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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Statistical power of psychological research: what have we gained in 20 years?

Power was calculated for 6,155 statistical tests in 221 journal articles published in the 1982 volumes of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Power to detect small, medium, and large effects was .17, .57, and .83, respectively. 20 years after Cohen (1962) conducted the first power survey, the power of psychological research is still low. The implications of these results concerning the proliferation of Type I errors in the published literature, the failure of replication studies, and the interpretation of null (negative) results are emphasized. An example is given of the use of power analysis to help interpret null results by setting probable upper bounds on the magnitudes of effects. Limitations of statistical power analyses, suggestions for future research, sources of computational information, and recommendations for improving power are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Power and clinical psychology: a model for resolving power-related ethical dilemmas.

This article considers power in clinical psychology. It is argued that power is present at every level of clinical psychologists' practice and can be used positively and negatively. Drawing on organizational, ethical, psychological, and personal influences, a heuristic problem-solving model for the process of understanding and resolving power-related ethical dilemmas is proposed. It is contended that such a model provides a humane and systematic process of understanding and working through power-related ethical dilemmas. It is argued that resolving power-related ethical issues cannot be achieved through the statement of absolute values but rather requires a process of understanding, action, and review. The model is used to draw out implications for promoting ethical practice and preventing the abuse of power in clinical psychology.

Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Intimacy, power, and psychological well-being in medical students.

Numerous reports suggest that medical school has adverse psychological effects on medical students, although not all students are affected equally. The authors examined the effects of two social motives, the need for power and the need for intimacy, on measures of well-being and distress obtained throughout the undergraduate years. Medical students high in both power and intimacy motivation were more depressed, neurotic, fatalistic, and self-doubting than were their classmates. These effects began at the end of year 1, peaked in year 2, and disappeared by the end of clerkships. High intimacy-low power students had the highest levels of well-being. These effects were equally true in men and women and both support and render more precise prior role conflict explanations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of personal empowerment: development of a scale of psychologic indices of power (MIPPA)].

This article presents the results of a series of studies devoted to creating an empowerment scale. The scale has been constructed from a dedicated conceptual framework and several empirical studies carried out over the last 5 years, designed to evaluate its conceptual articulation, linguistic properties, and psychometric qualities. Results show a scale composed of three factors that are conceptually distinct and consistent with the literature on the subject.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Individual differences in human topographic EEG power: hemodynamic and psychological predictors.

Cortical power spectrum (CPS), a derivative of quantitative EEG, has been studied in human development and varieties of brain functions and dysfunctions. From the EEG literature, consistently a high degree (e.g. 6-15x in alpha amplitude) of individual differences in CPS densities is noted. This study examined the potential biopsychological factors contributing to such a wide range of individual differences in CPS. A set of significant inverse functions between systolic blood pressure and differential topographic CPS densities was observed, indicating that hemodynamic baroreceptor regulatory function may partially account for the individual differences in CPS densities. Furthermore, the trait measure of perceptual factor (reducer-augmenter) was correlated positively with other parameters of CPS densities. These results suggest that hemodynamic and psychological factors are predictive of the individual differences in EEG magnitudes.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Reminiscence therapy using odor in alcohol-dependent patients--psychophysiological evaluation and psychological evaluation; power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.

OBJECTIVE: This research was based on the hypothesis that when alcohol-dependent patients describe themselves, awakening of emotion by affirmative odor stimulation may facilitate memory reframing focusing on more affirmative emotion and memories. To prove the hypothesis, physiological changes accompanied by emotional awakening were evaluated by measuring the autonomic activity. In addition, subjective evaluation by a self-report manner was examined to investigate the effectiveness of Reminiscence Therapy (RT) using odor in alcohol-dependent patients. SUBJECTS: Thirty-four patients who met the DSM-IV criteria of alcohol-related disorders and were hospitalized in a ward specialized to alcohol dependence therapy. METHODS: Each patient underwent a one-to-one interview twice. For counterbalance, one interview was performed with odor stimulation using an odor with a relaxing effect that recall pleasant emotion, and the other was without odor stimulation. As the evaluation indices of physiological changes accompanied by emotional awakening, index of autonomic function (HRV; Heart rate variability) for objective evaluation and psychological indices (STAI; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory VAS; Visual Analog Scale) for subjective evaluation were measured. RESULTS: 1) Objective evaluation: Regarding the evaluation index of the autonomic function, the sympathetic nervous system activity (LF/HF; low frequency component/high frequency component ratio) was significantly inhibited by odor stimulation (p < 0.05). 2) Subjective evaluation: Compared to the state prior to interview, state anxiety judged by STAI was significantly decreased after interview (p < 0.01). The VAS score was significantly decreased after interview regardless of the presence or absence of odor stimulation (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in state anxiety was observed. The effect of odor was not significant on the subjective evaluation, but the objective evaluation suggested that the odor inhibited the sympathetic nervous system. Thus, it was suggested that odor can be used in RT, that is, emotional changes due to stimulation of odor may be applicable in RT.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A critical reflection on the personal impact of managerial hegemony within nurse education.

This paper, written by two male nurse teachers, describes and analyses their experience of working in a nurse education culture permeated by the philosophy of business management. The introduction of business management practices to nurse education is discussed as a reflection of the current political hegemony of market forces and individualism. The authors discuss the implications for nurse teachers of being continually exposed to these politically motivated forces which increasingly provide the paradigm for service developments within the United Kingdom health services. In discussing the impact of this exposure it is argued that at the personal level individual teachers are experiencing a degree of apathy and personal dissonance which undermines their professional value system, resulting in emotional distress and a crisis of identity. It provides a critical reflection on the way organizational dynamics and power relations influence the subjective sense-making of individuals. The authors use a multiplicity of perspectives, including those provided by individual psychology, power relations, feminism and personhood, to argue for the need to develop an alternative paradigm which is characterized by the valuing of individual persons, empathic sensitivity and the fostering of creativity.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pregnancy as a psychological event].

INTRODUCTION: Apart from physiological and somatic changes, pregnancy is a complex phenomenon which also includes psychological and social changes. Pregnancy, especially the first one, represents a powerful psychological event. This paper deals with pregnancy as a psychological event, considering psychological changes in the course ofpregnancy as a stressful event. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY: Pregnancy is always associated with changes in psychological functioning of pregnant women. It is usually associated with ambivalence, frequent mood changes, varying from anxiety, fatigue, exhaustion, sleepiness, depressive reactions to excitement. During pregnancy, changes include body appearance, affectivity and sexuality, whereas the position and role of women attains a new quality. Even thoughts of pregnancy can bring about numerous worries about its course and outcome, and especially of the delivery itself, which may be so intense that they acquire a features of phobia (which may be the reason for avoiding pregnancy). PREGNANCY AS A STRESSFUL EVENT: Pregnancy is identified as a potent stressor that can seriously affect the psychic status of pregnant women, perinatal outcome, but also psychic functioning of the new-born individual. Appropriate relationship of partners and support of the society play an important role in overcoming stress during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy is an event that involves numerous somatic and psychological changes. However, pregnancy can also be a potent stressor. Existence of prenatal maternal stress may lead to different perinatal complications that may have long-term consequences on the newborn. In prevention of maternal stress emphasis has to be put on partner's emotional support, as well as empathy of the social environment. However, in certain cases, professional psychotherapeutic support is necessary, in form of short supportive treatment. Preventive measures should include adequate psychological support during pregnancy, especially the first one, provided for all pregnant women, but also for those women that plan to get pregnant in the near future.

Emotions↗
PubMed1975

[The injured child in the intensive care unit (author's transl)].

For children the circumstances of the intensive care unit (ICU) indubitably present a particular psychological stress. For a child awaking from a state of traumatic unconsciousness in the ICU, and who has to be further treated there, this is an even more powerful psychological extreme situation. Extreme situation of this kind is liable to provoke a particular abnormal psychic "emergency reaction". This reaction can follow the pattern of a faigned-death reflex and in a such a way mime a coma vigile (apallic state). The circumstances and the interaction of factors responsible for the arise of such a primitive reaction are discussed. With the help of a representative case the clinical manifestations, course and treatment of the pseudo-apallic syndrome ("Sleeping Beauty syndrome") are presented. The important role of ICU staff for the prevention and treatment of such reactive disturbances are emphasized.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1993

Living-related organ donation: the donor's dilemma.

New procedures for segmented organ transplantation of the lung and liver have again brought to public attention the issue of live organ donation. To provide a context for understanding the dilemmas faced by potential donors, the body of literature over the last 40 years regarding living-related organ donation with kidneys was reviewed. Results indicated that while psychological side effects have been reported including depression and family conflict these risks are generally under-emphasized. Risk factors for negative psychological consequences include high age, lack of social support, and organ rejection in the recipient. Instantaneous decision-making in favor of donation is generally described. However, researchers have neglected to consider social desirability factors when assessing donor motives. Furthermore, lack of awareness has been shown concerning the coercive processes involved in moral decision-making. Health professionals should be aware that merely raising the issue of live organ donation may instigate powerful psychological processes beyond the potential donor's voluntary control and leave little room for refusal without psychological cost. Implications for treatment are discussed with these circumstances in mind.

Counseling↗
PubMed1984

After aesthetic rhinoplasty: new looks and psychological outlooks on post-surgical satisfaction.

Thirty-four female patients who underwent rhinoplasty were followed through assessment of post-surgical satisfaction (pss), perception of subjective improvement, objective improvement (surgeon's ratings), and objective post-surgical nasal deformity. Assessments of pss and subjective improvement were obtained on 3 occasions: T1, 1 week after surgery, on cast removal; T2, 1 month after cast removal; and T3, 3 months after cast removal. The investigation was aimed at examination of the relationship of patients' subjective post-surgical appraisals of the operation with objective indices of outcome of rhinoplasty. Results indicated that at T1, pss is totally dissociated from objective outcome or its appraisal by the patient. At T2 an association between objective outcome and pss and subjective appraisal of outcome is evident, but seems to reflect the total reliance of the patients' judgment on surgeons' appraisals. At T3 a paradoxical trend is indicated: slim objective favorable outcomes correlate with high pss, while a considerable share of patients with whom a highly favorable outcome has been attained express relatively low pss. This paradoxical trend may be well understood when applying Cognitive Dissonance Theory. The whole pattern of results point again at highly complex and powerful psychological processes, some of them seemingly irrational, operating within patients when relating to rhinoplasty, a simple superficial surgical procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The theme of disconnection in adolescent girls' understanding of depression.

Fourteen adolescent girls aged between 14 and 17 were interviewed concerning their understanding of depression. Individual interviews were semi-structured and included discussion about descriptions of, causes of, and coping with, depression. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and were analysed thematically. The dominant theme arising from the girls' interviews was that of disconnection from relationships. Possible reasons why disconnection seems to play such a large part in girls' understanding of depression are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗