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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Determination of procaine and related local anesthetics. I. Partition chromatographic separation and assay of mixtures of procaine with tetracaine and with propoxycaine.

Determination of ionization and extraction constants for procaine, tetracaine, and propoxycaine led to selection of a simple partition chromatographic system for separation and assay of mixtures of these anesthetics. A 65% solution of chloroform in isooctane elutes tetracaine or propoxycaine from a pH 4:sodium bromide column; procaine is retained and subsequently eluted by chloroform as the bromide ion-pair. The anesthetics are then determined spectrophotometrically. Results of assay of standard and commercial formulations are presented.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1975

Determination of procaine and related local anesthetics. II. Collaborative study.

The ion-pairing chromatographic method reported previously for the isolation and spectrophotometric determination of the local anesthetics, alone and in combination, was studied collaboratively. Three solutions were assayed. One containing procaine as the single active component gave an average recovery of 99.8 plus or minus 1.7%. A mixture of procaine and tetracaine gave results of 99.3 plus or minus 1.6 and 98.9 plus or minus 8.82%, respectively. A third solution containing procaine and propoxycaine assayed 100.0 plus or minus 1.5 and 99.1 plus or minus 1.9%, respectively. It was shown that low results for tetracaine were due to loss during the final evaporative step. The method for samples containing tetracaine should be studied further. The other methods have been adopted as official first action.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1979

Schirmer test after topical anesthesia and the tear meniscus height in normal eyes.

The height of the inferior tear meniscus was measured in 86 normal eyes. A value greater than 0.1 mm was obtained in 93% of the eyes that were studied. However, attempts to correlate meniscus height with subsequent Schirmer test results showed that these measurements varied randomly. Schirmer tests that were conducted on 265 eyes without instillation of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride and on 466 eyes with proparacaine showed that topical anesthesia reduced mean test values by 40%. When proparacaine was used prior to testing, no decrease in tear production with advancing age was demonstrated, nor were results significantly different in males and females. Schirmer test values, ranging from 0 to 3 mm, were obtained in 15% of the normal volunteers when the test was performed after instillation of topical anesthesia and after blotting of the tear lake from the inferior cul-de-sac.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Voltage-dependent sodium channels in synaptoneurosomes: studies with 22Na+ influx and [3H]saxitoxin and [3H]batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate binding. Effects of proparacaine isothiocyanate.

22Na+ influx and binding of [3H]saxitoxin ([3H]STX) and [3H]batrachotoxin-A 20-alpha-benzoate ([3H]BTX-B) were studied in guinea pig cerebral synaptoneurosomes. STX and tetrodotoxin (TTX) completely blocked the stimulation of sodium influx induced by 1 microM BTX. The IC50 values for STX and TTX closely matched the Ki values for inhibition of [3H]STX binding, suggesting that the sites labelled by [3H]STX are associated with a population of BTX-sensitive channels. BTX induced a dose-dependent stimulation of sodium influx in synaptoneurosomes (EC50 280 nM). The potency of BTX for stimulation of sodium influx was increased (EC50 24 nM) in the presence of 0.6 microgram/ml scorpion venom without any change in maximal influx. In contrast, specific binding of [3H]BTX-B to synaptoneurosomes was minimal in the absence of scorpion venom, but it was increased several fold in the presence of 60 micrograms/ml scorpion venom. With proparacaine isothiocyanate (PROPRIT), an irreversible local anesthetic, the inhibition of [3H]BTX-B binding by PROPRIT did not occur in parallel with an inhibition of sodium influx induced by BTX. Preincubation of synaptoneurosomes with 10 microM PROPRIT for 10 min resulted in approximately 70% inhibition of [3H]BTX-B binding in the presence of scorpion venom. Such preincubation did not alter BTX-induced sodium uptake in synaptoneurosomes. Preincubations of synaptoneurosomes with 100 microM PROPRIT for 10 min completely inhibited [3H]BTX-B binding, and under these conditions BTX-induced sodium influx was reduced only by 50%. The results indicate that virtual elimination of binding sites labeled by [3H]BTX-B in the presence of scorpion venom by PROPRIT has little effect on sodium influx induced by BTX.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amphibian Proteins↗
PubMed1991

An atypical vasopermeability response to leukotrienes in the iris-ciliary body.

The effects of leukotrienes (LTs) on the blood-aqueous barrier in the guinea pig were investigated. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and D4 (LTD4) were administered in doses of 1 to 1000 ng into the anterior chamber. Plasma extravasation was determined as extravascular 125I-albumin levels in the iris-ciliary body using 125I-albumin and 51Cr-erythrocytes as an intravascular marker. LTB4 and LTD4 alone did not cause significant plasma extravasation. Although combinations of 100 ng and more of each LT raised extravascular albumin levels in the ocular anterior uvea. These studies suggest a synergistic interaction of LTB4 and LTD4 with respect to plasma extravasation in the iris-ciliary body. These results further support a possible involvement of LTs in uveal inflammatory diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Use of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane for spectrophotometric determination of certain local anaesthetics and procainamide hydrochloride.

A simple and rapid spectrophotometric procedure has been developed for the determination of four local anaesthetics containing a free primary amine moiety and of procainamide hydrochloride as the drug substances and in dosage forms. The method is based on the reaction of the drug with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane in alkaline solution to produce yellow products. The chromogen was measured at 473 nm. The effects of several variables on colour development were established. Job's plots of absorbance versus molar ratio of drug to reagent indicated a 1:1 ratio for all the drugs studied. Results of the analysis of drug substances and their dosage forms by the proposed method are in good agreement with those obtained by the USP XX method.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1991

The effect of corneal hypesthesia on the duration of proparacaine anesthetic eyedrops.

The duration of action of proparacaine is known in the normal cornea but not in the hypesthetic cornea. To determine this, we examined both eyes in seven patients with documented unilateral corneal hypesthesia associated with inactive herpetic disease. Cochet-Bonnet measurements were made in both eyes before and at two- to five-minute intervals after the instillation of one drop of 0.5% proparacaine until baseline corneal sensitivity levels were again achieved. Mean recovery time was 34.86 minutes in eyes with normal corneal sensitivity, compared to 45.43 minutes in hypesthetic corneas. In all patients, the recovery time was remarkably longer in the hypesthetic eye than it was in the normal fellow eye. These data demonstrate the need to wait up to one hour after the instillation of proparacaine in eyes suspected of having corneal hypesthesia if corneal sensitivity is to be determined accurately. Additionally, the duration of action of topically instilled anesthetic may be a useful method of discovering subtle differences in corneal sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Maximal mydriasis evaluation in cataract surgery.

We propose the maximal mydriasis test (MMT) as a simple and safe means to provide the cataract surgeon with objective and dependable preoperative information on the idiosyncratic mydriatic response of the pupil. The MMT results of a consecutive series of 165 eyes from 100 adults referred for cataract evaluation are presented to illustrate the test's practical applications and value. The results enable the surgeon to anticipate problem eyes preoperatively so he or she can plan an appropriate and effective surgical strategy. The MMT has also improved out cost-effectiveness by cutting down unnecessary delays in the operating room and enabling better utilization of restricted costly resources.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

Short-term effects of proparacaine on human corneal thickness.

.5% proparacaine HCl is commonly used for topical anaesthesia in ultrasound pachometry prior to refractive surgery. This drug is known to alter corneal epithelial adhesion. Does 0.5% proparacaine result in an alteration in corneal thickness due to changes in the corneal epithelium? Corneal thickness was measured by optical pachometry at 30 sec intervals for 15 min under 3 experimental conditions; 1) 2 drops of artificial tears, 2) 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine, 3) 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine. Baseline measurements were recorded before each trial. No significant differences were found between the mean corneal thicknesses measured in the baseline, 2 drops of artificial tears and 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine conditions. The mean corneal thickness in the 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine condition was significantly greater than those measured in the other conditions. In particular the measured corneal thickness was significantly different from the baseline measurements 1 to 2 min after instillation of the 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine. Exponential modelling of the corneal edema recovery function demonstrated that recovery to baseline corneal thickness occurred 7 to 8 min following the instillation of 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine. The data of this study suggest that only 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine should be used for topical anaesthesia prior to ultrasound pachometry. This recommendation may minimize the possibility of measuring artifactually large corneal thickness estimates, and thus reduce the possibility of corneal microperforation during refractive surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics.

The purpose of this article is to clarify some of the misunderstanding about adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics. Discussion will include: types of adverse reactions that are theoretically and practically possible; advice on handling the reactions that can occur; and precautions for minimizing their occurrence.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1976

[Generation and determination of pulmonary distribution disturbances (author's transl)].

Pulmonary distribution disturbances could be generated in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity by inhalation of a Falicain aerosol (Propoxipiperocainhydrochlorid); The inhomogeneities of ventilation and mechanics of breathing were determined by means of several simple and complex methods. Comparison between these methods of analysis of distribution shows that small alterations of inhomogeneity can be indicated also by simple screening tests. The results confirm the significant relationship between ventilation disturbance and pulmonary inhomogeneity. Distribution disturbance enhances both the obstructive and the restrictive component of a ventilation disturbance. These two components cannot be separated exactly by means of the parameters of ventilation and mechanics of breathing because of the influence of inhomogeneity. The generated disturbances of distribution and ventilation became regular after inhalation of an Alupent aerosol.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Myasthenia gravis-like syndrome induced by topical ophthalmic preparations. A case report.

This case study reports on a 64-year-old female who presented for cataract surgery. She relayed a history of allergic responses to local anesthetics such as xylocaine, but was otherwise in good health. Upon instilling ophthalmic preparations into her eyes during routine ocular examination, she developed general muscular weakness but not other allergic-like symptoms. Further investigation established her myasthenic-like syndrome to be precipitated by an ophthalmic mydriatic preparation. She was able to undergo uneventful cataract surgery and enjoy 20/20 vision postoperatively, with proper management.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed1991

Serum glucose and insulin responses to an insulin-containing ophthalmic solution administered topically in clinically normal cats.

Serum glucose and immunoreactive insulin concentrations were monitored after topical administration of an insulin-containing ophthalmic solution in 20 clinically normal cats. Three ophthalmic surface-acting agents, benzalkonium chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide, and proparacaine hydrochloride, were evaluated individually for their effectiveness in enhancing absorption of topically applied insulin. The ophthalmic effects of insulin-containing ophthalmic preparations were assessed by complete ophthalmic examination before and at the conclusion of each test period. Withholding of food overnight (12 hours) preceded each topical application of insulin-containing ophthalmic solution (12.25 to 26.4 U/cat), either alone or in combination with surface-acting agents, after which blood samples were drawn serially from an indwelling IV catheter over a period of 8 hours. Baseline serum insulin concentration, after food was withheld for 12 hours, in nonstressed cats was 6.0 microU/ml (geometric mean), and an exponentiation of the logarithmic quantity (mean +/- SD) yielded values of 1.5 to 23.0 microU/ml. All ophthalmic solutions tested failed to significantly lower serum glucose concentration or increase serum insulin concentration. Solutions used did not induce deleterious effect on ocular structures. Results indicate that topical administration of insulin-containing ophthalmic solution, either alone at the concentrations used or in combination with surface-acting agents, did not result in effective absorption of insulin across the conjunctival and lacrimal nasal mucosa in biologically relevant quantities. Thus, this route of insulin administration, under these specific conditions, is not an effective alternative or adjunct to SC administration of insulin for treatment of cats with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or severe noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Absorption↗