Entry into professional practice: the New York proposal.
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The experiences of the programs of Supervised Professional Practice and for Rural Oral Health Promoters conducted by the School of Dentistry of San Carlos University in Guatemala are described. The first of these programs was designed to have students practice the profession during an eight-month academic period in hinterland towns under periodical supervision by their professors, and the second resulted as an unexpected offshoot during the initial stages of the program of Supervised Professional Practice in a northwestern district of Guatemala. The history and progress of both programs are described, some results are presented, and the salient features of university-community interaction, as exemplified by these programs, are discussed in terms of a theoretical model designed by one of the authors.
Research for any practice profession necessarily deals with professional arts and skills, with the base of knowledge underlying the practice field, and with the initial and continuing education of the professional. Recent developments and activities in the above areas are discussed, including growth in the investigator pool and studies that deal with the process and outcomes of nursing care.
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Crisis intervention as a therapeutic model has had multiple roots, and is presently defined in a sound body of principles that provides an effective framework for professional practice. However, there are several areas of ambiguity that have prevented effective use of this model by clinicians, and have hindered its inclusion in professional training programs. Strategies toward the development of an effective training model for crisis therapists are suggested.
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Career patterns and practice correlates of 143 New Health Professionals (NHPs) educated at one institution are studied to determine similarities among different types of practitioners (Health Associates and Nurse Practitioners). Employment since graduation has been high with low job turnover. Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are found most often in metropolitan areas, while over 50 per cent of Health Associates (HAs) are employed in rural settings. More NPs work in hospitals than HAs, who have a higher rate of employment in private practices, HAs are also involved in a wider range of medical specialties than NPs. In terms of patient care, HAs see more patients than NPs and also have larger primary care caseloads. From a functional perspective, only minimal differences are found in comparing the activities of the practitioners. Most NHPs have high job satisfaction, although HAs anticipate a high rate of job turnover; no differences were found in levels of perceived responsibility nor in the amount of supervision in patient care. Although there were only small differences in the activities of the two groups, numerous contextual and practice correlates were found to differentiate the NHPs, a finding which argues against the current practice of conceptualizing NHPs as a single group.
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