State population and household estimates, with age, sex, and components of change: 1981-87.
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Age Factors↗
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Results for “Population Decrease--statistics”
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[Changes in fertility in the last decade].
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Age Distribution↗
Population, birth control and West Viriginia.
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Adolescent↗
Why is Britain's population now declining?
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Birth Rate↗
[Cancer incidence among active male workers at Electricite de France-Gaz de France].
The social security department of the French national electric and gas company has established a cancer register among a population of about 150,000 active employees based on sick leaves of both short and long duration as well as deaths recorded along with their medical cause. A first study conducted in male workers, aged 20-59, during the 1978-1989 period showed a lower cancer incidence for almost every site of cancer except for leukaemias and others reticuloses tumors of lymphoid and histiocyte tissues, compared with the French general population (SIR = 148 and 218 resp.). Between the 1978-1982 and 1983-1989 periods, a marked decrease (statistically significant) was observed in the incidence of larynx cancer and cancers of all sites usually related with excessive alcohol consumption. During the same period the incidence of pancreatic cancer has almost doubled. Large variations according to socio-economic status were observed for cancers of the lung, the pharynx, the oral cavity and the oesophagus and, also, to a lesser degree, for tumours of the testis and the bladder and leukaemias. The results suggest further studies of occupational factors. Interest and limits of such a compagny register are discussed.
Absenteeism↗
[Myocardial infarct morbidity and mortality trends in the Kaunas population 25-64 years of age during 1983-1998].
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the trends in attack rate, incidence, recurrence and 28-day case-fatality of myocardial infarction (MI) in Kaunas population aged 25-64 during 1983-1998, according to ischemic heart disease register data. The source of data--Kaunas population-based ischemic heart disease register. Trends were analyzed using method of linear regression on logarithms of the age-standardized annual morbidity and lethality rates. The regression coefficient multiplied by 100 is given as an average yearly change. The age-standardized rates were calculated by the direct method and the world standard population was used as the standard. During the study period attack rates of MI remained stable in men. Among Kaunas men aged 25-64 years incidence rates of MI decreased statistically significantly, while MI recurrence rates had a tendency to increase during the study period. Among Kaunas women, both attack rates of MI and recurrence rates of MI were increasing statistically significantly, although MI incidence rates remained stable during 1983-1998. The MI 28-day case-fatality rates tended to decrease among both men and women. Further efforts of the primary prevention of the ischemic heart disease are required in order to achieve stable decreasing trends in both attack rate and incidence of MI in the middle-aged Kaunas population.
Adult↗
Epidemiological and immunological characteristics of childhood leukaemia in The Netherlands: population-based data from a nationwide co-operative group of paediatricians.
In this review results are presented from several population-based epidemiological and immunological studies of children with leukaemia in The Netherlands, who were diagnosed between 1973 and 1982 through a nationwide co-operative group of paediatricians. From 1973 till 1980 annual incidence rates appeared to be 3.1 per 10(5) person-yr. No significant trend was observed in this period. However a preliminary analysis of patients in the 1980-1982 period showed an increase. Mortality rates are decreasing since 1973, as expected. Incidence rates and proportions of different morphological and immunological subtypes reflect the pattern of occurrence in populations with a high standard of living. A relatively high incidence rate of acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) is observed with a peak at the age of 3-5. The proportion of patients with T-cell phenotype among ALL-patients, immunologically typed between 1979 and 1982, appeared to increase with age, while the proportion of common ALL decreased. Statistical analysis of the data of patients with ALL in the Western part of the country including areas with nuclear plants, gave no indication for the presence of clustering. Subclassification of childhood leukaemia (CL), notably ALL, may be necessary for obtaining more specific etiologic clues. In view of the incidence of CL and ALL large scale, immunological and epidemiological investigations of CL, and the related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, preferably population-based, are necessary.
Acute Disease↗
Plant foods, antioxidants, and prostate cancer risk: findings from case-control studies in Canada.
Epidemiological data on most cancer sites suggest that consumption of plant foods, which contain high levels of antioxidants, might slow or prevent the appearance of cancer. We used data from three case-control studies to test this hypothesis. The total study population consisted of 617 incident cases of prostate cancer and 636 population controls from Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Dietary information was collected by an in-person interview with a detailed quantitative dietary history. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A decreasing, statistically significant association was found with increasing intakes of green vegetables (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.40-0.71 for 4th quartile), tomatoes (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45-0.91), beans/lentils/nuts (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53-0.91), and cruciferous vegetables (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.52-0.91 for 3rd quartile). Higher intakes of fruit were associated with higher ORs (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.14-2.01 for 4th quartile), an effect that was seen for total fruit and citrus fruit, as well as for all other noncitrus fruits. Among the grains, refined-grain bread intake was associated with a decrease in risk (OR = 0.65 for 4th quartile), whereas whole-grain breakfast cereals were associated with a higher risk for prostate cancer. Of all the antioxidant nutrients studied, the ORs were higher with higher intakes of cryptoxanthin (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.09-1.89 for 4th quartile). Exposure to certain dietary components of plant origin, which are potentially modifiable, indicates the theoretical scope for reducing the risk from prostate cancer. Future experimental studies or trials are warranted for further understanding.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Analysis of synchronous photon emissions from the bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum during colony formation from a single cell.
Light emission from Photobacterium phosphoreum was analysed during cell growth on an agar plate from a single cell to colony formation. Temporal analysis of image intensified light was set so that a quadratic window covered a single cell. Intensity of light emission from a single cell through colony formation showed an initial decrease, a prolonged lag phase, and then a rapid increase. These responses on an agar plate were similar to those from liquid cultures. The image analysis showed repeated bursts of light emission in the phases when light was increasing and decreasing. Statistical analysis of light emission also emphasized the presence of bursts of light emission, suggesting the metabolic synchronism of luciferase reactions in either a single cell or suggesting the metabolic synchronism of luciferase reactions in either a single cell or synchronously divided cells. The repetitive bursts of light occurred in a single cell and continued during the growth phase in which the cell population and the light emission was increasing. In a single cell, however, periodicity of light emission was not defined directly from fast Fourier transformation, although it was indicated on oscillation of mean level of fluctuated light emission, at initial phase of culture on agar plate.
Cell Division↗
Results of the low-dose (20 mg) pravastatin GISSI Prevenzione trial in 4271 patients with recent myocardial infarction: do stopped trials contribute to overall knowledge? GISSI Prevenzione Investigators (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico).
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a low-dose pravastatin regimen (20 mg daily) in patients with myocardial infarction. METHODS: GISSI Prevenzione (GISSI-P) is an open trial on secondary coronary heart disease prevention: 4271 recent acute myocardial infarction patients (< or = 6 months) with total blood cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dl were randomized to low-dose cholesterol-lowering treatment (pravastatin 20 mg daily) or no treatment. GISSI-P was started in 1993 and its story was crossed by the publication of the results of similarly designed clinical trials. The publication of 4S results in 1994 prompted the Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB) and the Steering Committee (SC) to change the protocol so that only patients whose total blood cholesterol was < 250 mg/dl could be randomized whilst patients with total blood cholesterol > 250 mg/dl who had already been enrolled in the study had to be re-evaluated and, if appropriate, pharmacologically treated. The DSMB and the SC agreed to stop randomization prematurely in late 1996 after the publication of CARE results. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 23.0 +/- 6.7 months (median 24.3 months). The two treatment groups were well matched at baseline. Pharmacological interventions recommended by the protocol were widely prescribed (antiplatelet agents > 90%, beta-blockers 42.7%, and ACE-inhibitors 40.2%). Mainly because of the on-course modification of the study protocol, 402/2133 (18.8%) patients in the control group started a cholesterol-lowering treatment during follow-up. Conversely, 296/2138 (13.8%) patients permanently stopped taking their tablets. Side effects, however, were the reason for discontinuing therapy in 57 (2.7%) patients in the pravastatin group, and patient reluctance to continue accounted for most of the remainder. After excluding control patients who had started a cholesterol-lowering treatment during follow-up, the following changes of median lipid concentrations in the control group over the whole course were observed: total cholesterol -1.9%; LDL cholesterol -2.9%; triglycerides -2.0%; HDL cholesterol +1.4%. The analysis carried out excluding patients randomized to pravastatin treatment and actually not assuming the drug clearly indicated the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of low-dose pravastatin (total cholesterol -12.5%; LDL cholesterol -18.8%; triglycerides -7.9%; HDL cholesterol +3.4%). During the study 256 (6.0%) patients either died or had a non-fatal stroke or a myocardial infarction, 136 (6.4%) in the control group and 120 (5.6%) in the pravastatin group (relative risk 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.71-1.15, p = 0.41); 160 patients died, 88 (4.1%) in the control group and 72 (3.4%) in the pravastatin group (relative risk 0.84, 94% confidence interval 0.61-1.14, p = 0.26). The few (n = 28) non-cardiovascular deaths were balanced: 16 (0.8%) in the control group and 15 (0.6%) in the pravastatin group. The reduction of cardiovascular events was more evident in the by-treatment analysis, with coronary heart disease deaths being significantly decreased (relative risk 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.38-0.96, p = 0.04). The overall frequency of adverse events was similar in the two groups. No significant difference between treatment groups was found for total cases of cancer or at any particular site. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decreased statistical power due to its premature stopping, the results of the GISSI-P suggest that a low-dose treatment with pravastatin (20 mg daily) is effective in reducing blood lipids, and underline the importance of long-term compliance with treatments in the search for a maximal effective dosage. Furthermore, the effects of a statin on total and coronary mortality quantified for the first time in a population exposed to Mediterranean dietary and lifestyle habits are markedly consistent with those obtained in different settings.
Aged↗
Depression and functional outcome in patients with brain tumors: a population-based 1-year follow-up study.
OBJECT: The authors analyzed changes in depression and contemporary functional states by using valid tools in a population-based study sample during a 1-year follow-up period. METHODS: The study population consisted of 77 patients with a solitary primary brain tumor treated surgically at the Oulu Clinic for Neurosurgery. Each patient's depressive status, according to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and functional outcome, based on the Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), were evaluated before the tumor was surgically treated as well as 3 months and 1 year after surgery. Before surgery 27 patients (35%) had BDI scores indicating the presence of depression. These scores were significantly higher in patients with a history of depression (p = 0.017) and in those with a lower functional outcome (p = 0.015). In the entire study sample the severity of depression decreased statistically significantly (p = 0.031) at 3 months postsurgery. A lower functional status (KPS score < or = 70) in patients was significantly associated with high depression scores at the 3-month (p = 0.000) and 1-year (p = 0.005) assessments. The decrease in the level of depression was significant in patients with an anterior tumor (p = 0.049) and those with a pituitary adenoma (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Affective disorders among patients with brain tumors must be considered immediately after surgery, especially in persons with a depression history and in those with a coincident physical disability.
Adenoma↗
Prevalence of secondary hypertension in a population sample of Swedish women.
In a comprehensive population study of 1462 women aged 38--60 in Göteborg, Sweden, the prevalence of secondary hypertension was estimated to be 0.8% of the total population sample and 4.6% of those who were hypertensive (defined as systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mmHg or both or antihypertensive treatment irrespective of blood pressure levels). These figures were based on thorough clinical and laboratory investigations and a follow-up period of 12 years. Women with arterial hypertension reported a history of toxaemia of pregnancy and a family history of hypertension more often than non-hypertensive women. In comparison with non-hypertensive women, in both untreated and treated hypertensive women, serum uric acid, urinary methoxycatecholamine excretion, body weight and the prevalence of albuminuria were increased and serum potassium decreased (statistically significant differences).
Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
Population-based mammography screening in Swedish clinical practice: prevalence and incidence screening in Uppsala County.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of a population-based mammography screening program in Uppsala County, Sweden, and to compare the findings with those of the randomized Swedish studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 43,074 women (aged 40-69 years) who were invited to the first screening round. Women aged 40-54 years were examined with two-view mammography, whereas women aged 55-69 years were examined with one-view mammography. During the second screening round, two-view mammography was used to screen dense breasts. RESULTS: The attendance rate was 87% in the first screening round and 78% in the second screening round. The recall rate for further examination was 4.6% in the first round and 5.7% in the second round. On average, five cancers were found per 1,000 women examined in both screening rounds. The rate of advanced breast cancers of stage II or higher decreased statistically significantly from 0.16% in the first screening round to 0.08% in the second screening round (P = .007). CONCLUSION: The results of the Swedish two-county study can be duplicated in clinical practice.
Aged↗
Comparison of ultrasound and X-ray absorptiometry bone measurements in a case control study of female rheumatoid arthritis patients and randomly selected subjects in the population.
To compare quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone measurements in female rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and controls were randomly selected from the population; secondly, to examine disease and demographic factors associated with these bone measurements. In a total of 115 RA patients (mean age 63.0 years) and 115 age- and gender-matched controls demographic and clinical variables were collected and heel QUS parameters [speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and stiffness index (SI)] as well as DXA bone mineral density (BMD) at spine and hip were measured. The differences in QUS and DXA measurements between RA patients and controls were tested both on a group and on an individual level. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests were applied to explore for associations to the bone measurements. In the RA patients mean disease duration was 16.6 years, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 23.6 mm/h, M-HAQ 1.68, 28-swollen joint count 7.7, 18-deformed joint count 4.5, 50.0% were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive and 44.2% were current users of prednisolone. All bone measurements were reduced in RA patients compared with controls (SOS 1.9%, BUA 9.4%, SI 19.5%, femoral neck BMD 7.4%, total hip BMD 7.5%, spine L2-L4 BMD -3.0%). Only at spine was the BMD reduction not statistically significant ( P=0.21). In the subgroup of never users of prednisolone SOS was decreased by 1.4%, BUA by 3.7%, SI by 11.0, femoral neck BMD by 2.7%, and total hip BMD by 0.6%, whereas for spine L2-L4 BMD was increased by 4.3% and only for SOS and SI was the decrease statistically significant. The QUS discriminated better than DXA between patients and controls on a group level, but this difference in favor of QUS disappeared on an individual level when the measurement errors were taken into account. Age, BMI, RF and deformed joint count, but not corticosteroids, were independently associated with at least one of the QUS and one of the DXA measures; however, the association between disease-related variables was stronger with the QUS bone measures than with the DXA bone measures. The results for the quantitative QUS bone measures seem to mainly reflect bone mass. Disease-related variables in multivariate analysis remained independently associated with all QUS measures even when adjusting for DXA bone measures. Further studies are needed to examine if QUS may reflect other aspects than bone mass and be a potential better predictor for fracture risk in RA and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
[Family reunification and family formation migration strongly decreased].
"Statistics on international migration in the Netherlands do not make a distinction by reason of migration, e.g. family reunification and family formation. Because of the need for information on these types of migration, estimates were made based on demographic characteristics. The estimates show that the number of family reunionists was stable between 1987 and 1991....Recently, the Dutch policy on immigration has become more restrictive. Although information with respect to more recent years is largely lacking, tentative estimates suggest that the 1994 number of family reunionists and family forming immigrants combined has shown a strong decrease compared to 1991." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Demography↗
Deaths: final data for 2000.
OBJECTIVES: This report presents final 2000 data on U.S. deaths and death rates according to demographic and medical characteristics such as age, sex, Hispanic origin, race, marital status, educational attainment, injury at work, State of residence, and cause of death. Trends and patterns in general mortality, life expectancy, and infant and maternal mortality are also described. A previous report presented preliminary mortality data for 2000. METHODS: In 2000 a total of 2,403,351 deaths were reported in the United States. This report presents descriptive tabulations of information reported on the death certificates. Funeral directors, attending physicians, medical examiners, and coroners complete death certificates. Original records are filed in the State registration offices. Statistical information is compiled into a national database through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Causes of death are processed in accordance with the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). RESULTS: The age-adjusted death rate for the United States in 2000 was 872.0 deaths per 100,000 standard population, a decrease of 1.1 percent from the 1999 rate and a record-low historical figure. Life expectancy at birth rose by 0.2 year to a record high of 76.9 years. Considering all deaths, age-specific death rates rose only for those 45-54 years and declined for a number of age groups including those 1-4 years, 55-64 years, 65-74 years, 75-84 years, and 85 years and over. Fourteen of the 15 leading causes of death are the same for 1999 and 2000. Heart disease and cancer continued to be the leading and second leading causes of death, accounting for over one-half of all deaths when combined. Aortic aneurysm, which was the 15th leading cause of death in 1999, dropped from the list in 2000 and, in its place, Pneumonitis due to solids and liquids is the 15th leading cause of death. The infant mortality rate reached a record low value of 6.9 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, declining 2.8 percent from the infant mortality rate in 1999 (7.1 deaths per 1,000 live births). CONCLUSIONS: Generally, mortality continued long-term trends. The slight increase in the age-adjusted death rate that was experienced in 1999 reversed itself in accordance to a longer standing decreasing pattern. Life expectancy increased 0.2 years, and the infant mortality rate decreased statistically to a record low 6.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, thus maintaining the steady decline that has characterized it for the past four decades.
Adolescent↗
Morbidity and mortality from the major cardiovascular diseases in Kaunas population from 1983 to 2002.
UNLABELLED: THE AIM of the present study was to evaluate the trends in morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke in Kaunas population aged 25-64 years from 1983 to 2002. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The source of data is the official mortality statistics and Kaunas population-based ischemic heart disease and stroke registers. The methods used for the data collection were those applied by the WHO MONICA project. The object - all permanent residents of Kaunas aged 25-64 years who died from ischemic heart disease and stroke in 1983-2002 and experienced ischemic heart disease or stroke in 1983-2000. The age-standardized rates were calculated by the direct method and using the Segi's World and European population as a standard. Trends were analyzed using the method of linear regression on logarithms of the age-standardized annual rates. RESULTS: During 1983 to 2000, the morbidity from acute myocardial infarction among Kaunas men aged 25-64 years decreased by 0.8%/yr. (p=0.08), and during 1986-2000, the morbidity from stroke among men of the same age was without significant changes (-0.4%/yr., p=0.5). Among women, both the morbidity from acute myocardial infarction (1.6%/yr., p=0.006) and the morbidity from stroke (2.9%/yr., p=0.000002) rates among women increased statistically significantly. During 1983 to 2002, the mortality rates from acute myocardial infarction and stroke decreased statistically significantly among both men and women: among men - by 2.2%/yr., p=0.003, and by 2.9%/yr., p=0.004, respectively; among women - by 2.6%/yr., p=0.005, and by 3.2%/yr., p=0.002, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidity of acute myocardial infarction and stroke remained without significant changes among Kaunas men aged 25-64 years, while it increased statistically significantly among women of the same age during the last two decades. Among both men and women the mortality rates from both ischemic heart disease and stroke decreased significantly from 1983 to 2002.
Adult↗
[Trends in out-of-hospital mortality from ischemic heart disease in Kaunas middle-aged population during 1983-1998].
UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to evaluate trends in out-of-hospital mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Kaunas population aged 25-64 years during 1983-1998, according to the ischemic heart disease register data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The primary source of data was Kaunas population-based ischemic heart disease register. The main sources of information for registration of ischemic heart disease events were hospital discharge records, patient follow-up records of out-of-patient departments, death certificates, necropsy and medico-legal records. The data were collected according to the requirements of the WHO program MONICA. Only deaths from IHD that occurred out-of-hospital were analyzed in this study. The age-standardized rates were calculated by the direct method and the world standard population was used as the standard. Trends in rates were analyzed using the method of linear regression on logarithms of the age-standardized annual mortality rates. RESULTS: During 1983-1998, out-of-hospital IHD mortality was 137.9/100000 among Kaunas men aged 25-64 years meanwhile among women the corresponding rate was 7 times lower (20.2/100000). During 1983-1994, out-of-hospital mortality from IHD was increasing and during 1995 to 1998 was decreasing (by 19.8% per year; p=0.03) among men. Among women, out-of-hospital mortality rates were increasing during 1983-1990, were rather stable during 1991-1994, and tended to decrease by 27.5% per year (p=0.09) during 1995-1998. When analyzing trends in rates by 10-year age groups, statistically significant changes in out-of-hospital mortality from IHD were detected just among those aged 55-64 years. Among men, out-of-hospital mortality from IHD tended to increase during 1983-1994, and was decreasing statistically significantly (by 22.9% per year; p=0.007) during 1995-1998. Among women, the corresponding rates were increasing by 26.7% per year (p=0.03) during 1983-1986, and tended to decrease by 40.1% per year, (p=0.09) during 1995-1998. During 1983-1998, out-of-hospital deaths from IHD accounted on the average for 76.5% among all deaths from IHD among men and for 66.9% among women. During 1983-1998, the proportion of out-of-hospital deaths among all deaths from IHD remained without statistically significant changes among both men and women. CONCLUSION: During 1983-1994, out-of-hospital mortality rates of Kaunas middle-aged men increased and during 1995-1998--significantly decreased. Out-of-hospital mortality rates of Kaunas women increased during 1983-1990, but in 1995-1998--tended to decline. Out-of-hospital deaths from IHD accounted on the average for 76.5% of all deaths from IHD among men and for 66.9% of women deaths, and biggest part of these deaths were among younger persons.
Adult↗