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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Implementing family planning programs in developing countries: lessons and reflections from four decades of Population Council experience.

Over the last three decades, contraceptive prevalence has risen from about 10% to nearly 60% in developing countries, but still about 1 in 4 births in developing countries (outside China) is unwanted. More than 120 million women in these countries who do not want to become pregnant do not use contraceptives. Nearly 600,000 women die each year from pregnancy-related causes, between 67,000 and 204,000 of them from unsafe abortions. At the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, delegates endorsed the view long advocated by the Population Council: the primary purpose of family planning programs should be to help women avoid unwanted pregnancy and achieve their fertility goals safely. That means, at the very least, that programs should address those reproductive health issues that are directly related to fertility regulation. To meet the Cairo challenge, progress is needed simultaneously on several levels. We need more and better contraceptive technologies that meet the needs of different groups; higher-quality family planning services; more outreach to underserved groups (such as men and adolescents); programs tailored to local cultures; and measures to address all the factors that prevent women who do not want to become pregnant from using contraceptives. The call for a client-centered, reproductive health approach to family planning constitutes a critique of programs driven by demographic goals. The new family planning paradigm puts a premium on 'quality of care'. Unfortunately, many family planning programs still fall substantially short of offering clients reproductive choice and supporting their reproductive health. The Population Council takes the view that contraceptive research and development is an essential component of a multilevel strategy to reduce unwanted fertility safely. New products, used ethically and provided with quality, would be of tremendous benefit to women and men throughout the world. The Population Council has developed, registered, and licensed seven products, including some of the most widely used contraceptives in the world. The Council is also one of the world centers for research on male reproductive physiology and male contraception. New contraceptive methods are only as good as the context in which they are offered. To accelerate the pace of overall fertility decline, governments must adopt policies that reduce the economic and social risks associated with having smaller families, and policies that promote later and planned childbearing.

Contraception↗
PubMed2002

Recent developments in contraceptive implants at the Population Council.

Development of contraceptive implant methods, when based on established or on new synthetic chemical entities, is a decadal or multi-decadal process. The process often requires the cooperation of numerous investigators for laboratory work, for early Phase II trials, for dose-finding trials, and for Phase III clinical trials. The Phase III work also requires cooperation with a commercial manufacturer and potential distributor of the product. The Population Council has recently completed developmental work on two levonorgestrel-releasing implants, with filings to regulatory agencies that support extended use of Jadelle implants for 5 years and Norplant implants for 7 years. When the developmental process includes establishing the clinical properties of a molecule not yet approved by regulatory agencies, the minimum development time appears to be two decades. The status and rationale of studies of a new Nestorone-releasing, single implant developed by the Population Council for a period of use of 2 years are presented.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of the Abortion Rights Mobilization and Population Council trials.

We compared the published results of the 1994-1995 Population Council (PC) trial to those from the 1996-1997 Abortion Rights Mobilization (ARM) trial to determine whether 200 mg mifepristone with 800 micrograms vaginal misoprostol is more effective and has fewer side effects than 600 mg mifepristone with 400 micrograms oral misoprostol. The complete medical abortion rate was lower in the PC trial than the ARM trial: 92% compared with 97% up to 49 days LMP (p < 0.05) and 83% versus 96% from 50 to 56 days LMP (p < 0.05). Nausea and vomiting were reported more frequently in the PC trial. The overall acceptability of the procedure was lower in the PC trial (88%) than in the ARM trial (94%), (p < 0.05). Mifepristone can be reduced from 600 to 200 mg when followed by vaginal misoprostol without loss of efficacy. Vaginal misoprostol extends the efficacy to 56 days LMP and is associated with less nausea and vomiting. Home use of misoprostol is safe and acceptable to women and decreases the number of required visits from three to two in most cases.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1999

Pushing the frontiers of science--the Population Council's Microbicide Basic Science Network on vaginal microbicide research.

Microbicides are the new frontier of products for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Twelve years ago, scientists realized that existing spermicides had some anti-microbial activity and perhaps could be improved or reformulated with new compounds to provide a complete barrier against STIs. However, the development and successful marketing of an effective, non-toxic, convenient and affordable vaginal microbicide that women can use on a long-term basis hinges on a close collaboration between research institutions and the pharmaceutical industry. The Population Council has recently taken the first step in instituting a multifaceted strategy for the development of a microbicide by establishing the Microbicide Basic Science Network, comprising of scientists with diverse backgrounds and expertize.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1992

Establishing trends in ATSIC regional council populations using census data: a cautionary note.

"This paper points out that limitations in official census data for Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders draw into question the validity of trend analysis based on time series data for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) regional council areas.... Following discussion of [the] problems, detailed figures showing changes in the size of the Aboriginal and Islander populations and labour force in each council area are presented using 1976 as the base year. As expected, geographic patterns of population and labour-force change are difficult to discern and exact reasons for comparative growth or decline are impossible to determine. The paper concludes that reverse projections for regional council areas using 1991 Census data would provide a more reliable basis for establishing demographic trends."

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Systematization of the experiences of 2 years of work. Arimao Population Council].

The community and social participation as an action has been part of the daily life every group and community. A descriptive and qualitative study of the 2-year period 1994-1996 was conducted to determine the hygienic, sanitary, socioeconomic, sports, cultural and health transformation occurred at the circumscription # 73 of the ABalcón Arimao@ People's Council, in La Lisa municipality, which is located in an insalubrious suburb with a high criminal rate, school dropout and unemployment, that is subjected to social actions. The method of Experience Systematization of Oscar Hara in 5 times was applied and included in the living process of this community in addition to life histories. The most important achievement was to gather all the social members of the community, with their mobilization capacity, under the leadership of the main conductors of the process through an innovative methodology starting from its context. Positive changes were observed in the life style and the health status of the population.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1985

Contraception with long-acting subdermal implants. A five-year clinical trial with Silastic covered rod implants containing levonorgestrel. The International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR) of the Population Council.

A total of 189 women volunteered to accept subdermal implants for contraception. The implants were "covered rods", consisting of a core rod containing equal parts by weight of levonorgestrel and polydimethylsiloxane and sealed inside a thin-walled tube of Silastic tubing with medical adhesive. In one study 78 women used 4 3cm rods (study 07) and in the other 111 women used 6 3cm rods. In 5 years of use there were no pregnancies in either group. Terminations because of menstrual problems were twice as frequent among the 4-rod users than among users of the 6 rods. Menstrual pattern analysis is presented for the two rod regimens and compared with the previously reported patterns for the 6-capsule regimen (NORPLANT). Long--term in vivo release rates are also presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Establishment of Parliamentary Council on Population and Development, June 1987.

The Government of Liberia has established a Parliamentary Council on Population and Development which is to have the following duties: a) to work to enact a national population policy; b) to mobilize effective financial support for population policy and programs; c) to encourage evaluation and implementation of policies to promote population and family and sex education in and out of school; d) to improve child health and survival; and e) to spearhead population awareness campaigns. The Council is also to "initiate legislation in support of policies that will help improve the status of women by ensuring the provision of increased education strategies, equal opportunities in employment and education, family planning, including natural family planning, elimination of cultural practices and beliefs which discriminate against women, and birth spacing that will enable spouses or couples to have the pregnancies they want and when they want them, confident that they can adequately take care of their offspring and enrich their quality of life from infancy to maturity, as well as ensuring health of mothers."

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Vietnam seeks help expanding voluntary surgical contraception.

Recent surveys by the Vietnamese Ministry of Health suggest that 60% of married women desire no more children. Yet only 2% of currently married women and less than 1/2 of 1% of their partners use sterilization. Underscoring the high unmet need for effective family planning, over 1 million abortions (legal in Vietnam for the past 20 years) are performed annually. This rate corresponds to 1 abortion for every live birth. The Ministry of Health has recently welcomed a variety of organizations, including AVSC, whose assistance can help expand the country's family planning programs. Sorely lacking in supplies, equipment, and trained personnel, Vietnam has merited priority status--2nd only to China and India--from the UNFPA, which has committed $36 million over the next 4 years. Other organizations currently working in Vietnam include the Population Council, the Population Crisis Committee, and the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Despite enormous casualties during the war years, and a decrease since the 1970s in average family size from 6 to 4 children, the population of Vietnam has continued to grow rapidly, far outpacing economic growth. Currently 67 million, the population is expected to reach 80 million by the year 2000. The average Vietnamese annual income is only $195, among the lowest in the world. Doi moi, the process of economic reform begun in 1986, coupled with new government incentives for families who have no more than 2 children, is changing the face of family planning in Vietnam. Newly opened pharmacies sell imported birth control pills and condoms (to those who can afford them), while government hospitals and health clinics provide mainly IUDs, in addition to limited supplies of pills and condoms. Throughout the country, some 8000 community-level health centers are staffed by nurse-midwives trained in family planning. Voluntary sterilization is available at the district, provincial, and national hospitals. All married women may obtain family planning services free on request. Vietnam's system of free and universal primary health care, combined with high female literacy rates, has kept the country's infant mortality rate low in comparison to other very poor countries. 39% of currently married Vietnamese women ages 15-49 use contraception. Of those, 85% use the IUD, making it far and away the most widely used modern method. In fact, some women think family planning is synonymous with the IUD.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

FDA panel finds mifepristone safe and effective.

At a July 19 hearing, the Food and Drug Administration's Advisory Committee for Reproductive Health Drugs found mifepristone to be safe and effective in inducing abortions early in pregnancy and recommended that the drug be approved for marketing in the US. With a 6-0 vote with two abstentions, the eight-member panel found that mifepristone's benefits were greater than its risks; agreed, 7-0, with one abstention, that it is safe; voted 6-2 to accept data from a French study as sufficient to recommend use in this country; and decided unanimously to reconvene if results from US clinical trials differ significantly from those from France. While the FDA is not required to follow the panel's advice, it is highly uncommon for it to do otherwise. The advisory panel scheduled the hearing in response to an application filed this spring by the Population Council, the nonprofit organization that owns the US patent rights to the drug. The meeting began with a presentation by the Population Council on the results of an American mifepristone trial that involved more than 2000 women and a discussion of the data from studies and practical use in France. The second session brought public testimony from 33 speakers, the majority of whom spoke in favor of the drug's approval. A company plans to manufacture mifepristone once it is approved but refuses to reveal its identity out of concern that it will be a target for anti-choice protests and boycotts. The drug would be marketed by Advances in Health Technology, Inc., an enterprise designated by the Population Council as the exclusive US distributor of mifepristone--the abortifacient marketed as RU486 in France and used by nearly 200,000 women in Europe and elsewhere.

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Longer life span for Copper T 380 A.

Copper T 380 A, the intrauterine device (IUD), has now been clinically approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to have a longer lifespan. According to a population council news release, the device, which originally had a 4-year term duration, has been found out to be effective for 6 years. The extension was based on data from a study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and submitted to the FDA by the Population Council, developer of the IUD. This extension will undoubtedly have many advantages, as the less frequently the device is replaced, the fewer the risks of pelvic inflammatory disease, perforation, and other complications that occur mainly soon after insertion. More so, less frequent insertions will cost less and be more convenient. The president of the Population Council, Mr. George Zeidenstein, welcomed the FDA action and said "when we licensed Cynopharma (the sole distributors of the product) to introduce the Copper T 380A IUD in the US 3 years ago, we knew it was a superior, long-acting reversible method that would expand contraceptive options. The fact that this IUD is approved for 6 years makes it an even more attractive option for women choosing a contraceptive method."

Americas↗