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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1976

[A standard projection for temporomandibular joint radiographs in oblique lateral projection].

A standard projection for temporomandibular joint radiographs in oblique lateral transcranial projection was determined by a clinical method. The individualized projections from 1644 TMJ radiographs, made with a fluoroscopic examination unit with image intensifier, were evaluated in a pilot study. A mean projection 20 degree cranial eccentric and 12 degree dorsal eccentric resulted. Reference planes were the Camper plane and the middle frontal plane. This projection, corrected in 22 degree/10 degree, was studied in a clinical study in order to test the readability of the radiographs of 100 temporomandibular joints. The readability of these radiographs was compared with that of radiographs obtained with an individualized projection. 81 radiographs out of 100 were well or very well readable, 7 were limitedly readable and 12 were unreadable. The number of radiographs in these last two categories could not be reduced by an individual angulation of the x-ray beam. Therefore anatomical reasons have to be considered to be responsible for the insufficient readability of these TMJ radiographs. This projection avoided superposition of the petrous portion of the temporal bone without giving an extreme view of the lateral slope of the condyle. From the evaluation of the 100 individualized projections resulted a mean projection 21 degree/10 degrees, which confirmed the projection 22 degrees/10 degrees used in this study. The projection 21-22 degrees/10 degrees turned out to be a most favourable projection for the dental office to make TMJ radiographs in connection with the diagnosis of the occlusion in patients with TMJ disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. III. The projection to the vermal visual area.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected separately in one of the cerebellar lobules VI, VIIA, VIIB, VIIIA or VIIIB (together corresponding to the vermal visual area) in 17 cats. After 1-3 days the distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive was mapped. In spite of some overlapping it is clear that the various lobules of the vermal visual area receive fibers from separate parts of a horseshoeshaped region in the caudal half of the contralateral medial accessory olive (fig. 5C). The projection area of lobule VIIA is found caudomedially and overlapping with the area supplying lobule VIIB. This in addition receives a few fibers from the nucleus beta. Fibers terminating in lobule VIIIA arise caudolaterally as do fibers destined for lobule VIIIB. A central part of the total projection area projects to lobule VI. Following injections leading to a similar extent of cortical staining in lobules VI, VII or VIII the projection of labeled cells in the corresponding projection areas differ markedly. In the area of lobule VII apparently all cells are labeled, in the area of lobule VI the density of labeled cells is considerably less, and in that of lobule VIII there are rather few labeled cells. In a few cases with widespread staining of the cerebellar visual area there was spreading of HRP to the nucleus fastigii. The projection to this form the olive was therefore investigated to avoid erroneous conclusions. In the discussion it is pointed out that on most points our findings agree fairly well with the results of studies of the olivocerebellar projection undertaken with other methods (studies of retrograde cellular changes, electrophysiological methods). No support for a longitudinal subdivision of lobules VI-VIII was found. Studies of the available literature indicate that the areas in the medial accessory olive projecting onto lobules VI-VIII probably do not receive direct afferents from regions which are known to be concerned in the transmission of visually evoked impulses. Fibers to the olive from the superior colliculus appear to pass to the nucleus beta only. This projects mainly to the uvula, to a little extent only to lobule VII. However, it may be imagined that visual impulses may reach the vermal visual area via the inferior olive by way of intercalated neurons, for example in the mesencephalic RF. Major contingents of afferents to the olivary regions projecting onto the vermal area come from the spinal cord, the motor cortex and the periaqueductal gray.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. IV. The projection to the anterior lobe.

Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe of the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive was mapped. The findings largely confirm those made previously in studies of olivary retrograde cell loss following cerebellar ablations (Brodal, '40b). In addition, they reveal further olivary areas projecting onto the anterior lobe, and permit a more detailed analysis of the pattern in this projection. Concerning major points the results are in agreement with physiological studies by Armstrong et al. ('74). They bring supporting evidence for a longitudinal zonal pattern in the anterior lobe (fig. 6C). The middle zone of the vermis receives its fibers from a large central area in the caudal half of the medial accessory olive, a lateral zone of the vermis from the lateral half of the dorsal accessory olive. Both olivary areas project to the corresponding cerebellar zone throughout lobules V-I. The lateralmost part of the anterior lobe (lobules IV-V) receives afferents from an area in the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. The intermediate part of lobules IV-V receives afferents from the medial half of the dorsal accessory olive and from an area in the rostral half of the medial accessory olive. There is suggestive evidence that the latter projects to a middle zone, the former to a medial and a lateral zone within the intermediate part as found physiologically. Conclusions concerning projections to the intermediate part of lobules III-II could not be made. The findings in this and preceding studies with the HRP-method show that the concept of a longitudinal pattern in the cerebellum is scarcely generally valid of the entire olivocerebellar projection. Within the projections of the lateral half of the dorsal accessory olive and the area in the rostral part of the medial accessory olive there appears to be a topical relation with the folial pattern in the anterior lobe. An analysis of the findings with reference to the afferents traced anatomically to the various olivary areas permits some conclusions as to the functional role of the olivary areas. Comparison with Oscarsson's ('73) diagram of the sites of termination of two of the spinal-olivary pathways (his DF-SOCP) and VF-SOCP) permits an anatomical explanation as concerns the projections to the vermis, while correlations as concerns the intermediate part are less satisfactory.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. VI. The projection onto longitudinal zones of the paramedian lobule.

Microinjections (30-50 nl) of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) suspension of 25% (wt./vol.) were made in different folia of the paramedian lobule of cats, and the sites of occurrence of labeled cells in the inferior olive were precisely determined. In each case only a small number of cells are labeled, aggregated in a minute area. The labeled cells are found within three only of the four olivary areas previously determined (Brodal et al., '75) to project onto the paramedian lobule (fig. 1): one area in the rostral half of the medial accessory olive, another in the dorsal accessory olive (except its caudalmost part), and a third in part of the caudal half of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. Labeled cells were never found in the fourth area, the ventral lamella. A distinct zonal pattern in the projection is demonstrated (figs. 3, 5B): a middle longitudinal zone of the paramedian lobule receives olivary afferents from the area in the medial accessory olive, a medial zone from part of the projection area in the dorsal accessory olive, a lateral zone from part of the projection area in the dorsal lamella. This zonal projection appears to extend throughout the length of the paramedian lobule (the two caudalmost folia could not be studied). tthe somatotopical pattern in the projections from the accessory olives described previously (Brodal et al., '75) is confirmed. The pattern of a zonal projection obtained with the HRP-method (fig 5B) is simpler than that deduced by Armstrong et al ('74) from recordings of antidromic potentials in the olive (fig 5A). Concerning main points there is satisfactory agreement. The phenomenon that following microinjections of HRP in superficial parts of the folia labeled cells occur within parts only of the regions of the olive which contain labeled cells following large HRP-injections in the paramedian lobule is discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1978

The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. VII. The projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II.

The olivocerebellar projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II in the cat was investigated by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive following HRP injections in lobulus simplex, crus I and II confirmed the findings by Brodal ('40b) that the rostral half of the principal olive projects to these areas of the cerebellar hemisphere. However, concerning details there are some differences in so far as the heaviest contribution to crus I comes from the medial parts of the ventral and dorsal lamella, that to crus II from its lateral part, especially the ventral bend. The present findings show that in addition the rostral part of the medial and the rostromedial part of the dorsal accessory olive project to these areas of the cerebellar cortex. Further details in the projection are shown in figure 8B. The findings agree fairly well with the electrophysiological results of Armstrong et al. ('74) and the experimental anatomical data of Groenewegen and Voogd ('77a,b). An attempt is made to correlate the findings with the pattern of longitudinal zonal subdivision of the cerebellum. There is evidence for a topical organization within the projection to crus I and II and parts of their projection areas in the principal olive. The distribution of the labeled cells which project to lobulus simplex, crus I and II is discussed in relation to afferent pathways to the inferior olive.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

An investigation of the cerebellar cortico-nuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. I. Projections from the vermis.

The topography of the projections from the vermis of the cerebellar cortex to the intracerebellar nuclei (excluding the vestibular complex) was newly investigated in the rat using an autoradiographic technique. The projection were strictly ipsilateral and the majority terminated in nucleus fastigus although there were small projections to the medial pole of nucleus interpositus. The only portion of fastigius which was never heavily labelled was the dorsolateral protuberance. Some rostrocaudal localisation was evident with lobules II-V projecting to rostral fastigius (Fm), lobules VI-VIII projecting mainly more caudally (Fcm and Fm) and lobule IX projecting to the caudoventral tip of fastigius. Nevertheless, even the densest portions of the terminal fields often overlapped heavily, suggesting that, in the rat, in contrast to some other species, the rostrocaudal localisation is such that individual lobules do not possess private termination fields of any extent. Such an arrangement should provide ample opportunity for integration by individual nuclear neurones of input from extensive areas of cortex. In the mediolateral plane, localisation was more evident, with the medial vermis projecting to the medial pole of fastigius and the lateral portion to lateral fastigus and less heavily to medial interpositus.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

On the absence of a rubrothalamic projection in the monkey with observations on some ascending mesencephalic projections.

In order to determine whether there is a rubrothalamic projection in the rhesus monkey, the ascending degeneration resulting from electrolytic lesions made in the red nucleus and adjacent mesencephalon in animals surviving at least one year after bilateral interruption of the superior cerebellar peduncles (PCS) was studied by means of the Fink-Heimer technique. In a necessary preliminary step it was shown that virtually all of the degeneration disappeared from the thalamus within twelve months after PCS interruption so that degeneration resulting from the subsequent electrolytic mesencephalic lesions could be attributed to interruption of non-cerebellar ascending fibres. The results show that degeneration was present in the thalamus following the electrolyte mesencephalic-diencephalic lesions but it could be accounted for on the basis of damage either to residual PCS fibres, to somatosensory pathways, to intrathalamic connections or to cell groups or projection fibres of the reticular formation, substantia nigra or globus pallidus. It is concluded that there is no direct rubrothalamic projection in the monkey and, in particular, no evidence of a projection from the red nucleus to the ventral lateral or ventral anterior thalamic nuclei. The results also indicate that the mesencephalic reticular formation is the main source of ascending afferents to the nucelus reticularis thalami. Some observations were made concerning nigrostriatal and nigrothalamic projections. Retrograde cell changes resulting from unilateral lesions made caudal to the red nucleus were studied in three animals. The observed cell changes are interpreted as being consistent with the conclusion that there is no rubrothalamic projection.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

Spinal projections from the lower brain stem in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. II. Projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and raphe nuclei.

The descending projections to the spinal cord arising from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and brain stem raphe nuclei have been investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Particular attention was taken to clarify the cells of origin and the funicular trajectory of these spinal projections. After injections of HRP into the spinal cord, a significant of HRP labeled neurons were observed in the following dorsolateral pontine tegmental structures: (1) an area ventral to the nucleus cuneiformis; (2) principal locus coeruleus; (3) locus coeruleus a; (4) locuse subcoeruleus; (5) Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; and (6) nucleus parabrachialis lateralis. As a rule, the projections are ipsilateral and descendaphe-spinal projections, we have demonstrated that the nucleus raphe dorsalis also sends axons to the cervical segment of the spinal cord. Furthermore, in accord with previous reports, HRP labeled cells were also identified in the nucleus raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus, but not in the nucleus raphe centralis superior and pontis. On the whole the present study further clarified the organization of spinal projections from the dorsolateral pons and raphe nuclei and provided some additional anatomical data for the physiology of the tegmentospinal and raphe-spinal projections.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Two projection computed tomography: the axial and Towne projections.

It is occasionally necessary in evaluating lesions around the third ventricle and posterior fossa to supplement the axial view with another projection. The authors have routinely used the coronal projection as a second projection. However, the Towne view for computed tomography can be used as a second projection instead of the coronal; it is technically easier and faster to perform than the coronal projection, and provided good evaluation of the posterior fossa and para third ventricular areas in children.

Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms↗

PubMed1992

Development of the olivocerebellar projection in the rat: II. Matching of the developmental compartmentations of the cerebellum and inferior olive through the projection map.

A transient biochemical parcellation has been observed by immunocytochemical methods, during the perinatal development of both the inferior olive and the cerebellum. In the present study, we sought a relationship between this developmental compartmentation and the organization of the olivocerebellar projection. In the inferior olive, a transient parvalbumin immunoreactivity restricted to the dorsal cap of the medial accessory olive is observed around birth. The climbing fiber projection of the dorsal cap was identified in the cerebellum of newborn rats based on its parvalbumin immunoreactivity. The pattern of this projection, restricted to lobules IX and X of the vermis, and to the flocculus, is indistinguishable from that of the adult medial accessory olive, which was previously described from axonal tracing experiments. The parvalbumin immunoreactive climbing fibers were followed between birth and postnatal day 7. In the caudal vermis, Purkinje cell subpopulations can be identified between embryonic day 20 and postnatal day three, on the basis of their differential immunostaining with an antibody directed against a specific peptide, PEP 19. In lobule X, the parvalbumin immunoreactive climbing fibers form two sagittal bands on each side of the midline, one medial and one lateral. The medial parvalbumin immunoreactive climbing fiber band is coextensive with a PEP 19 negative Purkinje cell cluster, indicating a clear relationship between the biochemical parcellations of the cerebellum and inferior olive.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The effects of a finite number of projection angles and finite lateral sampling of projections on the propagation of statistical errors in transverse section reconstruction.

The dependence of noise amplification on the nuber of projection angles and on the lateral sampling interval of projections is presented. It is shown that about 1-5D/d angles and a sampling interval of about 0-5d are required in order that the data be efficiently utilized. D is the linear dimension of the reconstruction region and d is the linear dimension of the cells into which the reconstruction region is subdivided (resolution length). Values for noise amplification are given for various combinations of projection angles and lateral sampling intervals.

Information Theory↗

PubMed1992

[The long-term evaluation of a project for the primary prevention of coronary cardiopathy at 10 years from the stopping of treatment. The second phase of the Roman Project to Prevent Coronary Cardiopathy (PPCC II Phase)].

At the end of the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Prevention (PPCC) lasted 6 years and involving 3131 treated and 2896 control men aged 40-59 belonging to occupational groups, the mean values of some coronary risk factors (systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habits, body mass index) were favourably reduced in treated men as compared to controls. Incidence (-25.4%) and mortality (-26.8%) from CHD were also lower, in 6 years, in treated vs control groups. Ten years after the end of the project and of the treatment procedures in "treated men", a subgroup of 1013 former treated men and one of 843 former controls could be re-examined, whereas mortality data could be collected in those 3395 men who were examined at the end of the 6-year project. The 16 year examination showed that serum cholesterol, blood pressure, body mass index and cigarette consumption are now lower, on the average, in former control men, as compared to that of former treated ones. The finding is largely justified by different behaviours of eating, smoking and motion habits and by the motivation and behaviour toward health problems. Coronary mortality, during the last 10 years, was higher among the former treated men as compared to that of former control men (+50.0%; p less than 0.05%). The reverse trend observed in these 10 years is likely explained by a psychological "rebound" phenomenon occurred in the former treated men and to some beneficial effects, in the former control men, bound to the secular trend which presently characterizes some living habits of the Italian population.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed1992

The Canadian Physiotherapy Quality of Care Project. Analysis of a derailed project.

The Physiotherapy Quality of Care Project was a project of the Canadian Physiotherapy Association, sponsored by the Canadian government to ensure the quality of physiotherapy. A consensus committee of physiotherapy educators and managers developed and tested an instrument to measure changes in patients' functional status during physiotherapy. Despite scientific development and wide distribution, this technology was not adopted. Alternative methods, which were heavily marketed, gained nationwide use instead.

Canada↗

PubMed1976

Autoradiographic studies of the projections of the midbrain reticular formation: ascending projections of nucleus cuneiformis.

The ascending projections of the cuneiform nucleus in the cat were traced by autoradiography in the transverse and sagittal planes following stereotaxically placed injections of (3)H-leucine. The ascending fibers are almost exclusively ipsilateral and enter the diencephalon as a wide radiation. At the mesodiencephalic junction fibers enter the nucleus of the posterior commissure and pretectal nuclei, and others cross in the posterior commissure to distribute to these structures on the contralateral side. More ventrally directed fibers distribute to the fields of Forel and then spread into the posterior hypothalamus and zona incerta. At the caudal level of the ventral thalamic group, the ascending fibers diverge and follow two separate courses. One division of fibers continues forward beneath the ventral thalamic group and distributes to the zpna incerta and dorsal hypothalamic area. It rapidly diminishes in size as it attains more rostral levels where it is found in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and the anterior commissure. Other fibers of this division spread laterally to innervate the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the lateral hypothalamus, and preoptic area, and still others follow the entire confirmation of the thalamic reticular nucleus. The second division of fiber ascends through midline and intralaminar nuclei, completely encircling the mediodorsal nucleus, which is uninnervated except for a small ventral region. The distribution of this division is heaviest to the paraventricular, parafascicular, and central dorsal nuclei. Neither division is conspicuous rostral to the anterior commissure. No projections to neostriatum or specific thalamic nuclei were evident.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1976

The olivocerebellar projection in the cat as studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. II. The projection to the uvula.

Following injections of small quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) suspension in the uvula of the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive has been mapped. The findings confirm the conclusion made on the basis of studies of retrograde cell loss in the olive following ablations of the uvula (Brodal, '40b) that two small olivary subdivisions, the nucleus beta and the dorsomedial cell column project heavily to the uvula. In addition the HRP-study shows that the uvula receives a smaller number of fibers from two circumscribed areas of the contralateral medial accessory olive. These areas appear to project to the lateralmost parts of the uvula (fig. 4). The findings thus support the presence of a longitudinal zonal subdivision in the uvula. Labeled cells are found in the nucleus beta and the dorsomedial cell column also following injections of the fastigial nucleus and to a lesser degree of lobulus VII of the vermis (Hoddevik et al. 76). This may be due to collateral branching of olivary efferents. There is some evidence for a topographical correlation between dorsal and ventral parts of the uvula and rostral and caudal parts, respectively, of the nucleus beta and the dorsomedial cell column. This may be related to functional differences between the two parts of the uvula.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The olivocerebellar projection studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. V. The projections to the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit.

HRP was injected in the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit to determine the areas of the inferior olive which project onto these cerebellar regions. Following injections in the flocculus labeled cells occurred in the dorsal cap and the rostralmost tip of the medial accessory olive. Following injections in the nodulus labeled cells were likewise found in the dorsal cap, but in addition in the rostralmost part of the dorsomedial cell column and the adjoining part of the medial accessory olive. Injections in the dorsal paraflocculus gave rise to labeling in the rostrolateral part of the medial accessory olive, while injections in the ventral paraflocculus resulted in labeling in the principal olive, mainly in the lateral part of the ventral lamella. Injections in the lateral third of the dentate nucleus gave rise to labeling mainly in the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. The results are discussed with reference to those obtained by previous authors. There are both similarities and discrepancies. It appears from what is known of afferents from areas mediating visual impulses to the inferior olive that the olivary areas projecting onto the flocculonodular lobe, and possibly the dorsal paraflocculus, may mediate visual impulses to these lobules.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1979

The Ottawa County project: a report of a tuberculosis screening project in a small mining community.

Following a retrospective review of tuberculosis cases reported from Ottawa County, Oklahoma, from 1969 through 1973, a selective tuberculosis screening project was implemented. Screening of a "target group" of the population, 519 former miners, greater than or equal to 50 years of age, resulted in the discovery of abnormal chest X-rays in 182; (103 with silicosis, 36 with silicotuberculosis, 12 with inactive tuberculosis, and 31 with other abnormalities). Eighty-five of these persons had positive tuberculin skin tests. Preventive therapy was recommended for 50, and 36 completed the prescribed course of treatment. Eight new bacteriologically confirmed cases of tuberculosis were found and treated. A large number of persons (1,904) residing in the same area who were not part of the target group were also screened for tuberculosis. This group contained a large number of positive tuberculin reactors but very few were candidates for isoniazid preventive therapy. Thirteen persons in this group had abnormal chest X-rays consistent with inactive tuberculosis but 12 had been identified and given preventive therapy before the project began. These data suggest that selective approaches to screening for tuberculosis in a community which are based on an in-depth retrospective review of the tuberculosis case register can be highly successful.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of recognition of a visual stimulus on evoked potentials of the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex].

Evoked potentials (EP) were recorded in the projection and non-projection areas of the cerebral cortex in juveniles in response to exposures of structured visual stimuli with subthreshold and supraliminal durations. The data obtained have shown that recognition of the presented stimulus is attended with intensification of the EP late complex. This effect is most pronouned in the central and frontal parts of the cortex. The Nv component with a 240 to 300 msec latency has a more regular connection with recognition as compared with other components.

Brain Mapping↗