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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Kinsey revisited, Part I: Comparisons of the sexual socialization and sexual behavior of white women over 33 years.

This research compared data from two studies of women's sexual behavior--one conducted in the 1940s, the other in the 1980s. The first sample included 3952 white women, ages 18 to 36, drawn from the larger sample of women who participated in the original Kinsey study. The second comprised 122 white women, in the same age range, who had taken part in a recent study of sexual socialization and experiences among women in Los Angeles County, CA. Log-linear analyses were used to control for differences between the samples on age, education, and marital status. Comparisons were conducted in the areas of childhood family characteristics; sexual socialization and education; sexual behavior in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; contraceptive practices; and child sexual abuse. Results tended to reflect changes that have taken place in society and in patterns of sexual behavior. Differences in sexual socialization pointed to the increased role of the media and the schools and to more relaxed attitudes about nudity in the home. Shifts in sexual behavior were particularly dramatic. As compared to women in the Kinsey sample, the newer subjects began intercourse earlier, were less likely to have a fiance or husband as their first partner, reported a higher number of sexual partners, and participated in a broader range of sexual behaviors. Contraceptive practices differed considerably, especially among never-married women. Women in the new study were also more likely to report instances of child sexual abuse. Methodological and social factors contributing to the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Teaching refusal skills to sexually active adolescents.

Refusal skills training was extended to sexually active handicapped female adolescents who lacked an effective refusal strategy. Role-plays for assessment and training were developed using the who, what, when and where of situations which resulted in unwanted intercourse. Refusal skills were trained following the format of rationale, modeling, rehearsal, feedback, and reinforcement. Baseline rates of most target behaviors were quite low. High frequencies of target behaviors were observed as each behavior became the focus of training. Generalization across staff and time was also observed. The skillfulness and effectiveness of the subjects' refusal skills were judged to be improved as a function of training. One-year follow-up showed decreased sexual activity for each girl.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Changing patterns of adolescent sexual behavior: consequences for health and development.

Sexuality is a fundamental quality of human life, important for health, happiness, individual development, and indeed for the preservation of the human race. During the dynamic period of adolescence in which the passage from childhood to maturity takes place, sexuality takes on new dimensions; feelings become more intense, relationships become more complex, and the consequences of sexual behavior are radically altered. This not only affects the behavior of young people but also of those who interact with them, their families and peers, and those who work in the health, education, youth, social welfare, and other sectors. In the contemporary world the conditions of life for many young people have also changed, and with it patterns of sexual behavior. In general, earlier puberty, later marriage, a decline in the family leading to less control and more autonomy, and intense exposure to sexual stimuli via the mass media and travel across cultural boundaries have made pre-marital adolescent sexual activity more common. This has added to traditional problems of early marriage, newer problems of early pregnancy, childbirth, and induced abortion outside of marriage, sexually transmitted diseases, and human immunodeficiency syndrome infection leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. But the work of the World Health Organization (WHO), along with many others in the field, strongly suggests that given appropriate information and services, trust and equity between the sexes, young people will behave responsibly and well. In this paper some of the findings from methods developed by WHO for research, training, advocacy, and evaluation, and findings in relation to patterns and determinants of sexual and reproductive health and development will be described, and future directions suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Sexual behavior of college women in 1975, 1986, and 1989.

To compare sexual practices in college women before and after the start of the current epidemics of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpesvirus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, we surveyed 486 college women who consulted gynecologists at a student health service in 1975, 161 in 1986, and 132 in 1989 at the same university. There were no statistically significant differences in age, age at menarche, or reason for visiting the gynecologist. The percentages of women in this population who were sexually experienced were the same in all three years (88 percent in 1975, 87 percent in 1986, and 87 percent in 1989). Oral contraceptives were used by 55 percent of the women in 1975, 34 percent in 1986, and 42 percent in 1989; the use of condoms as the usual method of birth control increased (6 percent in 1975, 14 percent in 1986, and 25 percent in 1989; P less than 0.001). In 1975, only 12 percent reported the regular use of condoms during sexual intercourse, in some cases in conjunction with other methods of contraception, as compared with 21 percent in 1986 and 41 percent in 1989 (P = 0.0014). No significant differences were found in the three surveys in the number of male sexual partners or the frequency of fellatio, cunnilingus, or anal intercourse. An additional sample of 189 college women who did not consult the health service was surveyed in 1989, and similar sexual behavior was reported by those who were sexually experienced (65 percent). We conclude that in this population there has been little change in sexual practices in response to new and serious epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases, with the exception of an increase in the use of condoms (which still does not reach 50 percent).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

School-based programs to reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors.

This article reviews the major approaches implemented during the last two decades to reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors, examines their evidence for success, and provides several recommendations for effective programs and program evaluations. This article does not discuss more broad-based sexuality education programs which address sexuality in a broader context. Instead, this article focuses primarily on programs that educators believed would reduce unprotected sexual intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Black males who always use condoms: their attitudes, knowledge about AIDS, and sexual behavior.

One hundred six black males completed a questionnaire concerning attitudes and knowledge about the use of condoms and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Of the 106 males in the study, 27 (26%) reported that they "always" used condoms, 31 (29%) did not use condoms and had low intentions of using them, and 48 (45%) reported high intentions to use condoms. Results indicated that knowledge about AIDS was exceptionally high for black males in all three groups. Black males with low intentions to use condoms reported significantly more negative attitudes about the use of condoms (eg, using condoms is disgusting) and reacted with more intense anger when their partners asked about previous sexual contacts, when a partner refused sex without a condom, or when they perceived condoms as interfering with foreplay and sexual pleasure. A significantly larger percentage of low intenders were treated for gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and genital warts than males in the other groups. Drug use did not differentiate the three groups, although marijuana was used more often by males in the low-intender group. Finally, a larger percentage of black males in the low-intender group reported experiences with anal intercourse and sex with a prostitute, but considered themselves at lower risk for AIDS than did their high-intender or steady-user counterparts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes to AIDS and sexual behaviour among a cohort of medical students in Singapore.

A survey conducted in 1990 among final year medical students found that most respondents had a good knowledge about AIDS and its routes of transmission. Among the 13.7% of respondents that were sexually active, it was noted that only 35% had used the condom before and that only 20% had used it in the most recent occasion of sexual intercourse. It was noted that only 30% of the sexually active had intention using the condom when they next have sexual intercourse despite the fact that 40% of them were having sexual intercourse with causal partners. Despite having a high knowledge of AIDS, medical students at the National University of Singapore have a low use of condoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Study of the opinion and level of knowledge about AIDS problem among secondary school students and teachers in Alexandria.

The level of knowledge and the opinion about HIV/AIDS problem of 571 students (179 females, 392 males) and 211 teachers (85 females, 126 males) were assessed using an interview-questionnaire. The results explored the little priority given to sex education in Egyptian schools in addition to the very minor role of schools as source of knowledge (about AIDS problem) for students and teachers who revealed much interest towards the problem and wanted to know more about it, reflecting the need for urgent organized health educational programme.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Coitally active university students: sexual behaviors, concerns, and challenges.

The past fifteen years, in particular, have seen a major increase in the extent to which both adolescents and young adults are engaging in sexual intercourse. While several studies call attention to the increasing incidence among college/university students, the concomitant shifts in the sociopsychological realms of sexuality are also important dimensions which impact upon sexual concerns of youth. Hence, the purposes of this study are to examine the behaviors, attitudes, and concerns of students who have engaged in coitus, as well as any changes they seek in their sex lives. The sample consisted of 123 never-married male and 205 never-married female undergraduate students from a state university. The data were obtained by utilizing an anonymous questionnaire administered to volunteers during regular university classes. Among the coitally active, 67.4% of males were psychologically satisfied after their first sexual experience, but only 28.3% of females. In contrast, 80.9% of males and 28.3% of females reported current psychological satisfaction with their sexual experiences. Significant differences between genders focused on male dissatisfaction with infrequent opportunities for sexual intercourse, lack of variety of sex partners, and insufficient oral-genital stimulation, whereas females expressed concerns relating to lack of stimulation to their breasts, painful sexual intercourse, lack of orgasm during sexual intercourse, and feelings of guilt and fear. An increasing awareness of current sexual behaviors, attitudes, and concerns of university students can help family life educators to meet student needs as they react to changes in interpersonal relationships, families, and society.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The risk of premarital first pregnancy among metropolitan-area teenagers: 1976 and 1979.

Among sexually active teenage women living in metropolitan areas of the United States, the risk of premarital pregnancy within two years of first sexual intercourse rose from 32 percent in 1976 to 36 percent in 1979. As of 1979, 33 percent of unmarried white teenagers, and 43 percent of unmarried black teenagers, had conceived within 24 months of becoming sexually active. The increase in pregnancy risk between 1976 and 1979 was relatively greater for whites than for blacks at three, six and 12 months after first intercourse. The reverse was true at later intervals. The risk of pregnancy is disproportionately concentrated in the early months of sexual activity. Forty-five percent of all premarital pregnancies among those interviewed in 1979 had been conceived within the first six months of sexual activity, and 36 percent had been conceived within three months. In 1976, 27 percent of teenagers who had become sexually active before the age of 15 were premaritally pregnant within two years. By 1979, this proportion had risen to 41 percent--a 52 percent increase in the risk that accounts for almost all of the total three-year increase in premarital pregnancies among sexually active teenagers. The most pronounced increase in risk of pregnancy was registered among whites who became sexually active when they were younger than 15. Their 24-month probability of conception rose from 20 percent in 1976 to 39 percent by 1979. Levels of risk for unwed teenagers who initiated intercourse at ages 15-19 increased relatively little.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Sex, drugs, relationships, contraception, and fears of disease on a college campus over 17 years.

Sexual behavior was surveyed in 1991 for the fourth time in 17 years at a northeastern college with 98 male and 148 female participants. Variables included virginity, religiosity, relationship to parents, relationship to last sex partner, sex philosophy, attractiveness, drug use, contraceptives used, fear of AIDS and effect of this fear on behavior. Results indicated a 91% nonvirginity rate for men, 76% for women. Both genders initiated sex at the same age. Men exhibited a more liberal sexual philosophy. Neither gender had a sexual double standard. Women's attractiveness, but not men's, related to nonvirginity. Relationship with parents was not associated with virginity, but religiosity was. Drug use was related to nonvirginity. Frequent drug users had less commitment to last sex partner than did infrequent users. Nondisease-protective contraceptive methods decreased. Despite fear of AIDS, only one-third of the students practiced "safe sex" consistently, and men were less concerned with practicing it than women. Commitment has not increased since the 1986 survey.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's contraceptive attitudes and use in 1992.

Women aged 15-44 rate the pill, the condom, vasectomy and female sterilization most highly, according to 1992 data from an annual survey by Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation of contraceptive attitudes and method use. The 6,955 survey respondents underrepresent women who are black or who have household annual incomes greater than $50,000, but they are similar to all American women in age, marital status and region of the country. About 74-84% of women giving an opinion view these methods favorably and 64% rate the hormonal implant favorably. The proportion of unmarried women who had had intercourse increased from 76% in 1987 to 86% in 1992. As a result, proportions of women at risk of unintended pregnancy rose from 72% to 77%. Contraceptive use also rose, from 92% to 94%. The most commonly used method is the pill (39%), followed by the condom (25%), female sterilization (19%) and vasectomy (12%). Married women exposed to the risk of unintended pregnancy are more likely to use sterilization (48%), while unmarried women are more likely to use the pill (52%) and the condom (33%). Pill use has increased since 1987, especially among married women, and condom use has increased among all women. Among unmarried women at risk of unintended pregnancy, condom use rose from 18% in 1987 to 33% in 1992. Among condom users, 40% of unmarried users and 13% of married users also use another method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The impact of AIDS on an urban population of high-risk female minority adolescents: implications for intervention.

PURPOSE: This study's purpose was to describe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related concerns, risk behaviors, and psychosocial/situational determinants of condom use among an urban minority population of sexually active, adolescent girls. In addition we sought to define the accuracy of personal AIDS risk-assessment, the relative importance of AIDS in relation to other concerns, and the broader context of sexual experience and attitudes in this population. METHODS: A cross-sectional interview study was conducted involving sexually active female adolescents attending a pediatric clinic in an inner-city university-affiliated community hospital. Sixty-nine subjects (ages 13-19 yr, 90% African-American) were enrolled. While the goals of this study were primarily descriptive, subject characteristics felt to impact on condom use were identified prior to data collection and were examined against several measures of usage including: use at the time of last sexual intercourse, overall frequency of condom use, and reported behavior change to include initiation of or increased condom usage. RESULTS: Forty-one percent of participants reported knowing someone with AIDS. Global concern regarding this disease was high, although worry about poverty-related issues was often greater. Despite concern and high measures of AIDS risk (median number of sex partners, 3; past sexually transmitted disease, 55%; past pregnancy 77%), most participants perceived themselves to be at low personal risk owing to current monogamy, lack of intravenous drug use, and implicit trust in their partner's safety. Discussion with their partner about actual risk and awareness of the importance of past behaviors was generally lacking. Although 98% were aware that condoms may prevent AIDS, 64% used condoms half of the time or less when they had sex and use appeared to be primarily for contraception. Several intrinsic cognitive/psychological and extrinsic social/situational factors were found to correlate with measures of condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Participants' sexual histories and behavior emphasize the need for concern regarding AIDS risk in this population. Patterns of sexual behavior and beliefs regarding committed relationships raise challenging questions regarding how to motivate sexually active members of this population to use condoms more frequently. Programs aimed at AIDS prevention among urban minority adolescents need to be cognizant of the larger personal and sociocultural context in which these teenagers are making health-behavior choices.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Adolescent contraceptive use and communication: changes over a decade.

Sexual experiences of 186 adolescents in 1979 were compared to those of 215 adolescents in 1989 who were recruited from the same university to determine if there was an increase over the decade in "safe sex" practices. Self-reported condom use increased between 1979 and 1989 for very first intercourse as well as first intercourse with current partner, although condom use was still far from universal. For other behaviors, there were sexual career changes (i.e., changes from first to current partner) but not decade changes. The percentage of respondents using any method of contraception and the percentage who discussed contraception with their partner increased from first to current partner, but did not increase between 1979 and 1989. The very first intercourse with first partner remained especially troubling since contraceptive use was very low and discussions about contraception prior to sex were very infrequent.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗