Population programs 1985: a growing management challenge.
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Birth Rate↗
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Results for “Population Programs”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Factors associated with not receiving adequate prenatal care in an urban black population: program planning implications.
REcords of 36,608 Black single live births and 762 infant deaths in Washington, D.C., from 1980 to 1985 were analyzed. Bivariate and multivariate contingency table analysis were carried out to identify the groups at high risk for not obtaining adequate prenatal care. Results show that the groups of mothers which are less likely to receive adequate care also have a high risk of delivering low birthweight infants even when they receive adequate care. The paper focuses on women with high gravidity and short birth intervals for in-depth analysis of programming needs.
Black or African American↗
International population programs: should they change local values?
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Contraception↗
[Population kinetic program for Michaelis-Menten elimination].
The microcomputer program, PKP-ME (population kinetic program for Michaelis-Menten elimination), is presented to estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters of drug obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics and predicting individual pharmacokinetic parameters. A data set consisting of 69 steady-state phenytoin concentration-dosage pairs from 44 out-patients was analyzed with the present program. Five population kinetic parameters and their standard deviations were given by PKPME. The capability predicting individual phenytoin dosage was assessed by the retrospective analysis of data of 44 patients and the prospective analysis of 15 patients. A good correlation existed between predicting dose and actual dose. Population correlation coefficient was equal to 0.99 at P = 0.05.
Epilepsy↗
REALPOP: a mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs-results from a test in the Dominican Republic.
The structure of a computerized mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs (REALPOP) and its application to the Dominican Republic's national family planning program are described. The model integrates demographic and management science approaches in the analysis of resource allocation, program planning, goal evaluation, and growth strategies of a family planning program. It is designed primarily to aid administrative decision-makers. The Dominican National Population and Family Council (NPFC) established a goal of reducing the crude birth rate from its 1968 level of 48 per thousand population to 28 per thousand in 15 years. Further, the program has established a clear set of program plans and alternatives. This study investigates the implication of these plans for the program's stated goals.
Contraceptives, Oral↗
[Results of a multiphase oncology population screening program in the community of Becej 1986-1987. I. The Hemoccult Program].
In the framework of a multiphase oncologic population screening-program performed in persons above 40 years of age according to the census in the community of Becej during 1986-1987, Hemoccult screening program, together with the fluorographic action involved 16.895 (83.80%) persons out of 20.160 predicted ones which was far less than the involvement of persons through the distribution and gathering of the screening material by a specialized nurse. In 907 (5.37%) Hemoccult positive persons out of which 121 (13.34%) persons rejected to cooperate or did not respond to the invitation for further investigation 16 malignant neoplasms in the lower part of the colon (anus 1, rectum 11, sigma 4) were detected as well as 53 polyposes of the rectum and the anus. Besides, 4 malignant neoplasms of the skin were found and 29 benign tumours (27 adenomas of the prostate gland, 1 fibrolipoma glutei and 1 cysta renis). Apart from these diseases 569 other previously not treated pathologic states were found, i.e. new pathologic states were detected in 85.37% of Hemoccult-positive persons. Previously known pathologic states were confirmed in 22.52% of Hemoccult-positive persons. Diagnostic was performed by the rigid rectoscope and in Hemoccult-positive persons with the negative rectoscopis finding radiologic and fiberoscopic investigations were carried out in the less scope due to the deficiency of financial resources. The number of detected malignant neoplasms of the colon surpassed the three-fold value of the average Vojvodina incidence of these localizations of malignant neoplasms at this age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Self-reports, spouse ratings, and psychophysiological assessment in a behavioral medicine program: an application of the five-factor model.
This article describes the integration of the five-factor model into assessment procedures used with 109 patients in an outpatient behavioral medicine program. The population, program, assessment techniques, and general findings are explored. A case history involving a psychophysiological disorder is utilized to demonstrate the utility of a taxonomy of personality traits. The NEO-PI, a five-factor instrument, is integrated with other assessment techniques to assist in diagnosis, rapport building with the patient, tailoring treatment techniques and goals to the individual's intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics, and predicting relative success and compliance with noninvasive self-regulation procedures and psychotherapy.
Adult↗
Assessing population-based programs to reduce blood cholesterol level and saturated fats.
This article reviews seven community-based programs for prevention of cardiovascular disease and their effects on blood cholesterol levels and saturated fat intake. In two programs, cholesterol levels were reduced more in the intervention area than in the reference area. In two other programs, cholesterol increased less in the intervention area than in the reference area. In one program, cholesterol levels initially fell in the intervention group and increased in the reference group; after the first 4 years, the levels also started to increase in the intervention group. The final two programs reduced cholesterol equally in both groups. Only two programs reported on the intake of saturated fats; in both, intake of saturated fat was reduced more in the intervention area than in the reference populations. In one program area, total intake of fat was reduced more than in the reference area. Published data do not allow us to draw conclusions regarding which components of the programs were most important. These studies show that the average blood cholesterol level can be affected in a general population.
Cardiovascular Diseases↗
The USC*PACK PC programs for population pharmacokinetic modeling, modeling of large kinetic/dynamic systems, and adaptive control of drug dosage regimens.
Programs for PC's and compatibles provide nonparametric (NPEM) population pharmacokinetic modeling, BOXES for compartments and arrows for pathways, to make large kinetic and dynamic models, and clinical software for Bayesian adaptive control of drug dosage regimens, with D-optimal sampling strategies and explicit determination of assay error patterns.
Bayes Theorem↗
Incidence of leukemia in occupations with potential electromagnetic field exposure in United States Navy personnel.
Leukemia is the fourth most commonly occurring cancer in the United States population between the ages of 17 and 34 years, an age group heavily represented in the US Navy. Historical computerized military career records maintained at the Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, were used to determine person-years at risk (total, 4,072,502 person-years) by demographic characteristics and occupation for active-duty naval personnel during 1974-1984. Computerized inpatient medical records were searched for first hospitalizations for leukemia. Cases of leukemia (n = 102) were verified by using pathology reports or Navy Medical Board or Physical Evaluation Board findings. For comparisons, age-adjusted incidence rates and standardized incidence ratios were calculated by using rates for the US population provided by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate of leukemia in active-duty naval personnel was found to be very close to that of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program population (6.0 vs. 6.5 per 100,000 person-years). Only one occupation, electrician's mate, emerged with a borderline statistically significant excess risk of leukemia (standardized incidence ratio compared with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program population = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0-5.0). This finding is intriguing in the light of several studies showing an excess risk of leukemia associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields.
Adolescent↗
The containment of world population growth.
The world has reached the present position of unprecedentedly rapid population growth not by achieving uniquely high fertility but by bringing about extraordinarily low mortality. The high growth rate and the built-in momentum of the age structure are obstacles to achievement of an acceptable standard of living for most of the world's population. Although government population programs have the potential to curb this growth rate, this potential has not been realized, and such programs are too often perceived both by their administrators and the population concerned as an end in themselves rather than a means toward a better standard of living. It is in this latter perspective, and in the context of the total development process, that population programs should be implemented.
Adult↗
[Community health workers are capable of determining reliably the target population for health programs].
The target population is a key concept for the planning and evaluation of health services. However, in developing countries, health professionals in the field are often uneasy with the determination of the population denominator. In Zaire, where reliable demographic data are hardly available, we make use of two different methods aimed to the determination of the size of the target population: (1) an exhaustive population based survey performed by trained interviewers, and (2) a rapid census of the target population performed by community health workers. This paper presents both the results of a demographic survey organized in 1984, and two consecutive census performed by community health workers in 1986 an 1988, in the same area (Northern-Kivu, Zaire). Our results suggest that community health workers under close supervision are able to perform rapidly and at low cost a reliable collection of the demographic data needed for the implementation and monitoring of health programmes at the local level.
Adolescent↗
[Use of social marketing in population health programs (literature review)].
At present health education programmes abroad make wide use of social marketing strategy. Unlike commercial marketing whose purpose is competition and struggle for the expansion of commodity markets, social marketing is aimed at disseminating certain ideas or introducing certain practices, using largely the technological base and strategy of commercial marketing. The authors give 8 fundamental principles of social marketing (consumer orientation, the theory of barter, the analysis of audience and segmentation, special surveys to detect the orientation of population, the choice of channels for information transmission application of "marketing mixture", control of ongoing programme and marketing management). Application fields of social marketing in public health are discussed.
Health Education↗
Computer uses in population screening programs.
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Computers↗
Pediatric nurse practitioners: primary care providers and case managers for chronically ill children at home.
A new role has been developed for pediatric nurse practitioners that is home based and provides primary care and case management for chronically ill children. In a pilot program at Children's Hospital and Health Center in San Diego, pediatric nurse practitioners address the complex needs of chronically ill children who require comprehensive care, education, psychosocial support, and coordination of services. This article describes the population, program, and expanded role for PNPs, emphasizing case management, management of chronic illness, minor illnesses, and management of well child care. Clinical impressions of the benefits of the role to the child and family are presented.
California↗
An exercise testing program for large populations.
A demonstration cardiovascular evaluation and exercise testing program was assessed for feasibility, cost, and accuracy. More than 1,800 people were examined in three years. The conditions of as many as 55 people per day were examined at a cost of $60 to $70 each. Abnormalities uncovered were similar to those observed in other studies. The program was considered successful in rendering services conveniently at low cost and with accuracy.
Adult↗
Assessment of maternal health care quality: conceptual and methodologic issues.
Past efforts in assessment of the quality of maternity care have been analyzed in order to develop an evaluation framework that will have utility and applicability beyond a specific program, population, or health discipline. Presently available evaluation approaches have focused attention on either "high risk" populations or upon women experiencing a complicated pregnancy or delivery. Quality has been defined as the extent to which normative or empirically derived standards of obstetrical care have been applied. An alternative approach is suggested which conceives of the pregnancy as a normal physiological event but with the potentiality of either causing or exacerbating social or health problems. Maternity care quality is viewed as the application of those necessary health and health-related services that are required to safeguard the health of the mother and offspring, minimize the noxious consequences of pre-existing or concurrent health hazards or conditions, and upgrade the health and social functioning of those women who require it. Additionally, the system of services should be functionally organized to optimize care. Indicators of quality are suggested which incorporate structural, process, and outcome variables, and which link medical and consumer criteria in a comprehensive community level approach to quality assessment.
Child Health Services↗
The Attending Nurse: a new role for the advanced clinician.
The Attending Nurse Model as a unique role for the advanced practitioner was implemented and evaluated in an acute care psychiatric setting with an adolescent patient population. Program evaluation results demonstrated that the Attending Nurse role increased general satisfaction and role clarity while decreasing role tension. In addition, the role increased communication with patients' family members. Comparisons are made between the traditional primary nurse and the Attending Nurse roles.
Adolescent↗