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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Headspace sampling and gas-solid chromatographic determination and confirmation of greater than or equal to 1 ppb vinyl chloride residues in polyvinyl chloride food packaging.

The determination and confirmation of residual vinyl chloride (VC) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food packaging materials are described. PVC packaging materials are dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMAC). VC is sparged from solution with helium gas and collected in sealed vials of ethanol. VC is detected and quantitated by using a headspace sampling technique and standard gas-solid chromatography (GSC) with flame ionization detection. GSC peak heights of about 5% full scale deflection are obtained for samples of PVC containing 1 ppb VC. Polymer samples taken from tubing, blood bags, food packaging films, bottles, and unprocessed resin were analyzed. Residual VC levels ranged from 0.3 to 913 ppb. VC was confirmed by GSC-mass spectrometry, using selected ion recording of m/z 62 and 64 in conjunction with full mass scans to identify components eluting near VC.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1977

Effects of polyvinyl chloride ingestion by dogs.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) acrylic thermoplastic sheeting was fed to 6 dogs to determine whether ingestion during periods of normal transit of military working dogs would be toxic and thus affect the safety of this material for construction of shipping containers. The test dogs were fed PVC acrylic (0.125 g/kg of body weight; by gelatin capsule) twice each day for 5 days: for 2 dogs, the test material was in a shredded form; for 2 dogs, the material was diced; and for 2 dogs, it was powdered. Two other dogs were used as controls. Dogs were observed for clinical signs, and feed consumption and body weights were recorded. Blood and urine samples were examined. All animals were necropsied approximately 10 days after the feeding was stopped. Clinical or pathologic indication of a toxic effect of PVC was not seen within the time limits of the study.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride in Great Britain.

Identification particulars were obtained for over 7000 men who were at some time between 1940 and 1974 exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. Approximately 99% of these men have been traced and their mortality experience studied. The overall standardised mortality ratio, 75-4, shows a significant reduction compared with the national rates. Four cases of liver cancer were found. Two of these have been confirmed by a panel of liver pathologists as angiosarcoma and two as not angiosarcoma. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that cancers other than those of the liver are associated with exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. The two cases of angiosarcoma were found in men who had been exposed to high concentrations of the monomer although the second man died only eight years after first exposure. The industry in Great Britain has expanded considerably since the second world war with over 50% of men having entered with the last decade. Conclusions drawn about the effect of vinyl chloride monomer on the mortality experience of men in this industry must consequently be tempered by the reservation that the full impact may not yet be in evidence.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1976

Effect of phthalate plasticizer on blood compatibility of polyvinyl chloride.

The amount of a phthalate plasticizer on the surface of a sheet of polyvinyl chloride used in the fabrication of blood storage bags was quantified using attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, water contact angle measurement, and weight loss due to methanol extraction. Water wettability increased as the amount of surface phthalate extracted by methanol increased, which indicates that the accumulation of phthalate on the surface increases hydrophobicity. The extraction of phthalate by methanol consists of two steps: (a) methanol first dissolves surface phthalate, and (b) phthalate in the bulk then diffuses through the surface. The adsorption of plasma proteins was investigated to determine the initial events as blood contacts the surface. The composition of adsorbed proteins on the methanol-cleansed surface differs from that on the uncleansed polyvinyl chloride surface. Albumin adsorption onto phthalate-contaminated surfaces is less than on cleansed surfaces while adsorption of gamma-globulin and fibrinogen is greater on phthalate-contaminated surfaces. Protein adsorption can be related to surface thrombus formation. Increases in platelet numbers appeared on phthalate-contaminated surfaces as compared with methanol-treated surfaces. A phthalate may enhance platelet adhesion and aggregation when it exists on a polymer surface.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1979

Human red blood cells with normal or improved oxygen transport function prepared and frozen in the primary polyvinyl chloride plastic blood collection container.

This is a report a a new system for freezing human red blood cells in the same polyvinyl chloride plastic container in which the blood is collected and separated into components. This polyvinyl chloride plastic collection bag with integrally attached transfer packs for blood collection, component separation, red blood cell biochemical modification, freezing, storage, and post-thaw dilution before washing, represents a major advancement in the freeze-preservation process. The label with the donor's blood type and identification number affixed to the bag at the time of collection remains in place throughout the freezing and thawing process. The transfused red blood cells are of superior quality, and the processing cost is less than with other methods of freeze-preservation. There is a lower risk of contamination with these red blood cells because manipulation of the product is kept at a minimum. "Rejuvenation", a bioengineering process by which outdated red blood cells can be salvaged, can be incorporated into the preservation process using one of the attached transfer packs of the primary collection bag. This process has been introduced as a possible means of alleviating the dramatic blood shortages which occur periodically. Red blood cells may also be "rejuvenated" after storage in the liquid state to increase their 2,3 DPG and ATP levels to 150 to 200% of normal, and these red blood cells with improved oxygen transport function have been administered to anemic patients with and without cardiopulmonary insufficiency, patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and treatment with hypothermia during cardiac surgery, and in instances where nonhemolytic transfusion reactions might be expected.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1978

Surface morphology of polyvinyl chloride and silicone elastomer umbilical artery catheters by scanning electron microscopy.

The surface features of a new silicone elastomer umbilical artery catheter have been defined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with those of a standard polyvinyl chloride catheter. Little difference was noted in the surfaces of the catheter materials themselves, but the radiopaque material used to render the catheters visible by x-ray resulted in a considerable difference in the overall smoothness. The polyvinyl chloride catheter's marker was in the form of a wide, rough band extending the length of the tubing whereas the marker particles of the silicone elastomer were dispersed, more uniform in size, and resulted in less overall irregularity of the surface.

Catheterization↗
PubMed1978

[Use of functional telethermography in the diagnosis of some occupational diseases (due to vibrating tools; carbon disulfide; polyvinyl chloride].

The AA. have considered occupational technopathies due to vibrating tools, carbon disulphide and polyvinyl chloride. The functional or organic involvement in the peripheric vascular system, attributable to the disease, has been evaluated by thermographic examinations, carried out in 35 patients, in basal conditions and, when possible, after cold-test. The results have demonstrated that functional thermography may be a reliable tool both in the early diagnosis and in the prognosis of occupational vascular diseases, especially when it can replace more traumatic methods (such as angiography) in the periodic controls: in fact, it can be sufficient to carry out a simple thermoscopy and to compare the result with the previous photo-thermogram.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1979

Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis: epidemiological study of exposed workers.

Among 1216 workers who were employed in a polyvinyl chloride production factory and who had had no previous dust exposure elsewhere, 20 cases of pneumoconiosis were found. Chest x-ray abnormalities were characterized by limited profusion, irregular type and low gravity. All 20 workers had been exposed to high PVC dust levels. The chest x-ray changes were observed after a minimum exposure of five years and, in a small percentage of cases, were associated with slight restrictive respiratory function impairments. Moreover, in the whole group of workers 388 cases (31.9%) were found with non-specific x-ray abnormalities mainly related to age and smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis.

A 53-year-old man, who had been exposed for 23 years to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the bagging area of a vinyl chloride polymerisation plant, presented with a diffuse micronodular infiltrate on his chest radiograph. Light microscopy of lung obtained by drill biopsy showed a diffuse infiltration with histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, with some collagen formation. Ultrastructural studies showed foreign particles in the macrophages, which were identical with PVC powder viewed under the electron microscope. Incubation of PVC powder with human lung macrophages in vitro showed that the macrophages englufed the powder to give a similar ultrastructural appearance.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1978

A new polyvinyl chloride coil with improved performance for blood warming.

A new polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coil has been tested. The thinner walls give a better heat transfer so that an output temperature of 32.7 degrees occurs at 150 ml/min under test. This is higher than any PVC coil previously tested. Suggestions are made about methods of further improving the performance.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1977

Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa associated with chronic oral polyvinyl chloride exposure: report of a case.

The following case report describes a 22-year-old healthy man, non-smoker, non-drinker, who developed a squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. The appearance of this unusual tumor in an unexpected clinical setting was unexplained until it was discovered that the patient had a lifetime habit of chewing plastic materials containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The extent and chronicity of his intense oral exposure to PVC is believed to be related to his subsequent development of an oral neoplasm. Attention is again focused on PVC as an important environmental toxin and carcinogenic agent. Clarification of the content of PVC in consumer products is urged. Physicians must remain aware of possible environmental carcinogens in patients presenting with unexpected or rare malignancies. Detection of such exposure may well prevent subsequent development of additional unexplained neoplasms.

Administration, Oral↗