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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Tentative organisation of disease recording in the poultry production. Collection and processing of condemnation results from 6 poultry slaughterhouses in Northern Jutland (author's transl)].

According to condemnation lists collected from 6 poultry slaughterhouses in northern Jutland there has been an increase in condemnation rate for broilers from 0.8 to 1.0% (Table I). The most important causes of condemnation have been emaciation, CRD, hock disorder and enteritis (Table II). Only a few slaughterhouses were involved in processing of hens, turkeys and web-footed birds showing inconstant distributions (Tables III and IV). Variation among slaughterhouses appears from Tables II-IV. The cause of variation and the value of central disease recording are discussed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1979

[Staphylococcus aureus in poultry--biochemical characteristics, antibiotic resistance and phage pattern (author's transl)].

In a poultry processing plant in northern Germany 1412 swabs were taken from poultry carcasses together with 608 swabs from the personnel. The broilers came from 22 different chicken farms. The swabs taken from the poultry and those taken from the personnel proved to be 35% and 48% Staph. aureus positive respectively. The swabs taken from the feathers and from the skin were staphylococcal positive at a higher level (47%) than the swabs taken from the cloaca (19%) and the throat (23%). Between 8% and 63% of the animals from the various chicken farms were Staph. aureus positive. The frequency of staphylococcal contamination increased during the course of slaughter. 57% of the swabs taken from the gloves and the hands and 42% from the aprons of the personnel were Staph. aureus positive. Some biochemical properties, the phage patterns, and the antibiotic resistance against oleandomycin, erythromycin, bacitracin, streptomycin, tetracyclin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, virginiamycin and flavomycin were determined from 445 poultry and 345 personnel Staph. aureus isolates. Only small differences could be established between both sources in this way. Only 20% of the personnel and 34% of the chicken strains were resistant to antibiotics. In the strains collected from personnel, penicillin-resistance predominated while the poultry isolates showed predominantly tetracyclin-resistance. Of all antibiotics applied nutritively in the chicken fattening, there was a higher resistance only against oleandomycin (11% of the poultry strains). Between the chicken farms there was a different frequency of resistance (0--68%). The source of the staphylococci could be determined for only some of the strains. Only 2.5% of the chicken isolates showed characteristics described in the literature to be "poultry-specific", whereas 37% of the personnel and 24% of the poultry isolates were shown to be "human-specific" strains. It seems that the vast majority of the staphylococci originated from the slaughterhouse personnel. The rest of the strains differed in varying combinations of their properties from the given species characteristics. Although Staph. aureus was brought into the slaughterhouse by the poultry, the contaminations of the final product seemed to originate mainly from human beings.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1977

[The veterinarian acting in behalf of poultry production and public health (author's transl)].

It is anticipated that the consumption of meat will eventually show a marked decrease for reasons of scarcity, economic and ethics. This will be made possible by developments in protein technology, For the time being, poultry production can still be expected to expand, particularly in developing countries. Veterinary supervision of the production and processing of poultry is of importance for two reasons: (1) control of quality for the consumers; (2) control of diseases of poultry for the producers. A number of zoonoses in poultry are briefly reviewed. As a rule, they do not constitute a serious hazard to man but they also cannot be posibility ruled out by inspection. Veterinary inspection of poultry has a more general hygienic significance. A number of European regulations are discussed. More effective antemortem inspection, truly equal application of regulations in all EEC countries and adequate education of consumers regarding hygienic handling of poultry products in the household are advocated.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Performance of the IR Biotyper, Nanopore, and Illumina sequencing to discriminate Escherichia coli strains originating from poultry.

UNLABELLED: Escherichia coli is a highly diverse bacterial species that includes avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), one of the most prevalent causative agents of disease in poultry worldwide. Rapid and accurate discrimination of E. coli strains is essential for outbreak management, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and vaccine development. In this study, we compared the performance of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using the IR Biotyper system with Nanopore and Illumina whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for typing 200 E. coli isolates, originating from four poultry rearing farms in the Netherlands. From each farm, we sampled 10 one-day-old meat type rearing chicks, and from every chick, we isolated 5 E. coli strains. FTIR clustering showed strong concordance with WGS-based classifications, particularly serotyping and core-genome similarity determined by PopPUNK analysis (Adjusted Rand Index 0.75-0.92). While Nanopore and Illumina sequencing provided the highest genetic resolution, FTIR offered a faster (max 6 vs 12-28 days for 200 isolates) and more cost-effective alternative for assessing clonality. Across all methods, multiple strains were detected per farm, whereas most birds carried a single dominant E. coli strain. Our findings demonstrate that FTIR provides a reliable and scalable phenotypic method for rapid strain discrimination in E. coli, complementing WGS in diagnostic, surveillance, and epidemiological settings where speed and throughput are critical. IMPORTANCE: Escherichia coli is a major pathogen in poultry and a potential zoonotic risk for humans. Rapid and accurate discrimination of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains is critical for outbreak management, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and the design of effective autogenous vaccines. In this study, we compared Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with Nanopore and Illumina whole-genome sequencing for strain typing of E. coli isolates originating from poultry. The results show that FTIR provides comparable clustering accuracy to genomic approaches at a fraction of the time and costs. This work demonstrates that FTIR can serve as a practical, high-throughput alternative for routine monitoring of E. coli in veterinary diagnostics and food safety of poultry meat, enabling faster decision-making and more targeted interventions across the poultry production chain.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Whole-Genome Sequencing Uncovers Chromosomal and Plasmid-Borne Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Genes in Poultry-Associated Escherichia coli from Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Broad and unregulated antibiotic use in livestock production, particularly poultry farming, has increased the development and persistence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains in animals. These resistant pathogens and their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can spread to humans through environmental exposure and the food chain, posing serious public health risks. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), alongside phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), enables a comprehensive understanding of resistance mechanisms and informs antimicrobial stewardship strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings. AIM: This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, plasmid content, and virulence factors of an MDR E. coli strain (S3) isolated from a poultry farm in Enugu State, Nigeria, to elucidate potential risks to public health and the role of poultry as a reservoir for resistance determinants. METHODS: E. coli strain S3 was isolated from chicken droppings using standard microbiological methods and confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. AST was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ten antibiotics across multiple classes. WGS was performed with a hybrid approach combining Illumina and Nanopore platforms, followed by genome assembly and annotation. ARGs, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors were identified in silico using AMRFinderPlus, starAMR, RGI/CARD, PlasmidFinder, MOB-suite, and the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). RESULTS: Phenotypic testing revealed extensive resistance, with complete resistance to six of seven tested antibiotics (cefotaxime, ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline). MICs exceeded clinical breakpoints for multiple classes, confirming an MDR phenotype. Genome analysis indicated a 5.33 Mb genome distributed across five contigs, including one chromosome and four plasmid-associated contigs. The strain harboured numerous ARGs, including bla CTX-M-15, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, aph(3")-Ib, sul1/sul2, tet(A), dfrA17, and mph(A), co-localized on plasmids indicative of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) potential. Plasmid types included Col156, IncF, and two rep clusters. Virulence profiling revealed genes associated with adhesion (pap cluster, ECP), iron acquisition (enterobactin, yersiniabactin, aerobactin, heme uptake), and toxins (sat, senB), highlighting the isolate's potential for urinary tract and intestinal infections. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the significant role of poultry-associated bacteria as reservoirs of AMR genes, particularly those harboured on mobile plasmids with potential for HGT. E. coli strain S3 exhibits extensive multidrug resistance and carries a complex plasmid repertoire facilitating horizontal transfer of ARGs. Coupled with a rich virulence gene profile, this strain underscores the public health risk posed by poultry-associated E. coli in Nigeria. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for stringent antimicrobial stewardship, regulatory oversight, and genomic surveillance in poultry production milieus to mitigate the dissemination of MDR pathogens.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed2026

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Across Poultry-Human-Environmental Interfaces.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in poultry represents a critical One Health concern, particularly in developing countries. This study employed a comparative genomic approach to investigate the genomic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, virulence determinants, of poultry-derived MDR E. coli isolates from Bangladesh. Whole-genome sequencing of three representative MDR isolates, identified with 83 globally diverse poultry, human, and environmental E. coli genomes. Pangenome analysis identified the characteristic open pangenome of E. coli, with core genes comprising only 4.6% of the combined dataset. Resistome analysis shown diverse AMR determinants, including blaCTX-M, blaTEM, sul, tet, and qnrS1, associated with antibiotic inactivation and efflux mechanisms. Virulence profiling revealed diverse genes involved in adhesion (fim, csg), iron acquisition (ent, fep, chu), motility, and secretion systems, with core virulence genes exhibiting > 90% sequence identity, whereas accessory virulence genes were more variable. Plasmid analysis demonstrated heterogeneous replicon types, predominantly IncF and Col plasmids, indicating their role in horizontal gene transfer. Jaccard similarity indices revealed moderate to high genetic overlap with global strains (~0.63 for virulence genes and ~0.55 for AMR profiles), suggesting shared evolutionary backgrounds. Phylogenomic and MLST identified all Bangladeshi isolates as ST457, clustering within a globally distributed clonal complex linked to ST10 and ST131 lineages. These findings suggest that the three Bangladeshi poultry-derived E. coli isolates are genetically related to globally circulating strains while harboring extensive resistance and virulence determinants, emphasizing poultry as an important reservoir of MDR pathogens and reinforcing the need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship and genomic surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Detection of TR34/L98H pan-azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry farm environments.

INTRODUCTION: Poultry farms have been recognized as environments prone to fungal contamination. However, the occurrence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and its cytotoxic potential remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to characterize the occurrence, cytotoxic potential, and azole-resistance profile ofAspergillus section Fumigati in poultry farms. METHODS: A total of 420 samples, including air (n = 47), electrostatic dust cloths (n = 87), bedding (n = 87), feed (n = 95), swabs (n = 87), workers' masks (n = 2), and broiler breast (n = 15), were obtained. Fungal characterization was performed through culture-based methods (27 °C and 37 °C), followed by azole resistance screening according to EUCAST guidelines. Resistant isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and a targeted analysis of cyp51A mutations. The cytotoxicity potential of fungal isolates and environmental samples was evaluated using selected cell lines representing respiratory organs (human alveolar [A549]) and detoxification organs (swinekidney [SK]/hepatocellular carcinoma [HepG2]). RESULTS: Seven putative Aspergillus fumigatus isolates exhibited pan-azole resistance (MICs: ≥ 2 mg/L ITR/VOR; ≥ 1mg/L for POS). Four isolates carried the TR34/L98H mutation and were recovered from bedding (n = 3) and air (n = 1), suggesting the presence of resistant A. fumigatus in poultry farm matrices. Although 12% of isolates induced toxicity on both cell lines (17/145), no significant association was observed between isolate cytotoxicity and environmental sample toxicity, suggesting that additional biological and chemical components may contribute to the overall toxicological profile of farm environments. DISCUSION: The study highlights the occurrence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in poultry farms and support integrated surveillance approaches addressing antifungal resistance and environmental exposure risks in poultry production.

Aspergillus fumigatus↗
PubMed2025

Refinement of Poultry Standing in Japan Based on Recent Anthropo-ornithological Perspectives.

Poultry meat and eggs are important sources of high-quality animal protein worldwide. However, poultry in Japan has historically been regarded as a symbolic or spiritual entity more than as a food source, as its roles are deeply embedded in Japanese consciousness and society. Current evidence indicates that chickens first appeared in Japan during the Yayoi period, approximately 2,000 years ago, coinciding with a period of active human migration to the Japanese archipelago. Since then, poultry has played notable roles in Japanese art, literature, mythology, and folktales. Recent advancements in molecular clock analysis or the detection of genomic modifications, such as introgression, deletions, mutations, and viral infection from trace fossil/live samples necessitate the continual revision and refinement of existing theories about human and animal history across several academic disciplines. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to elucidate the distinct and multilayered relationship between humans and poultry in Japan, incorporating recent anthropological and ornithological perspectives.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1976

[Experience in controlling the Salmonella carrier state on a pedigree poultry breeding farm].

Systematic microbiologic control was carried out in the 1972-1975 period on an elite poultry farm whereas from the 23,724 samples studied, taken from objects of the epizootic chain forage-birds-hatchery, 78 cultures of Salmonella organisms of 14 species or 0.32 per cent of the total number of samples were isolated. A trend was observed toward the year-to-year drop in the number of positive findings of Salmonellae, and by the end of 1975 the results were negative. This fact was backed by the investigations in the poultry dressing combines throughout the country that have received the parental forms of birds from the sanated elite poultry farm. Established was vertical (congenital) transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, and using the typhoid-pullorosis test all carrier birds were detected and eliminated. Thus serologically were followed up and eliminated the hidden sources of infection among the flocks on the elite poultry farm. The alimentary mechanism of infection transmission (horizontally with the chain forage-birds was discontinued through the storage of feed mixtures packed in bags (not in bulk). The chain birds-hatchery was interrupted by means of fumigation, the eggs being treated up to the second hour following laying, and then subjected to four subsequent treatment with disinfectants up to hatching. The environment was sanated by three-fold disinfections every sixth day with lysol, formalin or veraform, anf fumigation with formaldehyde vapours, resulting in 100 per cent effectiveness. This was demonstrated many times bacteriologically. The overall observation of hygiene measures contributed to the sanation of the elite farm. The parallel examination of personnel on the farm made by organs of the Hygiene and Epidemiologic Inspection detected a female worker that acted as a carrier of S. enteritidis. Upon her elimination the complex of measures for the study and complete sanation of the farm was considered fulfilled.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phage-typing results of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry in Japan and Europe.

Phage typing was performed on 795 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry, a turkey, pigeons, and birds of prey in Japan and 4 countries in Europe, using the avian phage set of typing phages plus 6 others. Six hundred and seventy-three (89.1%) of 755 strains from poultry were typable by one or more of the phages, 617 strains at routine test dilution (RTD) and 56 strains at 100 RTD. Of these typable strains, 494 (73.4%) belonged to group I, 90 (13.4%) to group II, 50 (7.4%) to group III, 29 (4.3%) to group IV, and 10 (1.5%) to mixed types. There was no significant relation between staphylococcal phage types and the origin of the strains, such as types of disease. Type I strains were commonly found in staphylococci isolated from poultry farms regardless of districts or countries, and thus they were considered to be distributed widely among poultry in Japan and Europe. On the other hand, type III or IV strains were obtained from very limited farms or areas. Four (66.7%) of 6 strains of S. aureus isolated from birds of prey were typed by the additional phage CH39 at RTD. None of 33 pigeon and 1 turkey strain was sensitive to any of the avian phages used.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Some observations on the effectiveness of anabolic agents in increasing the growth rate of poultry.

This paper will discuss data obtained on the growth promoting effects of metabolically active agents for avian species generally used for food production. The compounds to be considered are those with estrogenic, androgenic, or thyroid hormone activity. Estrogens have been studied most extensively with poultry. At physiologically active levels, estrogens markedly stimulate food intake and at times, weight gain. There is a marked increase in fattening in chickens fed estrogenic compounds and generally a decrease in nitrogen retention. There seems to be a particular stimulation of lipogenesis of estrogenic compounds to the extent that protein synthesis is depressed. Generally high levels of estrogenic compounds are required for metabolic effects. Estrogens have marked effects on circulating nutrient levels and also decrease the choline requirement of growing chicks. Thyroid active substances have been extensively studied. Iodinated casein has been shown to stimulate early growth especially in growing ducks. Efficiency of feed utilization is depressed by feeding iodinated casein and body fat content is reduced. Feathering may be improved by thyroid hormone and in species where feathers are economically imported, it is sometimes advantageous to use these compounds. Methyltestosterone has been shown to be growth stimulating for female chickens and turkeys but relatively ineffective for males. In general, androgens seem to be somewhat less effective in stimulating growth rate and nitrogen retention in domestic birds compared to effects observed in mammals. The role of growth hormone as an anabolic agent in birds is somewhat obscure. Mammalian growth hormone preparations seem ineffective in poultry. The anabolic agents that will be considered in this paper are the hormone active substances with estrogenic, androgenic, or thyroid activity. These will be considered primarily as they affect growth and carcass composition of various species of poultry and not in their normal physiological roles. When considering the role of these compounds in production of human food through their effects on animals, the effects on growth rate, feed efficiency, and carcass composition are primary traits of concern and many other interesting aspects of the physiological effects of these compounds cannot be considered. The paper will not be an exhaustive review of the literature but will attempt to document the effects of these agents on the productive characteristics of poultry.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of the lytic activity of poultry, human, and bovine phages with staphylococci of different origin.

The total of 625 staphylococcal strains of different origin were typed with 22 Shimizu's poultry phages. For comparison all these strains were also investigated with the 24 phages of the international basic set for typing human staphylococci and with the 12 phages for typing bovine staphylococci. Of the 325 Staphylococcus aureus strains 50 from humans belonged to A biotype, 100 from chickens to B biotype and further 175 animal strains (of swine, rabbit, bovine, sheep, and hare provenance) to B, C, and D biotypes. Lytic activity of the poultry phages used at routine test dilution showed marked specificity related to the chicken strains were lysed. They were predominantly susceptible to phages CH4, CH14, CH15, CHA1, CHA2, CHA3, and CHA4. Most of the strains thus belonged to phage group I (74.0%), the others to phage groups II and III (18.0% and 2.0%). The examined strains of the other origins were either typable only sporadically (human in 4.0%, rabbit and bovine in 6.7%) or completely resistant. When the poultry phages were used at 100 x RTD the number of typable strains increased more significantly only in swine, rabbit, and bovine strains (23.3%, 60.0%, and 56.6%). On the contrary, human and bovine phages lysed chicken strains merely in 14.0% and 1.0% at RTD and in 20.0% and 3.0% at 100 x RTD respectively. All the 200 Staphylococcus intermedius and 100 Staphylococcus hyicus strains were resistant to the used 58 phages at RTD. When examined at 100 x RTD three Staph. hyicus strains were typable with the group IV phage CH11 from the poultry set, only.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Molecular characterization of pESI-like megaplasmids in Salmonella Infantis from poultry in Lebanon.

UNLABELLED: Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis has emerged as a globally disseminated multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen, largely driven by the spread of the plasmid of emerging Salmonella Infantis (pESI)-like megaplasmid. In our study, we investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes, and genomic features of S. Infantis isolates collected from poultry farms in Lebanon. A total of 72 isolates were recovered during a nationwide surveillance effort, among which 67 (93%) were MDR based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (disk diffusion and broth microdilution) results, including resistance to critically important agents such as quinolones, and highly important classes such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 19 isolates selected through a stratified approach to encompass all identified AMR phenotypes; this analysis revealed a conserved pESI-like backbone together with MDR-associated determinants, including sul1, tet(A), and aadA. Plasmid marker analysis confirmed the presence of pESI in the majority of isolates, with plasmid-associated genes (ardA and trbA) and replicon markers (IncP and IncFIB(pN55391)) among the most prevalent. Comparative plasmid alignments with representative pESI sequences from Italy, Turkey, and the United States revealed strong conservation of the backbone alongside regional variation in AMR gene content. These findings highlight the role of poultry production systems in Lebanon as reservoirs for pESI-like megaplasmids and MDR S. Infantis, underscoring the zoonotic and public health risks posed at the human-animal-environment interface. Strengthened surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and biosecurity interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the spread of MDR S. Infantis within agriculture and beyond. IMPORTANCE: The emergence of plasmid of emerging Salmonella Infantis (pESI)-like megaplasmids has transformed Salmonella Infantis into a globally distributed multidrug-resistant (MDR) clone with the capacity to persist in livestock and disseminate resistance genes across ecological boundaries. Our study provides the first genomic characterization of pESI-positive S. Infantis from poultry farms in Lebanon, a region with high antimicrobial usage and limited stewardship frameworks. By integrating phenotypic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing, we demonstrate that Lebanese isolates harbor conserved pESI-like backbone markers together with antimicrobial resistance determinants, aligning them with internationally circulating lineages. Comparative analysis with isolates from Italy, Turkey, and the United States highlights both the evolutionary stability and geographic diversity of pESI. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated surveillance and stewardship strategies to curb the spread of MDR S. Infantis and reduce the zoonotic risk at the human-animal-environment interface.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Phylogrouping and genotyping of mcr-1 postives avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in Algerian poultry farms.

Colibacillosis is a highly prevalent bacterial disease in poultry, resulting in the widespread use of antibiotics for both curative and preventive purposes. Consequently, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) continues to act as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes, including the mcr-1 gene, which codes for resistance to colistin, a crucial antibiotic in human medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of APEC and to investigate the genotyping, phylogrouping, and virulence of mcr-1-positive isolates. A total of 113 APEC were isolated, of which 92% were multidrug resistant (MDR). The mcr-1 gene was detected in 41 isolates originating from turkeys and broilers. Two isolates carried blaTEM, one of which also harboured blaCTX-M encoding beta-lactamases. The Clermont phylogrouping revealed that 76% of the isolates belonged to phylogroup B1. Concerning the detection of the virulence-associated genes, 88% of isolates carried at least 3 genes. The ERIC-PCR classified our isolates into 6 different clusters. Our study highlights the emergence of colistin resistance and MDR, which pose a real threat to poultry production and public health. Control of antibiotic use in the poultry sector is urgent and mandatory.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

An application of response surface methodology to research in poultry nutrition.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an experimental procedure for exploring and examining the nature of responses obtained from the simultaneous variation of quantitative factors. The method has been used only to a limited extent in poultry research. Statistical procedures were discussed for fitting a response surface to experimental data. An outline was made of the mathematical process for finding the stationary point, yield at the stationary point and nature of the response surface. A poultry example was given which involved the investigation of the protein and energy requirements of Japanese quail. The advantage of RSM was shown when it was determined by RSM procedures that the optimum response for body weight was out of the exploratory region covered in the first trial. A second trial was then conducted based on the levels of protein and energy predicted to give an optimum body weight. Optimum responses were shown for both body weight and feed conversion. Examination of the responses by three dimensional figures and computer plotting of contours was shown. The RSM procedure appears to offer an efficient method for examining the requirements and relationships of nutrients for poultry.

Analysis of Variance↗