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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1976

Effects of promazine, chlorpromazine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital on treadle pressing by pigeons under a signalled shock-postponement schedule.

The effects of promazine on treadle pressing to postpone the presentation of electric shock were studied in three pigeons. The effects of chlorpromazine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital were studied in two of these pigeons. Each treadle press postponed electric shock for 20 sec and presentation of a preshock stimulus for 14 sec. Selected doses of both promazine and chlorpromazine increased the rates of treadle pressing in all birds. The response-rate increases produced by promazine and chlorpromazine were due to increased conditional probabilities of treadle pressing both before and during the preshock stimulus. d-Amphetamine (1 and 3 mg/kg) slightly increased responding in one of the birds, but not to the extent that promazine or chlorpromazine did. In the other bird, the 10 mg/kg dose of d-amphetamine increased shock rate but did not change response rate. Some doses of d-amphetamine increased the conditional probabilities of responding both in the absence of the preshock signal and during the preshock signal in both birds. Pentobarbital only decreased response rates and increased shock rates.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Effect of phenobarbitone and propionyl-promazine on serum enzymes in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity.

The influence of phenobarbitone givenin ten repeated doses simultaneously with small doses of CCl4 on serum enzymes was investigated in albino rats. The same experiment was repeated to investigate the influence of propionyl-promazine (phenothiazine derivative). The results proved that SGPT is a more specific and sensitive index than SGOT of hepato-cellular injury. The activity ratio between serum GOT and GPT in the normal control group was 2.44. The activity of SGPT increased nearly 6.1 fold after CCl4 administration and thus the activity ratio between GOT and GPT is sharply reduced to 0.56. The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Serum GOT and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in all the groups. Regarding the pathological examination of the liver it was found that marked fatty necrosis could be demonstrated when high values of SGPT was found, which is not the case with serum GOT. It is concluded that in the present experimental conditions phenobarbitone protected the liver from the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, while propionyl-promazine did not.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1976

Effects of d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and promazine on electric shock postponement responding by the pigeon.

The effects of d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and promazine on responding under schedules of electric shock postponement were studied in pigeons. Responding was maintained by three different response-shock intervals (10, 20 and 60 seconds). Low doses (0.3-3 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased response rates without decreasing shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. The highest dose (10 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased the shock rates under all response-shock intervals and decreased the high response rate under the 10-second response-shock interval but did not decrease the lower rates of responding under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Pentobarbital decreased the high rate of responding maintained under the 10-second response-shock interval at lower dose (10 mg/kg) than the lower rates of under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. The high dose (17.5 mg/kg) of pentobarbital decreased responding and the low doses (1-3 mg/kg) had no effect under all three response-shock intervals. Chlorpromazine (3-100 mg/kg) did not affect the average rate of responding under all response-shock intervals and only slightly increased shock rates under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Promazine (3-30 mg/kg) increased the rates of responding and decreased shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. Analysis of the temporal patterns of responding within the response-shock interval showed that d-amphetamine tended to induce the animals to respond earlier than they normally would in the response-shock interval while otherwise maintaining the temporal pattern of responding, pentobarbital decreased the probability of responses late in the response-shock interval, and chlorpromazine and promazine increased the probability of responses in the middle of the response-shock interval, producing a lessening of the temporal patterning of responding within the response-shock interval.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Pentobarbital, promazine, d-amphetamine, and scopolamine effects on behavior under multiple and primed schedules of reinforcement.

Pigeons responded under compound fixed-interval (FI) fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of food presentation. Distinctive discrimininative stimuli were either continuously present during each component schedule (multiple FI FR) or were present only for a brief period at the beginning of each component (primed FI FR). Similar rates and patterns of responding were maintained under the multiple and primed schedules. Pentobarbital, scopolamine, and d-amphetamine decreased FR responding, but promazine had little effect at the doses studied. d-Amphetamine and promazine increased FI responding at certain doses, pentobarbital had little effect, and scopolamine decreased responding. There were no systematic differences in the effects of drugs under the multiple and primed schedules, in spite of the differences in discriminative stimuli under the conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Clinico-physiological sleep- and hangover-spectra from pentobarbital, promazin and their combination, as reflected by self-ratings of young and elderly subjects (author's transl)].

A sample of 8 young and 8 elderly subjects was examined in a 2x2x2 factorial design, whether and how promazine interacts with pentobarbital as a hypnotic agent. Analyses of self-reports led to the following conclusions: 1. Young subjects and not experience any significant effects from either the single components (pentobarbital, promazine) and/or their combination. 2. Elderly subjects experienced positive effects in sleep and hangover parameters under the single components as well as under the combination. Consequences for research in clincal psychopharmacology are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Short term immobilization in the horse with ketamine CHl and promazine HCl combinations.

Combinations of promaxine HCl and ketamine HCl were used to produce short term dissociative anaesthesia in the horse under normal clinical conditions. Premedication with 1 mg/kg promazine HCl followed 5 min later by a rapid i.v. injection of 2 mg/kg ketamine HCl, induced dissociative anaesthesia of 16 +/- 1 min. When 1 mg/kg promazine HCl and a 2 mg/kg ketamine HCl were given simultaneously by rapid i.v. injection, a state of dissociative anaesthesia was induced with a mean duration of 17.1 +/- 2 min. Both treatments permitted minor surgery in the horse.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1978

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of promazine and promethazine by ferric perchlorate.

The equilibrium constants, kinetics, and mechanism of promazine and promethazine oxidation by ferric perchlorate were investigated at different temperatures and acidities using a stopped-flow spectrophotometric technique. The overall reaction can be represented as follows: (formula: see text) where P+ represents the radical cation corresponding to the phenothiazine derivative. The equilibrium quotients were evaluated at 1.00 M HClO4, 25.0 degrees, and ionic strength 1.0 M. The kinetics of reaction follow the equation: -d[P] divided by dt = k1[Fe3+][P]-k-1[Fe2+][P+] The rate constants k1 and k-1 are independent of acidity and are related to the corresponding equilibrium quotients.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed1976

Stimulation of food intake in horses by diazepam and promazine.

In two adult horses doses of 0.02-0.03 mg/kg diazepam, intravenously, increased 1 hr intake 54-75% above control levels. Intake was stimulated when the diet was a high grain, calorically dense one and also when the diet was a high fiber, calorically dilute one. Two young rapidly growing weanling horses showed an even more pronounced stimulation of intake. Following diazepam 1 hr intake was increased 105-240% above control lelvels. Promazine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg also stimulated intake in adult horses, but not as markedly as did diazepam. A transquilizer and a neuroleptic appear to have a stimulatory eff upon short-term intake in horses.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1977

Effects of d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide and promazine on responding of squirrel monkeys maintained under fixed-interval schedules of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination.

Responding of two squirrel monkeys was maintained under a multiple 5-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation and termination of a stimulus in the presence of which shocks occurred. Under the stimulus-shock termination schedule, shocks occurred independently of responding, on the average of every three minutes; a response after 5 min terminated the prevailing stimulus and shock-presentation schedule. Response rates and patterns of responding under both schedules were comparable although they differed slightly between monkeys. d-Amphetamine increased and promazine decreased responding under both fixed-interval schedules. Chlordiazepoxide increased responding maintained by food presentation but decreased responding maintained by termination of the stimulus-shock complex. Under certain conditions and with certain drugs, the event that maintains responding can determine the effects a drug will have on behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Anxiety/depression in elderly patients. A double-blind comparative study of fluphenazine/nortriptyline and promazine.

A double-blind study involving sixty-two patients, aged 65 years or over, treated for twenty-eight days, showed that fluphenazine 0-5 mg/nortriptyline 10 mg three times daily was superior to promazine 50 mg three times daily in relieving symptoms of anxiety and was associated with a lower incidence of side-effects. The results are discussed in the light of the nature of anxiety/depression syndromes in the elderly and it is suggested that since symptoms of anxiety in these disorders are often manifestations of an underlying depressive illness, the antidepressant effect of the nortriptyline may have enhanced the 'anxiolytic' advantage of fluphenazine/nortriptyline.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

[Voluntary description of drug effects as a method in clinical trials. Presented using the example of pentobarbital, promazine and their combination].

Free description of drug effects is suggested as a method in which subjects or patients describe spontaneously the effects of psychotropic drugs from their own experience with their own verbal concepts. The method is exposed in detail and examplified by examination of pentobarbitone, promazine and their combination (Norkotral). The results of the free description method have psychological as well as psychopharmacological plausibility. It is suggested to implement the method as a new means of clinical research in psychopharmacology.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1978

Anesthesia in the mouse using a combination of ketamine and promazine.

An anesthetic combination of ketamine and promazine was tested in 25 male and 25 female mice of each of two strains. The mean induction time was 5 minutes for the C57BL/6We mouse and 8 minutes for the DBA/2We mouse. No sex differences were observed. The mean duration time was 45 minutes for the C57BL/6We male, 53 minutes for the C57BL/TWe female, 29 minutes for the DBA/2We male, and 35 minutes for the DBA/2We female. The mean recovery time was 39 minutes for the C57BL/6We male, 38 minutes for the C57BL/6We female, 21 minutes for the DBA/2We male, and 24 minutes for the DBA/2We female. The drug combination provided effective anesthesia for these strains of the laboratory mouse for a period of 30--50 minutes after a single intramuscular injection.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1978

Anesthesia in the rabbit using a combination of ketamine and promazine.

An anesthetic combination of ketamine and promazine (75mg/kg by ketamine content) was tested in 15 male and 15 female adult New Zealand white rabbits. The mean induction time was 9 minutes for both the male and female. Mean duration for anesthesia was 61 minutes for the male and 49 minutes for the female. The mean recovery time was 22 minutes for the male and 33 minutes for the female. The drug combination provided effective anesthesia for a period of 50--60 minutes after a single intramuscular injection.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1978

[Investigation of the interaction of carbamazepine or promazine with bovine serum albumin, using a new dialysis device (author's transl)].

The construction and operation of a new dialysis device are described. The unbound fraction of a drug in a buffered solution of albumin can be determined after 10-15 minutes. The usefullness of this device was demonstrated by the determination of the unbound fraction of Carbamazepine or Promazine in buffered solutions of bovine serum albumin. The results agreed with those obtained by control methods (equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration). Furthermore, the binding of Carbamazepine to bovine serum albumin was characterised by determining the overall binding constant (K1), the apparent binding constant (k+), the number of binding sites per molecule of albumin (n), the free reaction energy deltaFdegrees, and the unbound fraction of the drug.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1978