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Results for “Primary Affects”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1994

Subgingival bacteria in a case of prepubertal periodontitis, before and one year after extractions of the affected primary teeth.

The treatment of children with prepubertal periodontitis (PP), may be complicated by the extent of the lesions and the possibility of tetracycline stain of the developing permanent dentition. Therefore, with the purpose of preventing the infection of permanent teeth during the mixed dentition, it has been recommended that the treatment of children with PP, should include the early extraction of the primary teeth affected with alveolar bone loss (ABL). Still, there is little evidence which confirms that extraction of the affected primary teeth do in fact reduce the periodonto-pathogens load of the subgingival plaque. The present study reports values of colony forming units (CFU) of total anaerobic bacteria, Actinobacillus actynomicetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) from the subgingival plaque from a child with PP, collected immediately before and 1 year after extractions of the primary teeth affected with ABL. CFU of Aa and Pg developed only from the subgingival plaque collected before the extraction of the primary teeth affected with ABL. These findings suggest that in cases of PP, extraction of the affected primary teeth may reduce the possibility of infection of the periodontum of the permanent teeth during the mixed dentition period.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗

PubMed1998

Evidence supporting the independent inheritance of primary affective disorders and primary alcoholism in the families of bipolar patients.

BACKGROUND: This study explored the nature of the association between bipolar disorder and alcoholism. METHODS: The authors studied 814 first-degree relatives of 121 bipolar patients, divided on the basis of response to lithium prophylaxis. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the contribution of demographic, familial and clinical variables to the risk of primary alcoholism in the relatives. RESULTS: The risk of primary alcoholism in relatives was not related to the degree of affective loading in the family or to the proband's lithium response. CONCLUSION: This study does not support a shared genetic liability between bipolar disorder and alcoholism. LIMITATIONS: This study lacked a control group, but the analysis accounted for this. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These disorders are not alternative forms of the same illness.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Life events and primary affective illness.

Life events at the onset of primary affective illness were assessed in 183 patients with primary affective disorder who were attending a research lithium clinic. About 50% of patients recalled significant life events in the 3-month interval preceding their initial affective episode. Family history data of those patients who reported life events were not significantly different from those who did not report life events at onset. Furthermore, there were no significant differences among patients classified as bipolar or unipolar regarding reporting of life events at onset of illness. These data suggest that the delineation of a subgroup of patients with "reactive" primary affective illness is not supported by a decreased familial load for affective disorder in their relatives.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Current psychopharmacogenetic strategies in primary affective disorders.

1. The evidence is substantial that primary affective disorders are genetically inherited. 2. Using pharmacological probes or strategies, biological markers of the gene(s) should be able to be ascertained or induced during remission of illness. 3. Genetic marker criteria are defined and are applied to the scanty existing data. 4. It is concluded that these strategies have yet to yield a clear marker of primary affective disorder.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed1982

Abnormal anterior pituitary responsiveness to hypothalamic hormones in primary affective disorders. Effect of desipramine therapy.

Abnormal anterior pituitary responsiveness to acute administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone was investigated in 8 patients, 6 women and 2 men, with primary affective disorders in a depressive phase and in 2 women with schizoaffective disorders. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 500 micrograms i.v., induced a rise of plasma growth hormone levels in 1 patient suffering from primary affective disorders and in the 2 schizoaffective subjects, a rise of follicle-stimulating hormone in 1 schizoaffective patient, of luteinizing hormone in the 2 schizoaffective patients, an excessive prolactin rise in 5 patients with primary affective disorders and in 1 schizoaffective subject and a flat response of thyroid-stimulating hormone in 4 patients with primary affective disorders and in 2 schizoaffective patients. Desipramine was given at a dose of 50-100 mg/day for 3-5 weeks. The thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test was repeated when the patients were improving or after 5 weeks of treatment without improvement. The hormonal impairments tended to disappear in those patients showing symptomatic improvement and were still present in those who did not improve.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Primary affective disorder criteria and the endogenous-reactive distinction.

Seventy-six patients hospitalized during the course of one year with a depressive episode and without prior history of other psychiatric illness were evaluated retrospectively using the primary affective disorder criteria. Symptom ratings were made by two raters uninvolved in the treatment of the patient and blind to the discharge diagnosis, hospital course, and treatment response. The patients were designated "endogenous" or reactive" based on whether the depressive syndrome was autonomous or responsive to environmental changes. Ninety-two percent of the patients with endogenous depression and 45% of those with reactive depression met the criteria for definite primary affective disorder. We suggest that the primary affective disorder criteria define a heterogeneous group of patients with respect to the endogenous-reactive distinction. The value of criteria that would identify a homogeneous group with an endogenous depressive state is discussed. The primary affective disorder symptoms that did identify patients with endogenous depression were psychomotor change, self-reproach, and decreased concentration.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1980

Development and use of pharmacological probes of the CNS in man: evidence of cholinergic abnormality in primary affective illness.

The role of cholinergic mechanisms in the regulation of CNS functions was studied in normal humans. The purpose was to develop in vivo pharmacological techniques to assess central neurotransmitter activity in normals and apply them in primary affective illness and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Central cholinergic stimulation by cholinomimetics induced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, dreaming, cortical arousal, and accelerated the REM cycle. Effects on memory included enhancement of serial learning, short-term consolidation of low-imagery words, and retrieval of clustered information. Analgesia and reduction of the P100 component of visual EEG evoked responses were also noted after physostigmine. Using the induction of REM sleep by arecoline as a "marker" of central cholinergic functioning, it was possible to (i) demonstrate the phenomenon of pharmacological denervation supersensitivity in normal humans after pretreatment with scopolamine, and (ii) demonstrate a significantly faster REM induction by arecoline in two groups of patients with primary affective illness (remitted and depressed) compared to normals. Rapid REM induction was found, not only in remitted patients who were drug-free for 2 weeks, but in patients who had never received somatic therapy. Pretreatment with scopolamine on three consecutive mornings also induced sleep changes at night in normals similar to several sleep abnormalities reported in primary affective illness. This was confirmed by a multivariate discriminate analysis program, which had previously been shown to separate depressed patients, insomniacs, and normals. On the basis of these data, it is proposed that cholinergic abnormalities may be present in primary affective illness during both the ill and the well states.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The concentration of serum creatine-kinase in manic attacks of primary affective psychoses.

The study aims to observe whether subjects with a primary affective disease and manic attacks show modifications of serum concentration of creatine-kinase conferring it the role of a biologic marker. Serum concentration of creatine-kinase was determined for 122 men with mono- and bipolar affective disease during the different stages as well as for schizophrenic men with different clinical forms excepting the affective form. The control group included 60 men. Data indicated that enzyme concentration can constitute a biological marker for a primary affective disease also showing the differences between the different stages of the disease (mania, hypomania, depression and the symptom-free intervals).

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Saliva for monitoring of patients with primary affective disorders.

The salivary composition and flow rate of 78 patients with primary affective disorders and of 49 healthy volunteers were examined. The former were divided into two groups: Group 1--57 patients receiving lithium carbonate and psychoactive drugs, and Group 2--21 patients receiving psychoactive drugs only. A significant correlation between salivary and serum lithium was found in patients on chronic lithium therapy. Significantly reduced salivary flow rates and elevated potassium, calcium, magnesium and IgA concentrations were found in all the patients as compared with those of the healthy volunteers. Salivary sodium concentrations were significantly elevated in patients on lithium carbonate as compared with the levels in patients on psychoactive drugs only. These results indicate that changes in salivary gland function may occur in patients with primary affective disorders and in those receiving drug treatment. The use of saliva analysis for monitoring lithium dosage is recommended.

Female↗

PubMed1977

Incidence of orthostatic hypotension in patients with primary affective disorders treated with tricyclic antidepressants.

Previous studies have indicated that postural hypotension is an uncommon event when tricyclic antidepressants are used in the treatment of depression, and other studies have indicated that postural hypotension is a possible predictor of positive therapeutic response to antidepressant therapy. In this study, 20 depressed patients with the diagnosis of primary affective disorders were hospitalized and treated with tricyclic antidepressants. All patients had been without medication for at least 2 weeks before the study began. Blood pressure recordings were made after a 5-minute resting period and then followed by another reading after the patient had been standing for 2 minutes. Our findings indicate that these patients with primary affective disorders developed significant orthostatic hypotension. It is our belief that orthostatic hypotension is a significant event in patients who have primary affective disorders treated with tricyclic antidepressants, and this sign should be looked for in all patients regardless of age or the presence of significant cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Familial patterns and possible modes of inheritance of primary affective disorders.

A logistic model was used to analyze the pattern of affected relatives of probands with primary affective disorders (PAD). The sample consisted of 242 patients, diagnosed as either unipolar (UP, 107) or bipolar (BP, 135) and 430 control nonpsychiatric inpatients and all first degree relatives of both groups. Age correction was applied to both groups. The analysis showed a significant baseline increase in frequency of PAD among relatives of PAD probands with siblings more likely to be affected than parents. The difference in frequency of PAD according to sex of relative almost reached significance. Specific diagnosis (UP or BP) of proband did not significantly affect the probability of relatives becoming ill. Genetic models incorporating sex-specific thresholds were able to explain the data satisfactorily as resulting from either Single-Major-Locus inheritance or Multifactorial-Polygenic inheritance.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed1989

Temporal lobe measurement in primary affective disorder by magnetic resonance imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were performed on 17 patients with primary affective disorder and 21 normal subjects. A coronal slice through the temporal lobes at the level of the pons and interpeduncular cistern was selected in each subject, and specific temporal lobe structures and the cerebral area were measured. Ratios between structures of the same hemisphere were calculated. The ratio of the temporal lobe to cerebral area was smaller in patients than controls both on the left (p less than .02) and on the right (p less than .03). The data suggest that patients with primary affective disorder may have a relative decrease in the size of the temporal lobe compared with normal controls.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Faster cholinergic REM sleep induction in euthymic patients with primary affective illness.

Arecoline, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist, induced rapid eye movement sleep significantly more rapidly in patients with primary affective illness in remission than in normal control subjects matched for age and sex. These results, and others, suggest that patients with primary affective illness may have a supersensitive cholinergic system both when they are ill and when their symptoms are in clinical remission.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Nosology of primary affective disorders and application to clinical research.

The nosology of primary affective disorders is discussed with specific application of a six-stage model for clinical diagnosis utilizing an integrated nosological approach. The six phases of the clinical diagnostic model include: 1) Clinical description with delineation from other syndromes. 2) Physical and neurological factors. 3) Laboratory studies including psychological testing. 4) Family studies (pedigree studies). 5) Longitudinal--natural history studies. 6) Treatment outcome studies. Utilizing this six-stage model, the specific attributes of several major diagnostic systems for the affective disorders are compared and discussed. Specific operational diagnostic criteria described by Feighner et al., the Research Diagnostic Criteria by Spitzer et al., DSM-III, and ICD-9-CM are compared, and the merits of each are discussed. The nosological breakdown of the affective disorders with emphasis on the primary versus secondary axis and the unipolar versus bipolar axis is presented. In view of the ongoing development of more specific biological management of the affective disorders, it is imperative that systematic operational diagnostic criteria be utilized in current research to enhance homogeneity of research populations and to enhance communication between research centers.

Humans↗

PubMed1983

Assortative mating, social adjustment, and course of illness in primary affective disorder.

Fifty-six married inpatients with primary affective disorders and their spouses participated in a 12- to 36-month follow-up study in which the relationship of assortative mating to social adjustment and course of illness was examined. At follow-up, the patients who were concordant with their spouses for psychiatric illness had poorer social adjustment than the group of patients with well spouses. This finding was confirmed by both relatives' ratings and clinicians' ratings of the patients' social adjustment. Measures of relapse since the target hospitalization and self-rated symptoms at the time of follow-up were not different for the two groups. The divorce rate, however, was significantly greater for the couples who were concordant for psychiatric illness when compared with the discordant couples.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Schizophrenia-primary affective disorder discrimination. II. Where unclassified psychosis stands.

Cases of unclassified psychosis were assessed with a nine-variable diagnostic measure designed to discriminate schizophrenia and primary affective disorder. As a group, the unclassified cases occupied a midway position between and overlapping with cases of schizophrenia and primary affective disorder. Also, the mean discriminant-function score of the unclassified group was significantly different from the mean scores of the groups with affective disorder and schizophrenia, although one subgroup of unclassified cases was statistically indistinguishable from the group with schizophrenia. While this investigation was essentially unsuccessful in reclassifying unclassified psychosis, it demonstrates a method for reclassifying diagnostic groups. When this procedure is used in conjunction with follow-up and family studies, it provides a basis for modifying diagnostic criteria.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Differential diagnosis of primary affective depression using the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery.

This study examined the utility of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery as a discriminator of primary affective depression when compared with normals and a group of mixed psychiatric patients. Orthogonal contrasts between groups showed superior performance for normals on most Halstead-Reitan subtests. Contrasts between pathological groups showed that these groups differed only on subtests associated with left hemispheric functioning, with the mixed psychiatric patients performing more poorly than the depressives. A step-wise discriminant analysis indicated that on the basis of neuropsychological variables alone, affective depressives were differentiated from normals and mixed psychiatric patients with clinical levels of accuracy. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of primary affective depression.

Cerebral Cortex↗

PubMed1978

Histocompatibility antigens in primary affective disorders.

We determined 27 histocompatibility antigens of A, B, and C locus with a standard lymphocyte cytotoxicity test in 125 patients suffering from primary affective disorders, 77 of bipolar type, 24 of unipolar type, and 24 with schizo-affective psychosis. Comparison with a normal control group showed significant increases in the frequencies of antigens Bw40 and Cw4 in unipolar patients and a significantly decreased frequency of antigen Cw3 in bipolar patients. The statistical significances which were at the 5% level, disappeared when the P values were corrected for the number of antigens investigated. Our results failed to confirm previous findings of significantly altered antigen frequencies among patients with primary affective disorders.

Adult↗