey (Platyrrhini) lineage but is present in both more primitive and more advanced primates. However, exon 10 seems to be present at the genomic level, arguing for a splicing failure possibly due to a genomic mutation or the lack of appropriate splicing factors. Considering that, in the human, LH is far less active than hCG on the LHR lacking exon 10, we addressed the question whether the existence of such a receptor has any consequences on the dual hormone LH/CG system present in Platyrrhini. Using primers specific for the known marmoset CG beta cDNA, we amplified the CG beta subunit cDNA from male common marmoset pituitaries by RT-PCR, while LH beta could not be amplified, suggesting a possible physiological role of pituitary CG in this species. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that the LH mRNA without exon10 is the natural wild-type LHR in the Platyrrhini lineage. We propose that this LHR represents a new subclass of receptors that should be named LHR type II. In addition, the high expression of CG beta in the marmoset pituitary suggests a physiological role of CG in the reproductive function of these primates beyond pregnancy.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

The phylogeny of howler monkeys (Alouatta, Platyrrhini): reconstruction by multicolor cross-species chromosome painting.

We performed multidirectional chromosome painting in a comparative cytogenetic study of the three howler monkey species Alouatta fusca, A. caraya and A. seniculus macconnelli (Atelinae, Platyrrhini) in order to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within this genus. Comparative genome maps between these species were established by multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) employing human, Saguinus oedipus and Lagothrix lagothricha chromosome-specific probes. The three species included in this study and previously analyzed howler monkey species were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis on the basis of a data matrix comprised of 98 discrete molecular cytogenetic characters. The results revealed that howler monkeys represent the genus with the most extensive karyotype diversity within Platyrrhini so far analyzed with high levels of intraspecific chromosomal variability. Two different multiple sex chromosome systems were identified. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Alouatta is a monophyletic clade which can be derived from a proposed ancestral Atelinae karyotype of 2n = 62 chromosomes by a chromosome fusion, a fission, a Y-autosomal translocation and a pericentric inversion. Following these suggestions, the genus Alouatta can be divided into two distinct species groups: the first includes A. caraya and A. belzebul, the second A. s. macconnelli, A. sara, A. s. arctoidea and A. fusca.

Alouatta↗

PubMed2001

Molecular cytotaxonomy of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) - comparative analysis of five species by multi-color chromosome painting gives evidence for a classification of Callimico goeldii within the family of Callitrichidae.

Chromosome rearrangements are considered as "rare genomic changes" and can provide useful markers and even landmarks for reconstructing phylogenies complementary to DNA sequence data and bio-morphological comparisons. Here, we applied multi-directional chromosome painting to reconstruct the chromosome phylogeny and evolutionary relationships among the New World monkey (Platyrrhini) species Callithrix argentata, Cebuella pygmaea, Saguinus oedipus, Callithrix jacchus and Callimico goeldii. The results clarified several aspects of New Wold monkey phylogeny. In particular the phylogenetic position of C. goeldii was elucidated, which has been controversially discussed and variously classified in the family Callitrichidae, in the family Cebidae or in its own family Callimiconidae. Comparative genome maps were established by multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with human, S. oedipus and Lagothrix lagothricha chromosome- specific DNA probes. From these data we reconstructed the putative ancestral karyotype of all Callitrichidae. Various derived chromosomal syntenies are shared by all five species and cytogenetically define Callitrichidae - including Callimico goeldii -- as a distinctive group within the Platyrrhini. C. pygmaea and C. argentata share identical chromosomal syntenies from which S. oedipus and C. jacchus differ by single independent translocations. A common derived chromosomal change links Callimico with the marmosets to the exclusion of the tamarins, however, it has further diverged from an ancestral marmoset karyotype by at least four apomorphic rearrangements. Saimiri sciureus, representing the Cebinae, exclusively shares a derived syntenic association with all Callithrichidae, defining the genus Saimiri as a sister group.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates).

Orthologous sequences of six nuclear genes were obtained for all recognized genera of New World monkeys (Primates: Platyrrhini) and outgroups to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships and to estimate divergence times. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed by maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. All methods resolved with 100% branch support genus-level relationships, except for the grouping of Aotus as a sister taxa of Cebus and Saimiri, which was supported by low bootstrap percentages and posterior probability. All approaches depict three monophyletic New World monkey families: Atelidae, Cebidae, and Pitheciidae; also within each family, all approaches depict the same branching topology. However, the approaches differ in depicting the relationships of the three families to one another. Maximum parsimony depicts the Atelidae and Cebidae as sister families next joined by the Pitheciidae. Conversely, likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees group families Atelidae and Pitheciidae together to the exclusion of Cebidae. Divergence time estimations using both local molecular clock and Bayesian approaches suggest the families diverged from one another over a short period of geological time in the late Oligocene-early Miocene.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Molecular phylogeny of the New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, primates) based on two unlinked nuclear genes: IRBP intron 1 and epsilon-globin sequences.

Nuclear sequences of the 1.8 kilobase (kb) long intron 1 of the interstitial retinol-binding protein gene (IRBP), previously determined for 11 of the 16 extant genera of New World monkeys (superfamily Ceboidea, infraorder Platyrrhini), have now been determined for the remaining 5 genera. The maximum parsimony trees found, first with IRBP sequences alone and then with tandemly combined IRBP and epsilon-globin gene sequences from the same species, supported a provisional cladistic classification with the following clusters. Subtribes Callitrichina (Callithrix, Cebuella), Callimiconina (Callimico), Leontopithecina (Leontopithecus) and Saguina (Saguinus) constitute subfamily Callitrichinae, and subfamilies Callitrichinae, Aotinae (Aotus), and Cebinae (Cebus, Saimiri) constitute family Cebidae. Subtribes Chiropotina (Chiropotes, Cacajao) and Pitheciina (Pithecia) constitute tribe Pitheciini; and tribes Pitheciini and Callicebini (Callicebus) constitute subfamily Pitheciinae. Subtribes Brachytelina (Brachyteles, Lagothrix) and Atelina (Ateles) constitute tribe Atelini, and tribes Atelini and Alouattini (Alouatta) constitute subfamily Atelinae. The parsimony results were equivocal as to whether Pitheciinae should be grouped with Atelinae in family Atelidae or have its own family Pitheciidae. The cladistic groupings of extant ceboids were also examined by different stochastic evolutionary models that employed the same stochastic process of nucleotide substitutions but alternative putative phylogenetic trees on which the nucleotide substitutions occurred. Each model, i.e., each different tree, predicted a different multinomial distribution of nucleotide character patterns for the contemporary sequences. The predicted distributions that were closest to the actual observed distributions identified the best fitting trees. The cladistic relationships depicted in these best fitting trees agreed in almost all cases with those depicted in the maximum parsimony trees.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

ZOO-FISH suggests a complete homology between human and capuchin monkey (Platyrrhini) euchromatin.

Chromosome comparisons using in situ hybridization of all human chromosome-specific libraries on Capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus, Cebidae, Platyrrhini) metaphases were performed with a new technique simultaneously revealing a G-banding and chromosome "painting." A complete homology between human (HSA) and C. capucinus (CCA) chromosomes was demonstrated, except for constitutive heterochromatin. Eleven C. capucinus chromosomes are homologous to 11 human chromosomes: CCA 2 = HSA 4; CCA 3 = HSA 6; CCA 12 = HSA 9; CCA 16 = HSA 11; CCA 10 = HSA 12; CCA 11 = HSA 13; CCA 20 = HSA 17; CCA 8 = HSA 19; CCA 23 = HSA 20; CCA 24 = HSA 22; and CCA X = HSA X. Ten C. capucinus chromosomes are homologous to parts of human chromosomes: CCA 13 = HSA 8q; CCA 14 = HSA 2q; CCA 15 = HSA 1p + 1q proximal; CCA 17 = HSA 7 part; CCA 18 and 19 = HSA 3 part; CCA 21 and 22 = HSA 1q distal; CCA 25 = HSA 10p; and CCA 26 = HSA 15q part. Six C. capucinus chromosomes are homologous to parts of two human chromosomes: CCA 1 = HSA 5 + 7 part; CCA 4 = HSA 2p + q proximal + 16q; CCA 5 = HSA 10q + 16p; CCA 6 = HSA 14 + 15 part; CCA 7 = HSA 8p + 18; and CCA 9 = HSA 3 part + 21. Many previous banding comparisons were confirmed but several cryptic or complex rearrangements could be identified. With the C. capucinus karyotype having been shown to be fairly ancestral, this comparison opens the possibility to compare human chromosomes to most Cebidae species.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Molecular phylogeny of the New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, primates).

Phylogenetic relationships among the 16 extant genera of Ceboidea (the New World monkeys) were examined using aligned epsilon-globin gene sequences from 19 New World monkeys (representing all 16 extant ceboid genera), and seven catarrhines (one Old World monkey and six hominoids) and tarsier as the outgroups. The consensus maximum parsimony tree found for these epsilon-globin sequences and the levels of support from parsimony and bootstrap analyses, for the clades in this tree, provided strong evidence for a cladistic classification with the following clusters. Subtribes Callitrichina (Callithrix, Cebuella), Callimiconina (Callimico), Leontopithecina (Leontopithecus), and Saguina (Saguinus) constitute subfamily Callitrichinae, and subfamilies Callitrichinae, Aotinae (Aotus), Saimiriinae (Saimiri), and Cebinae (Cebus) constitute family Cebidae. In turn, subtribes Chiropotina (Chiropotes, Cacajao) and Pitheciina (Pithecia) constitute tribe Pithecini, tribes Pitheciini and Callicebini (Callicebus) constitute subfamily Pitheciinae, tribes Atelini (Brachyteles, Lagothrix, Ateles) and Alouattini (Alouatta) constitute subfamily Atelinae, and subfamilies Pitheciinae and Atelinae constitute family Atelidae. The two families (Cebidae and Atelidae) constitute the Ceboidea, the only extant superfamily of infraorder Platyrrhini. The sister-group relationships of Brachyteles and Lagothrix, Saguinus and Leontopithecus, and Callimico with a Cebuella/Callithrix clade is not as well supported by the parsimony and bootstrap analyses. Therefore, these relationships are not incorporated in the proposed cladistic classification. On determining branch lengths for the ceboid phylogenetic tree from only the more freely evolving noncoding sequences at the epsilon-globin locus and taking the reference age of 35 million years ago (MYA) for the New World monkey-catarrhine branch point, we estimated the age of the atelid-cebid branch point as about 20 MYA, and the ages of the next branch points, those between the subfamilies in each family, as 19-16 MYA.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Molecular phylogeny of new world primates (Platyrrhini) based on beta2-microglobulin DNA sequences.

Neotropical primates, traditionally grouped in the infraorder Platyrrhini, comprise 16 extant genera. Cladistic analyses based on morphological characteristics and molecular data resulted in topologic arrangements depicting disparate phylogenetic relationships, indicating that the evolution of gross morphological characteristics and molecular traits is not necessarily congruent. Here we present a phylogenetic arrangement for all neotropical primate genera obtained from DNA sequence analyses of the beta2-microglobulin gene. Parsimony, distance, and maximum likelihood analyses favored two families, Atelidae and Cebidae, each containing 8 genera. Atelids were resolved into atelines and pitheciines. The well-supported ateline clade branched into alouattine (Alouatta) and ateline (Ateles, Lagothrix, Brachyteles) clades. In turn, within the Ateline clade, Lagothrix and Brachyteles were well-supported sister groups. The pitheciines branched into well-supported callicebine (Callicebus) and pitheciine (Pithecia, Cacajao, Chiropotes) clades. In turn, within the pitheciine clade, Cacajao and Chiropotes were well-supported sister groups. The cebids branched into callitrichine (Saguinus, Leontopithecus, Callimico, Callithrix-Cebuella), cebine (Cebus, Saimiri), and aotine (Aotus) clades. While the callitrichine clade and the groupings of species and genera within this clade were all well supported, the cebine clade received only modest support, and the position of Aotus could not be clearly established. Cladistic analyses favored the proposition of 15 rather than 16 extant genera by including Cebuella pygmaea in the genus Callithrix as the sister group of the Callithrix argentata species group. These analyses also favored the sister grouping of Callimico with Callithrix and then of Leontopithecus with the Callithrix-Callimico clade.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The myoglobin of primates: the Night Monkey, Aotes trivirgatus (Cebidae, Platyrrhini, Anthropoidea).

The amino acid sequence of the myoglobin of the South American Night Monkey, Aotes trivirgatus, is identical to that of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus [1]) except for residue 21 which is isoleucine in the marmoset, like in all other anthropoids, but valine in Aotes. Analysis of a possible pathway of the evolution of Aotes myoglobin using 18 known primate myoglobin sequences [2-5] supports the classification of the Night Monkey within Anthropoidea and Platyrrhini but it indicates that this species might be more closely related to the marmoset (family Callitrichidae) than to the family Cebidae as a member of which it is commonly classified.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Chromosome painting comparison of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Callitrichine, Platyrrhini) with man and its phylogenetic position.

Using human probes of whole chromosomes, the homoeologies between human and Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Platyrrhini) karyotypes were established. Thirty-three conserved segments were observed between the two species. Intrachromosomal rearrangements between the two species were identified using hybridization of chromosome arm probes of human chromosomes 1 and 3. We also used chromosomal data to investigate phylogenetic relationships of Callitrichines. These data were encoded using Cebus capucinus , a species which kept fairly ancestral chromosomes, as reference. Two equi-parsimonious trees, including reversion or convergence events, were obtained. The monophyly of Callitrichines is confirmed. They share nine chromosomal rearrangements at least. The Cebuella-Callithrix group forms a clade sharing five rearrangements at least. According to the tree considered, the Tamarins, Leontopithecus and Saguinus share two chromosomal rearrangements restricted to these two taxa or none. Callimico accumulated seven chromosomal rearrangements unshared with other taxa, at least. To avoid convergence and reversion events, we propose the hypothesis of a network (or populational) evolution. Six chromosomal rearrangements would have occurred during the period of this network evolution. Finally, the karyotype of the last common ancestor to all Callitrichines has been reconstructed. It possessed 48 chromosomes.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Phylogenetic inferences of Atelinae (Platyrrhini) based on multi-directional chromosome painting in Brachyteles arachnoides, Ateles paniscus paniscus and Ateles b. marginatus.

We performed multi-directional chromosome painting in a comparative cytogenetic study of the three Atelinae species Brachyteles arachnoides, Ateles paniscus paniscus and Ateles belzebuth marginatus, in order to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within this Platyrrhini subfamily. Comparative chromosome maps between these species were established by multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) employing human, Saguinus oedipus and Lagothrix lagothricha chromosome-specific probes. The three species included in this study and four previously analyzed species from all four Atelinae genera were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis on the basis of a data matrix comprised of 82 discrete chromosome characters. The results confirmed that Atelinae represent a monophyletic clade with a putative ancestral karyotype of 2n = 62 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an evolutionary branching sequence [Alouatta [Brachyteles [Lagothrix and Ateles]]] in Atelinae and [Ateles belzebuth marginatus [Ateles paniscus paniscus [Ateles belzebuth hybridus and Ateles geoffroyi]]] in genus Ateles. The chromosomal data support a re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of Ateles b. hybridus.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Investigation of marmoset hybrids (Cebuella pygmaea x Callithrix jacchus) and related Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini) by cross-species chromosome painting and comparative genomic hybridization.

We report on the cytogenetics of twin offspring from an interspecies cross in marmosets (Callitrichinae, Platyrrhini), resulting from a pairing between a female Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus, 2n = 46) and a male Pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, 2n = 44). We analyzed their karyotypes by multi-directional chromosome painting employing human, Saguinus oedipus and Lagothrix lagothricha chromosome-specific probes. Both hybrid individuals had a karyotype with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 45. As a complementary tool, interspecies comparative genomic hybridization (iCGH) was performed in order to screen for genomic imbalances between the hybrids and their parental species, and between Callithrix argentata and S. oedipus, respectively. These genomic imbalances were confined to centromeric and telomeric heterochromatin, while euchromatic chromosome regions appeared balanced in all species investigated. When comparing marmosets and tamarins, sequence divergence of centromeric heterochromatin was already clearly noticeable. In the C. argentata and C. pygmaea genomes numerous subtelomeric regions were affected by amplification of different repetitive sequences. Cross-species FISH with a microdissection-derived C. pygmaea repetitive probe revealed species specificity of this repetitive sequence at the molecular cytogenetic level of resolution.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The meiotic chromosomes of Cebus apella (Cebidae, Platyrrhini).

An analysis of the meiotic chromosomes of Cebus apella (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) has allowed for the visualization of constitutive heterochromatic regions throughout the meiotic cycle and has permitted the identification of four chromosomes in the first and the second divisions. In pachytene nuclei, and in pachytene spreads where synaptonemal complexes were visible, one heterochromatic region was frequently unpaired. No chiasmata were found in heterochromatic regions, and there was no evidence of chiasma terminalization. The role of heterochromatin in homologous pairing and its relationship to chiasma position and number in meiotic configurations were discussed. A comparison was made between bivalent 9 in C. apella and bivalent 21 in man, based on the interspecific homologies between these chromosomes. A similar comparison was made between the Algerian and Asian hedgehogs, where marked differences in the content of constitutive heterochromatin occur in two chromosome pairs.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates. Part V. The Platyrrhini.

Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, Ateles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and Ateles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

[Sublingual structures in primates. Part 1: Prosimiae, Platyrrhini and Cercopithecinae].

1. The sublingual structures of primates have been studied light-microscopically. There are 3 different sublingual structures in the species studied. The plica sublingualis occurs in all primates. The sublingual organ is a topographically modified plica sublingualis which occurs exclusively in Callicebus. A sublingua is present only in the prosimians. 2. The plica sublingualis contains the excretory ducts of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. The sublingua is ventrally adherent to the body of the tongue and is, with a few exceptions in Tupaia, characterized by a skeleton of cartilage tissue. A sublingua never exhibits excretory ducts or salivary glands. 3. In some Platyrrhini (Ateles, Aotus, Lagothrix, Alouatta, Callicebus), there are taste buds in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis. They are especially concentrated near the orifices of the salivary glands. 4. The fresh saliva of the submandibular and sublingual gland can be tested by the taste buds on the plica sublingualis, because there is a topographical coincidence. 5. There is a complete absence of taste buds at the plica sublingualis of the prosimians and the Cercopithecinae. 6. There are no taste buds in the epithelium of the sublingua. In the Lorisiformes and in the Lemuriformes the sublingua is a cleaning device of the anterior dentition, most probably in connection with a tactile sensibility. In the Tupaiformes and in the Tarsiiformes the sublingua is less developed. 7. There is no anatomical connection between the skeleton of cartilage tissue in the sublingua and the lytta, or the skeleton of the hyoideum. 8. In some Cercopithecinae (Macaca, Papio) a glandula apicis linguae is present.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Ontogeny and homology of the paranasal sinuses in Platyrrhini (Mammalia: Primates).

The identity and taxonomic distribution of paranasal sinuses among living platyrrhines has remained a contentious issue (e.g., Cave [1967] Am J Phys Anthropol 26:277-288 vs. Hershkovitz [1977] Chicago: University of Chicago Press) largely because the ontogenetic data required for their detection and identification (e.g., Cave [1967]; Maier [2000] Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 99-132.) were not attainable without sacrificing valuable juvenile and subadult specimens. Non-invasive computed tomography (CT) scanning of ontogenetic series of skulls for 10 platyrrhine genera demonstrates the presence of maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, as well as homologs of the human sphenoid and frontal sinuses. Differences in the latter two sinuses between platyrrhines and hominoids highlight the need for early developmental data in establishing sinus homology. In particular, the identification of homologous recesses in the cartilaginous nasal capsule, from which sinuses later develop, emerges as the critical step. This developmental approach also reveals that the anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses are each sets of serial homologs, a point which reconciles previous difficulties in establishing sinus homologies across mammalian orders (e.g., Paulli [1900] Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 28:147-178, 179-251, 483-564).

Age Factors↗